2017

PUNJAB SPORTS DEPARTMENT

GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB

DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUMS IN
LAHORE

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS REPORT

FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM LIGHTS
IN KAROL GHATI STADIUM

SOIL AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERS

85-E-1, M.A. JOHAR TOWN, LAHORE - PAKISTAN

June, 2017 PH. +92-42-35201316, 35203416, FAX. +92-42-35201317
E-mail:geoconsultassociates@hotmail.com
Geotechnical Investigations Report

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM

LIGHTS IN KAROL GHATI STADIUM, LAHORE

Table of Contents
1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF SOIL INVESTIGATIONS....................................................................................................... 1
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1 Field investigations ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2.2 Laboratory Testing ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Analyses of Data & Recommendations ........................................................................................... 2
1.2 MOBILIZATION & COMPLETION ...................................................................................................... 2
2. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 DRILLING ......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST ...................................................................................................... 2
2.3 FIELD LOGS ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.4 SAMPLING ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.5 GROUNDWATER OBSERVATIONS .................................................................................................... 3
3. LABORATORY TESTING .................................................................................................................... 3
3.1 CLASSIFICATION TESTS .................................................................................................................... 3
3.1.1 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 4
3.1.2 ATTERBERG,S LIMITS ................................................................................................................... 4
3.1.3 NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT................................................................................................... 4
3.2 STRENGTH TESTS............................................................................................................................. 4
3.2.1 DIRECT SHEAR TEST ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.2.2 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS ............................................................................................ 4
3.3 BULK DENSITY ................................................................................................................................. 4
3.4 CONSOLIDATION TESTS ................................................................................................................... 5
4. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS ....................................... 6
4.1 GENERAL ......................................................................................................................................... 6
4.2 DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................................................ 6
4.3 SOIL PARAMETERS .......................................................................................................................... 6
4.4 FOUNDATION TYPES ....................................................................................................................... 7
4.5 FOUNDATION DEPTH ...................................................................................................................... 7
4.6 PILE ALLOWABLE LOAD AND LENGTH RELATIONSHIPS .................................................................... 7
4.7 DRAINAGE CONTROL ...................................................................................................................... 7
4.8 TYPE OF CEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 7

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Geotechnical Investigations Report

APPENDICES
FIGURES
TABLES
APPENDIX A: BOREHOLE LOGS
APPENDIX B: LABORATY TEST RESULTS (DATA SHEETS)

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Geotechnical Investigations Report

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM

LIGHTS IN KAROL GHATI STADIUM, LAHORE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Punjab sports department, Government of the punjab intends to set up stadium lights in
Karol Ghati stadium, Lahore. The project site is located at Ferozepur Road.

It was considered necessary to carry out subsoil investigations to collect information

about the subsurface materials and its engineering characteristics for safe and economic
design of proposed structural foundations.
The job of geotechnical investigation was entrusted to M/s Geoconsult Associates Lahore.
Accordingly a team of drilling crew led by qualified and experienced site engineer was
mobilized to the site along with necessary equipment. The field investigations were
executed in June, 2017. The investigations were aimed at obtaining information about
subsoil conditions of the project area, in general, to evaluate the foundations. The client
desired to conduct the appropriate investigations. The main objective of investigations
has been discussed below.

1.1 Objectives of Soil Investigations

For economical and safe foundation design, soil / geotechnical investigations, which
include site exploration and laboratory testing on soil samples, were required. The
investigations were aimed at obtaining information about subsurface conditions of the
project area, in general, to design safe foundations of the proposed structure. The client
desired to conduct the appropriate investigations. The scope of work for this purpose has
been discussed below.

1.2 Scope of Work

Following is the scope of work envisaged by the client for the present soil investigations;

1.2.1 Field investigations

Drilling of two boreholes by hand augur method upto maximum depth of 10 m

below Natural Surface Level (NSL).

Performing Standard Penetration Tests in the bore holes alongwith collection of

disturbed samples of soils encounterd.

Collection of disturbed & undisturbed soil samples from the boreholes.

Laboratory Testing on collected soil samples.

Analyses of data and presentation of report.

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Geotechnical Investigations Report

1.2.2 Laboratory Testing

Following laboratory tests were to be conducted.

Sieve analysis

Hydrometer analysis

Liquid and Plastic Limits

Bulk and dry density

Consolidation with Swell Pressure Measurement

Unconfined Compression

Sulphate Content

Chloride Content

Organic Matter Content

1.2.3 Analyses of Data & Recommendations

Analyses of field and laboratory test data and recommendations for foundation design is
the ultimate requirement of present investigation job.

1.2 Mobilization & Completion

Upon instruction for mobilization in the second week of June, equipment and staff
reached the site and drilling commenced with immediate effect and completed the
assignment successfully in one week.

2. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
Field investigations include drilling by rotary method. Logging of boreholes, sample
collection and performing in-situ tests. The locations of boreholes were marked by client
on site.

2.1 Drilling
Drilling of boreholes was the major part of present investigations, through which subsoil
conditions were explored, in-situ testing was carried out and samples were collected for
further testing in the laboratory. Locations of the drilled holes have been shown on the
drawing (Fig-1).

A total of two borehole were drilled by rotary method up to a depth of 10 m each.

2.2 Standard Penetration Test

The Standard Penetration Tests were performed during drilling, generally at every 1
meter to 1.5m depth interval and soil samples were recovered. The tests were performed
in accordance with ASTM Standard D-1586. In this method, a standard split tube sampler
is driven into the ground for 45 cm with the help of a 140 lbs. Hammer, falling freely from

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Geotechnical Investigations Report

a height of 75 cm. The first 15 cm. is considered as preliminary penetration whereas last
30 cm. Penetration is taken as main penetration. The number of blows for every 15-cm
penetration is recorded in the field logs.

The accumulated blows for main 30-cm penetration are recorded as N-values and given
on the borehole logs.

2.3 Field Logs

Preparation of logs is a continuous process in the field. A qualified and competent
engineering geologist has prepared the logs. All the borehole logs were prepared
carefully and description of lithology and stratigraphy of subsurface material were noted
during execution of drilling.

Visual soil classification noted in the field logs were corrected after completing the
laboratory testing on soil samples. The logs are important part of this report and are
attached as Appendix A.

2.4 Sampling
Geotechnical investigation for any project cannot be completed without collecting good
quality soil and water samples from subsurface strata. A number of samples were
collected during present investigations. These were of following types;

Disturbed Samples: Disturbed samples were extracted from the boreholes while
carrying out SPT through split tube sampler. All the disturbed soil samples were
stored carefully

Undisturbed soil Samples: From boreholes, Undisturbed samples were taken by

Denison sampler tubes. The samples were waxed and properly preserved and
subsequently transported to the laboratory for testing.

2.5 Groundwater Observations

The depth to water table was observed during field investigations in boreholes that was
not found in any borehole.

3. LABORATORY TESTING
Laboratory testing on the soil samples was carried out at Soilcon (Atomic Energy)
Geotechnical Testing Laboratories, Lahore. The laboratory testing was conducted on
disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for classification of soil and determination of,
strength characteristics. The tests are discussed in the following sections and are also
summarized in Table-1. Data sheets have also been attached with this report as
Laboratory Test Data Appendix B.

3.1 Classification Tests

For Grain size analysis, Atterbergs limits and natural moisture content tests were carried
out for establishing the classification of various foundation soils. These classification tests
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Geotechnical Investigations Report

are discussed hereunder.

3.1.1 Grain Size analysis

Number of soil samples were analyzed for grain size determination. Sieve analysis and
hydrometer tests on selected soil samples obtained during boring were carried out in
accordance with ASTM Standards. The sub-soil at site has been found as generally silty
clay at shallow depth and granular strata at deeper depth.. The results have been
presented as Grain Size Analyses curves and have been included in Appendix B . The
summary of these results have also been presented in Table-1.

3.1.2 Atterberg,s limits

Since the top soil at the proposed site is cohesive, the soil samples were tested for the
determination of Atterbergs Limits. The results are attached as Appendix B

3.1.3 Natural Moisture Content

Number of Moisture content tests were carried out in the laboratory on soil samples in
accordance with ASTM Designation D221-80. The results are given in Table- 1 and
Appendix B.

3.2 Strength tests

Since the subsoil at the proposed site predominantly is cohesive in the influence zone,
unconfined compression tests were conducted on the undisturbed soil samples taken
during drilling for strength evaluation. However, direct shear test was also conducted on
sandy sample to know the the sheat strength parameters.

3.2.1 Direct Shear Test

For the soils possessing non-cohesive characteristics, direct shear test is conducted as
per AASHTO T-236-94 to find out the angle of internal friction of the sandy soils. In the
present investigations UDSs were taken mainly from cohesive soil, however, a sandy soil
UDS was tested for shear strength evaluation as well.

3.2.2 Unconfined compression tests

The unconfined compressive strength is the compressive strength at failure of a soil
specimen subjected to unconfined compressive load. It provides a direct quantitative
measure of consistency of cohesive soils. The test is usually referred to as quick-
untrained or qu test.

The cohesive soil encountered at shallow depth in all the boreholes, the undisturbed soil
samples were put to unconfined compression machine for the strength evaluation. The
test results are attached as Appendix B.

3.3 Bulk Density

The bulk density has been determined by measuring the weight of an undisturbed soil

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Geotechnical Investigations Report

sample with known volume of the thin walled shell by tube. The moisture content of the
undisturbed samples was determined by drying a portion of undisturbed soil sample. The
dry density of the soil has been calculated from the bulk density and the moisture content.
The test results are presented in table-1 and Appendix B.

3.4 Consolidation Tests

In view of presence of cohesive soil under the proposed structural foundations,
Consolidation tests were conducted on the undisturbed soil samples collected using
Denison samplers during exploratory drilling. The tests are aimed at knowing the
consolidation characteristics of the foundation soil in order to carry out settlement
analysis of the soil likely to be subjected to structural stresses. The test results are
attached as Appendix B.

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 Geotechnical Investigations Report

4. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

FOUNDATIONS

4.1 GENERAL
The considerations for the design and construction of light pole foundation have been
made keeping in mind the topography of the area, limitations of soil investigations,
expected type of structure and the subsoil characteristics.

A safe and an economical design of foundation of the light pole has to be ensured. The
following sections provide broad guidelines regarding the design criteria, soil parameters,
selection of foundation type, depth of placement, foundation size and allowable loads.

4.2 DESIGN CRITERIA

The foundation of the pole structure should meet the following design criteria:

i. These should be safe against shear failure of the supporting ground. A factor of
safety of 2.5 is adopted for this purpose.
ii. These should not deflect and settle excessively under the service loads.

4.3 SOIL PARAMETERS

Engineering analyses for determination of allowable loads for various loading conditions
have to be based upon carefully selected representative soil parameters.

The following parameters have been defined for the overburden alluvial soils (below the
upper upto about 2.0 m thick zone of weak fill material) to be loaded with the pole
structure, on the basis of field and laboratory studies, recent literature and sound
engineering judgment:

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED SUBSOIL PARAMETERS FOR FOUNDATION

DESIGN

Design
Angle Of
Layer Dry Bulk SPT N Unconfined Coeff. Of
Cohesion Internal
Material Type thickness Density Density Blows Strength volume compr.
cu (kPa) Friction
(m) b(g/cm3) b(g/cm3) (Per 30 (kPa) mv (cm2/kg)
(Deg.)
cm)

Clayey
1.5 1.45 1.6 4 40 20 0.0 0.030
Silt/Silty Clay
Upto
Silty Sand /
bore 1.65 1.8 10 - - 30.0 -
Fine Sand
bottom

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Geotechnical Investigations Report

4.4 FOUNDATION TYPES

Generally, subsurface of very low strength is available at the site upto about 3.0 to 4.0 m
depth (with some variations from place to place). This weak zone cannot be relied to
safely transfer the pole structure loads to competent bearing strata underneath, unless
the foundations are placed well below the weak zone.

It is therefore recommended to adopt cast in-situ bored R.C. piles of 2000 mm diameter,
to safely transfer the loads of the light pole to the deeper ground.

4.5 FOUNDATION DEPTH

The evaluations of allowable loads in compression, uplift and lateral loading, piles of 5 to
20 lengths have been made. The pile lengths have been considered as the embedded
lengths below the NSL.

4.6 PILE ALLOWABLE LOAD AND LENGTH RELATIONSHIPS

The evaluations of pile allowable loads have been made for compression, uplift and
lateral load conditions. The allowable loads in compression have been evaluated using
static equation. The evaluation of pile allowable loads under uplift condition have been
made on the basis of adopting ultimate uplift resistance as equal to 70% of the ultimate
skin resistance in compression.

The allowable lateral load has been evaluated using Broms method. The pile free-
standing length (e) to pile embedded length (L) ratios (e/L) of 1.0 and 2.0 have been
considered in the analysis, for the free head condition of pile.

4.7 DRAINAGE CONTROL

Appropriate drainage of the area around the light pole structure should be ensured. This
would eliminate the likelihood of differential settlements, likely to be induced by saturation
of ground under some part of the structure. About 1.0 to 1.5 m wide plinth protection
through concrete apron/brick paving, sloping away from the pole, should be provided
around it. The open areas surrounding the pole should drain away from it, to avoid
ingress of water in the foundation soil. Besides, the rainwater should not be allowed to
enter into the excavations.

4.8 TYPE OF CEMENT

The subsoils at the site contain chemicals like soluble sulphates and chlorides in
negligible quantities. It is therefore recommended to use Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
in the construction of all works in contact with the ground.

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 DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM LIGHTS
KAROL GHATI STADIUM

300
CAST IN-SITU BORED R.C. PILES IN COMPRESSION

250

THE GROUP REDUCTION FACTOR HAS NOT BEEN APPLIED.

PILE DIAMETER = 2.0 METERS.
ALLOWABLE LOAD (t)

200

150

100

50
0 5 10 15 20 25

PILE LENGTH BELOW GROUND (m)

 DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM LIGHTS
KAROL GHATI STADIUM

CAST IN-SITU BORED R.C. PILES IN LATERAL LOAD

450

400

350

THE GROUP REDUCTION FACTOR HAS NOT BEEN APPLIED.

PILE DIAMETER = 2.0 METERS..
300
ALLOWABLE LOAD (t)

250

200

150

e/L = 1
100 e/L = 2

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
PILELENGTH BELOW GROUND (m)
 DEVELOPMENT OF STADIUM LIGHTS
KAROL GHATI STADIUM

CAST IN-SITU BORED R.C. PILES IN UPLIFT

300

250

THE GROUP REDUCTION FACTOR HAS NOT BEEN APPLIED.

PILE DIAMETER = 2.0 METERS.
ALLOWABLE LOAD (t)

200

150

100

50
0 5 10 15 20 25
PILE LENGTH BELOW GROUND (m)
FIGURES
Figure 1. Site Location Plan
Figure 2. Drilling activities during execution of work
TABLES
 Table-1 Summary of Laboratory Test Results

Density

Consolidation
Atterbergs

Direct shear
+ - -
Particle Size Analysis (%) NMC OM Mg Cl SO4 TDS
Limits (%) UCS
Bore Sample Depth (gm/cm3)
Kg/cm
Hole No. No. (m) 2
Silt
Gravel Sand LL PL PI Bulk Dry (%) ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
/Clay

BH-1 SPT-2 2 0 5 95 30 20 10

BH-1 SPT-7 7 0 65 35

See
BH-2 UDS-1 1.5 0 29 71 Non-plastic 1.443 1.325 8.90 0.021 0.009 0.013
results

BH-2 SPT-4 5 0 91 9

BH-2 SPT-8 9 12 76 12
Appendix A
Borehole Logs
 BOREHOLE LOG BOREHOLE NO. 1
SHEET NO 01 of 01
PROJECT Development of Stadiums in Lahore G.ELEV. G.W.LEVEL Nil
LOCATION Karol Ghati Stadium TYPE OF DRILLING Straight Rotary
COORDINATES N: 31.62966017 E: 74.36876912 BORING DIA (inches) FINAL DEPTH 10 m
DATE 10-06-17 LOGGED BY Ammar CHECKED BY

FIELD TESTS

SPT 'N' VALUE

Sample No.
DEPTH (m)

SAMPLE
LEGEND
PENETRATION
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL REMARKS
RESISTENCE

1010 15
2020 253030 3540
40 4550
50 55 60
60 SPT 6''+3''+3''+3''+3''
FILL MATERIAL
Clay, silty and sand with grass roots
1
5
SPT-1

2
SPT-2 4
CLAYEY SILT
Brown, loose, moist, medium plastic
3
SPT-3 8
SILTY SAND
Grey, medium grained, loose to medium
4 dense, moist
9
SPT-4

5
11
SPT-5

6
SPT-6 10
SILTY SAND
Grey, medium dense, medium to coarse
7 grained, moist, 2-3 cm clay lenses 9
SPT-7
SILTY SAND
Grey, medium dense, medium to coarse
8 grained, moist, trace concretion
15
SPT-8
SILTY SAND
Grey, medium dense, medium to coarse
9 grained, wet, trace concretion
22
SPT-9
SILTY SAND
Grey, medium dense, medium grained,
10 trace concretion
23
SPT-10
Bottom of Borehole at 10 m depth

11

12

13

14

15
 BOREHOLE LOG BOREHOLE NO. 2
SHEET NO 01 of 01
PROJECT Development of Stadiums in Lahore G.ELEV. G.W.LEVEL Nil
LOCATION Karol Ghati Stadium TYPE OF DRILLING Straight Rotary
COORDINATES N: 31.628589 E: 74.369038 BORING DIA (inches) FINAL DEPTH 10 m
DATE 10-06-17 LOGGED BY Ammar CHECKED BY

FIELD TESTS

SPT 'N' VALUE

Sample No.
DEPTH (m)

SAMPLE
LEGEND
PENETRATION
DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL REMARKS
RESISTENCE

1010 15
2020 253030 3540
40 4550
50 55 60
60 SPT 6''+3''+3''+3''+3''
FILL MATERIAL
Silty clay, Grass roots, concretion, gravel
1

UDS-1 at 1.5m
2 SILTY CLAY
SPT-1
Brown, low plastic, bottom silty sand 5
CLAYEY SILTY SAND
Brownish grey to grey, firm, slightly moist,
3 fine to medium grained
SPT-2 8
SILTY SAND
Grey, loose, medium grained, dry
4
7
SPT-3

5
10
SPT-4

6
SPT-5 12
SILTY SAND
Grey, medium dense, medium to coarse
7 grained, wet, trace concretions 18
SPT-6

8
23
SPT-7

9
28
SPT-8

10
33
SPT-9
Bottom of Borehole at 10 m depth

11

12

13

14

15
 Appendix B
Lab. Test Results