Flujo Radia y Well Testing PDF

MSc REM
Reservoir Evaluation and Management
Radial Flow and

Well Testing Basics
1 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Introduction
Definition of well testing

Stabilised well test
Un-stabilised WT (transient test) - DST
DD test
falloff test
BU test
Why test a well?
Appraisal, production design
What do you need to know?

Examples of transient test
P
DD
BU
t Production well
-q
P
Fall-off
t Injection well

Drillstem Casing
Tubing
Testing
Assembly Testing Valve
(operated by
annulus pressure)
Packer
(set by weight on
string)
Pressure
Transducer
Downhole Surface
Memory Recording
Tailpipe
Figure 2.1.1

Q
Surface Choke provides Gas
Rate Control
Choke
Test
Separato qo
r Oil
Test Rate Limited by
Separator Capacity
Orifice Plate
Flow Measurement
Well Test Surface Hardware

Fig 2.1.1b

Exploration Well Test Objectives
1. Determine the nature of the formation fluids
2. Measure the well productivity
3. Measure temperature and pressure
4. Obtain samples for lab analysis
5. Obtain information for reservoir description

(perm eability , heterogeneity)
6. Es timate completion efficiency
BUT
From
EPR
Safety is Paramount
Manual

Dual Flow - Dual Shutin Test
Initial flow and shutin designed to establish

communication with the reservoir
Initial flow as short as possible
Major flow period long enough to give

sufficient depth of investigation
Oft en 6 - 12 hours is adequate
At least six hours of stable operation to

ensure reas onable estimate of productivity
and good samples
Multirate necess ary in gas wells

Major shutin 11 /2 - 2 times the duration of From
EPR
the flow period Manual

Standard Drill-Stem-Test (DST)
Initial
Flow
Initial
Shutin
Prod.
Rate Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
Initial Res. Pressure
BHP Drawdown Buildup
Time

Methods of Gaining Information on
Reservoir Characteristics
A. Seismic and associated geological studies
B. Information obtained during the well drilling program
C. Wireline formation testing

1. Virgin Reservoir (Exploration and Appraisal Wells)
2. Produced Reservoir (New development wells)
D. Pressure - Flow testing of wells

1. Exploration and appraisal wells (DST)
2. Production or injection wells
E. Analysis of reservoir performance

- simulator history matching

Principal Objectives of Well Testing
Determine the average permeability of the reservoir

Determine the near wellbore alteration i.e. the skin factor
Measure the reservoir pressure
Attempt to locate the position of boundaries / discontinuities
T yp e s o f P re ss u re Tr a n sie n t Te s t
P r e s su r e D r a w d o wn ( R e s e r vo i r L i m i t ) T e s t
P r e s su r e B u i l d u p o r Fa l l o f f Te s t
- D r i l l S t e m Te s t ( Do w n h o l e v a l v e )
- P r o d u c t i o n o r In j e c t i o n W e l l T e s t
In terf erence T es t
P u l s e T e s t - h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i ca l

Initial
Flow
Initial
Shutin
Prod.
Rate Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
Time
Appraisal Well Test Objectives
Reserve
Initial reservoir pressure - Pi
Flow capacity - kh
Depletion or boundary
Sampling - PVT analysis
GOR
Viscosity
Volume factor

q
Well test operation
Gauge positioning
At mid-perf?
Below perf interval
(rathole)?
Above perf interval?
Number of gauges?
One, two or even three?
Production well

Essentials to Achieve WT Objectives
Sound knowledge about WT

Theory and practice
WT design
Know what you are doing
WT analysis and interpretation
Software - PanSystem
Engineering experiences - Type curves
Integrated approach

Well test

CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
Inj. Well
Prod. Well
TYPICAL OIL PRODUCTION PROFILE

PLATEAU
For an Offshore
OIL
Field the Target
PROD. W.B.T.
RATE
Plateau Rate is
Typically 10% of
Recoverable
Reserves p.a.
TIME

Minimum Economic Rate for an Offshore Oil Well
. . . depends on the following factors:
Water Depth
Oil Price
Pipeline Tariff
Distance to Existing Facilities
Total Recoverable Reserves
. . . in the early days of the North Sea development a

figure of 5000 STB/d was often quoted (no longer
valid)

GAS
WELL-HEAD
ps OIL
WATER
S EP ARA TO R
st
(1 ST AG E)
p wf = Flowing Bottom-Hole Pressure

WELL
p r = Reservoir Pressure
p s = Separator Pressure
q pe
pr pi
p
RESERVOIR
p wf
Reservoir to Separator Flow System

Well Performance Diagram
pr
Bottom-Hole Pressure Drawdown
IPR
P
pr pwf
VL
pwf Total
Lift p
Operating pwf p s
Point
ps
qs
Oil Production Rate
Match vertical lift performance (VLP) to inflow performance
relation (IPR) i.e. find qs from nodal analysis
Due to Gilbert

Well measurements at
Exploration and Appraisal
Well testing
PI, kh, Pi,reserve,fluid sampling (O&W)
Logging (composite logs)
Layering, porosity, k, So, Sg, Sw, N:G
Coring
K, porosity, layering
Key measurement
K (core, logs, WT)
How?

Darcys Law
L AMINAR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM
FOR LINEAR HORIZONTAL FLOW A
q k dp
=u=
A dx
DEFINITION OF THE PERMEABILITY OF A POROUS

MEDIUM
PERMEABILITY IS AN INTRINSIC ROCK PROPERTY Fig 1.2.1

Darcys Law
q k dp
=u=
. . . single-phase, linear
horizontal flow
A dx
Definition of the permeability of a porous medium
Permeability is an intrinsic rock property
q in-situ volumetric flow-rate m3 /s

A cross-sectional area m
2
u superficial fluid velocity m/s

fluid viscosity Ns/m
2
p pressure or potential Pa
x length m
k permeability m2

Forcheimer Equation
dp
= u + u 2
dr k r r
Reynold's Number for Porous Media
inertial term is important only if
u r is comparable to /k
u k u
Re = = r
0.1 r
o n ly ev er t ru e n ea r t h e w e llb o re
ratio of inertial to viscous forces

Darcy Units
: cp
2
q : cc/s A : cm x : cm p : atm
k : Darcy
Oil Field Units
. . . practical unit of permeability : md

- the millidarcy
qs : bbl/day A : ft2 : cp p : psi x : ft
k : md
qs B 11271
. 10 3 k dp
=
A dx
-15 2
B = Formation volume factor 1 md = 0.986923 *10 m

Laboratory Measurement of the Permeability of Core Plugs
Core Holder
q q
Controlled
Measured
Flow
Cylindrical Core of
Transducer Cross-sectional Area
A
q
=
e
k p1 p 2 j i. e . k=
qL
p A L A p
0 Fig 1.3.1

Precautions
Cores must be cleaned and dried

without causing any alteration
Faces must be cut without causing

damage
When fluid is air, corrections must be made

for gas slippage (Klinkenberg effect) and
change to liquid condition
Reservoir conditions of stress and

temperature

Permeability of Unconsolidated Beds (Sand Packs)
Fixed Bed in Chemical Engineering

For Laminar Flow:
36 D v s2
3
k1 = 150
k 1 (1 )2
Carman - Kozeny Equation
= void fraction
DVS = Volume - Surface Mean Particle Diameter Fig 1.3.2

Carman - Kozeny Equation
Basics for log k derivation and formation evaluation
36 D 3 2
k= vs
a f
k1 1
2
k : permeability k1 = 150 . . . Kozeny constant : porosity
Dvs : Volume - Surface Mean Particle Diameter = 6(1 - )/a

a : specific surface area of bed (wetted surface / unit volume)
Shows importance of porosity and grain

size as determinants of permeability

Pressure regimes in a petroleum reservoir

Advances in well testing
qs B re
Pe Pw = ln (SS)
2 kh rw
qs B 1 4 A
P Pw = ln 2 (SSS)
2 kh 2 C A rw
P(r , t ) or PD (1, t D ) (USS, transient

Construction of
A Single Uniform well Model

Radial Flow Single Well Model
P RODU CING WEL L re
OBSERVATION WELL RE GI O N O F AREA L

RADI AL F LO W
Reservoir Pressure Distribution

q
ACCESSIBLE FROM
RFT DATA
pe pe
WELL SHUT-IN
ACCESSIBLE
FROM PLT
p re
wf Fig 1.4.1

Model Cylindrical Reservoir with Central Well
q
k h

rw
re
Radial Flow
Situation
Fig 1.4.2

Derivation of
Steady-State Solution:
qs B re
Pe Pw = ln (SS)
2 kh rw

Steady-State Radial Incompressible Flow
q
q ur ur q h
pe rw r pe
re
rw
r
re
q k dp
ur =
2r h dr Fig 1.4.3

Steady-State Radial Darcy (Creeping) Flow
q sB k dp
ur = = Darcy's Law
2 hr dr
Separating the Variables and Integrating:
z z
re pe
q sB dr
= dp
2 kh rw
r pw
q sB re
pe pw = ln
2 kh rw
pe pw re
Dimensionless pD = = ln = ln rDe
Pressure q sB rw
2 kh
Steady-State, Radial, Single-Phase Flow
P RE SS UR E PR OF IL E I N T HE VI CI NI TY OF A WE LL
5
p pw
pD =
qsBoo 4
2kh
3
2
p = ln rD
D
1
0
1 100 200 300 400
r /r w Fig 1.4.5

Well Productivity - Radial steady-state flow model
Index Index, PI
Productivity
qs
J ss =
No Skin
Since:
b
pe p w g
10 3 2 kh
qsB =
1127
.
re
bpe p w g Field
Units
ln
rw
then
1127
. 103 2 kh
J sse =
re bbl/day/psi
B ln
rw
Hence well productivity index depends strongly on
Permeability- thickness product, kh
in-situ oil viscosity,

Derivation of
Semi-Steady-State Solution:
qs B 1 4 A
P Pw = ln 2 (SSS)
2 kh 2 C A rw

Pressure in Reservoir
CL OS ED (N O F LO W)
O UT ER BO UN DA RY
WELL PRODUCED AT
CONSTAN T RATE q
0 t
TRANSIENT
INFINITE-ACTING
PERIOD
SEMI -STEADY -
STAT E
rw re
r
Transient Pressure Behaviour of a Single Well
at the Centre of a Closed Reservoir Fig 1.5.1

Semi-Steady-State (SSS) Flow
q
No Flow Across External Boundary

Slightly Compressible Flow
Oil Production at Central Well is ur =
ej
qr
=
k dp
2 hr dr
Sustained by Expansion of Fluid
in Place
ur
re r rw
Fig 1.5.10

Mechanism of Semi-Steady-State Depletion
Closed System
q
qr qr
rw re
Flow Distribution r
q
dp
qr q r = cVr re
dt
0
rw r re

q
qr qr
rw re
r
q r = cVr re
dp
dt
c
= c re r h
2 2 dp
dt
h
dp qr re2 r 2 r2
q = c re h
2
= 2
= 1 2
dt q re re
q
Darcy's Law
qr k dp
qr
ur = =
2 rh dr
0
rw r re

F
Hence on substitution:
q = q G1
r I 2 rkh dp
J =
2
r
H r K dr e
2
which on separating the variables becomes:
FG1 r IJ dr = 2 kh dp
2
H r K r q2
e
Integration gives:
FG 1 r IJ dr = 2 kh dp
zH r K r q z
re 2 pe
2
rw e pw

The analytical solution to this is:
2 kh
q =
F r 1 r 2
IJ b p e pw g
G ln +
H r
e w
w 2 2 re2 K
and the pressure at any radius r is given by the equivalent formula
2 kh
q=
FG
r r2 rw2 IJ b pp g w
ln 2 + 2
H
rw 2 re 2 re K
For re >> rw
2 kh
q =
F r 1I
b p p g e w
G ln J
H r 2K
e

Straight Line Inflow Performance Relation (IPR)
qs = Jsss(pe pwf)
. . . Definition of
i.e. 1 P.I.
p wf = p e qs
J sss . . . equation of a
straight line
pe
1
slope
pwf Jsss
IPR
qs
Well Inflow Performance Diagram
pe pw DRAWDOWN
(pe)1 1
slope = -
FBHP J
(pe)2
pw
(pe)3
(psi)
IPR
VLP
Production Rate, qs
(STbbl/D)
Relation Between Three Key Variables: qs, pw and pe

Reserve from (R. Depletion)
Semi-Steady-State Solution:
qs B 1 4 A
P Pw = ln 2 (SSS)
2 kh 2 C A rw

Compressibility of a Liquid
1 V . . . fractional change in volume

c = per unit change in pressure
V p
Reservoir
Material V = qdt = cVdp
Balance
Volume produced Expansion of the
in time interval dt Liquid in the reservoir
dp q q sB
= =
dt cV c re2 h
. . . simplest possible form of the material balance equation

Initial
Flow
Initial
Shutin
Prod.
Rate Afterflow
Final Flow
Final
Shutin
Time
Time

Total System Compressibility
. . . a more sophisticated analysis shows that c should be replaced

by the total system compressibility ct where:
b
c t = c w S wc + 1 S wc c o + c f g
c w . . . water compressibility c o . . . oil compressibility
c f . . . formation (pore volume) compressibility
S wc . . . connate water saturation
1 Vp Definition of Rock
cf = Compressibility
Vp p
Allows for the presence of connate water and formation compaction

Latter term is significant in unconsolidated formations

dp q q sB
= =
dt ctV c t re h
2
V = re2h . . . Pore Volume (Large) ct

. . . Total compressibility (Small) qs . .
. Oil production rate (constant)
pi q sB
slope =
m* c t re2h
p
linear pressure decline
0 t
Primary Depletion of an Undersaturated Reservoir with
No Aquifer Support

Well Productivity Index in a Bounded (Closed) Drainage Area
qs q
= =
Jsss p pw b
B p pw g
The SSS well inflow equation is:
q=
b
2 kh p p w g =
2 kh
F
G ln
r 3I
J
hence J SS S
FGr
B ln e
3 IJ
H r 4K H K
e
rw 4
w
or in field units:
11271
. 10 3 2 kh
J SSS =
F
B G ln
r

3 IJ
H r K
e
w 4

Approaching to
Situations in Practice 1st Correction

Generalised Form of the SSS Inflow Equation
Radial streamlines in a
circular drainage area Deviation from radial flow
with a central well in non-symmetric drainage
caused by well proximity
to a physical boundary
Fig 1.6.1

Generalised Form of the SSS Inflow Equation
- note the longer length of flow paths and the bunching

of streamlines with a non-central well
- areal flow convergence effect
Dietz Shape Factors
The basic radial flow equation for SSS is:
q FG ln r 3 IJ
p p w = 2 kh
e
H r w 4 K
which can be written alternatively as:
q 1 re2
p pw = ln 2 3 / 2
2 kh 2 rw e
The natural log term can be rearranged as:

4r
2
4A 4A
e
= =
4 e 3/ 2 2
r w
2
56.32 rw 31.62 rw2
where A = Area of drainage region
= 1.781 . . . exponential of Euler's constant
CA = Dietz shape factor
For a circular region with a central well CA = 31.62

. . . the maximum value which CA can take
The generalised inflow equation takes the form:
q 1 4A
p pw = ln
2 kh 2 C A rw2

SSS Well Productivity Index
4 kh
=
JSSS FG
B ln
4A IJ
H C A rw2 K
For non-symmetric drainage areas and well locations
CA < 31.62
and the PI is smaller than that of a well in the centre of a circle
Dietz evaluated CA for a wide variety of shapes and well positions
e.g. rectangle CA = 4.514
Especially important in long narrow reservoirs e.g. channel sands

and when well is close to a fault

Fig 1.6.2
Selection of Dietz Shape Factors
CA CA
30.88 31.6
tDAsss tDAsss
0.1 0.1
CA CA CA
27.6 21.9 4
0.098
3
tDAsss 1/3
tDAsss tDAsss
0.2 0.4 0.9
CA CA CA
12.98 4.51 3.34
7/8
tDAsss tDAsss tDAsss
0.7 0.6 0.7
1 1
1
2 2
2
CA = 21.8 tDAsss = 0.3 CA = 10.8 tDAsss = 0.4 CA = 2.08 tDAsss = 1.7
1 1 7/8 1 7/8
2 2 2
1 1 1
4 4 4

Approaching to
Situations in Practice 2nd Correction

Near Wellbore Altered Zone
pe
ideal profile
pw
altered profile
ps
pwf Fig 1.7.1
rw rs
Formation damage
For a variety of reasons there is often an annular region of altered
permeability around the wellbore
Since most of the pressure drop in radial flow occurs within the region
from rw to 100r w near wellbore permeability alteration is very important

Near Wellbore Altered Zone
ks pe
Ideal Pressure Profile

Based on Homogeneous
pw Permeability, k
ps
p wf Actual Pressure Profile

Steepened by Reduced
Permeability, k s, in
rw rs
Altered Zone
ks . . . Altered Zone Permeability rs . . . Extent of Alteration

pwf . . . Actual Bottom-hole Pressure ps . . . Incremental Pressure Drop

Possible Mechanisms of Formation Damage
Mud solids invasion and plugging

Clay swelling on contact with mud filtrate
Chemical precipitation or scaling . . . CaCO3 CaSO4 BaSO4
Wax or Asphaltene Deposition
Particle Tilting
Movement of sand fines toward the wellbore
Sand consolidation treatment
Formation compaction
"Special" Problems with Injection Wells
Plugging due to particulate matter in injection fluid

Clay alteration on contact with injected fluid e.g. sea water

Skin Factor Concept
Due
D UEtoTOvan
VA N EEverdingen
VE RD IN GE N AN Dand Hurst
H UR ST
SK IN PRESSURE PROFILE
IN THE FORMATION
BASED ON UNALTERED
PERMEABILITY k
pw pw f pw ps
ps ps
S
q
pw f
2 kh
ps = INCREMENTAL
Incremental skin
SKIN pressure
PRESSURE DROP drop
(POSITIVE FOR DAMAGE)
(Positive for Damage)
S . . . Dimensionless Skin Factor Fig 1.7.6

Negative Skin Effect
. . . Due to Near Wellbore Permeability Improvement i.e. Stimulation
Region of
Increased
Possible
Permeability
Actual
Profile
ps
S=
pwf Homogeneous Medium q
Prediction 2 kh
ps
pw
. . . ps is a negative quantity
"Skin"

Reasons for Negative Skin
Deliberate Well Stim ulation q

acidising
hydraulic fracturing
High Shot Density Perforation
Thermal Fracturing of Injection W ells
Well Deviation
"Geoskin"
Formation of
High Permeability
Permeability, k
Lens Straddling
the Wellbore

Hawkins Equation
Relates Skin Factor, S

to the Intrinsic
Properties of the
Altered Zone
rs
k h
ks
k = Bulk Formation Permeability

re ks = Altered Zone Permeability
rw
rs = Radius of Altered Zone
Fig 1.7.8

Hawkins Equation (Open-Hole)
ps = additional pressure drop over the altered zone

q rs q rs
p s = ln ln
2 k sh rw 2 kh rw
Actual Pressure Drop Pressure Drop that would
over Altered Zone have occurred if the
Permeability was unaltered
q LM F k 1I ln r OP
p s =
2 kh
G
NH K r Q
k
J s
s
S=
p L
= MG
s
F k I r O
1J ln P s
q
N Hk K r Q s w
2 kh

Addition of Incremental Skin Pressure Drop to
Homogeneous Radial Flow Prediction
6
p Bulk Formation
D
Permeability, k
4
2
S
k Damaged Zone
0 k s=
2
1 20 40 60 80 100
rD

Generalised Inflow
And Productivity Equation

Inflow Equations Including Skin Effect
Steady-State Radial Flow
q FG ln r I
+ SJ
pe p wf = e
2 kh H r w K
. . . skin factor is added to pure radial flow term i.e. ln(re/rw)
p e p wf
p De = = ln rD e + S
q
2 kh
qs 2 kh
J SS = =
Steady-State Productivity Index
p e p wf FG
r
B ln e + S
IJ
H
rw K
Skin is important if S is comparable to ln(re /rw ) which is
typically of the order of 7 - 8
Hence skin factors greater than about 3 are seriously reducing PI

Semi-Steady-State (SSS) Radial Flow
. . . based on average pressure of the drainage area
p p wf =
q FG ln r e 3
+S
IJ
2 kh H r w 4 K
or p p wf 3
pD = = ln rDe + S
q 4
2 kh
SSS Productivity
Index
qs 2 kh
J SSS = =
p p wf F
BG ln
re 3
+S
IJ
H rw 4 K
Generalised Formulation
Well Productivity Depends on: . . . using Dietz shape factor
1 PERMEABILITY - THICKNESS PRODUCT
SSS 2 k h
JSSS =
1
PI B ln 4 A 2 S
2 Ca rw
3
2
OIL WELLBORE
VISCOSITY DAMAGE
4
5 DRAINAGE
WELL AREA SHAPE
SPACING 6
WELL
DIAMETER

Skin Removal Workover
pr High kh Well
(Tubing Control)
pwf Low kh Well

(Formation Control)
VLP
IPR+S IPR-S
qs qs
qs

Some Field examples
Situations in Practice Re-defined

Formation Fines and Their Movement
Pore Blocking Mechanism

MOBILE OIL
Water-wet Fines are CONNATE

Immobile when the (IMMOBILE)
Water Phase is
WATER
Immobile
IMMOBILE
WATER WET
FINES
Water-wet Fines not Bridged

at Pore Restrictions are
Mobile when Both Oil and
Water are Flowing
Fig 1.7.11

Pseudo-Skin Concept
Situations in Practice

Deviation from Pure Radial Flow
Due to Limited Entry
Flow Occurs across

Bedding Planes Hence
Vertical Permeability
is Important
PARTIAL PENETRATION
V ERTICAL FLOW CONV ERGENC E
ADDITIONAL PRESSURE DROP

REQUIRED
PARTIAL COMP LETION

Fig 1.9.1

Geometry of Limited Entry
hp
hp
hp
h hs h h
hs hs
Top or Bottom Central General Position

h = Formation Height
hp k hs
hp = Perforated interval b= hD =
hs = Height of a Symmetry h k v rw
Element Brons and Marting Parameters

30
Limited Entry
Brons
Geometric
25
hD = 10000 and
Skin Marting
20
Correlation
k h
Sp hD =
k z rw
15
1000
10 100
hp
20 b=
5
h
5
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
b = Penetration Ratio b Fig 1.9.3

Brons and Marting Geometric or Pseudo Skin
Modified form of q FG ln r I
+S J
pe p wf = e
the inflow equation: 2 kh H r w
p
K
ideal
This has the form p e p wf = p e p wf + p geom
s
ideal q r ideal pressure drop

where pe p wf = ln e . . .
for a full completion
2 kh rw
q actual q re
p geom
s = Sp = pe p wf ln
2 kh 2 kh rw
Obtained from two-dimensional
calculations of the limited entry
including the effect of anisotropy
Main problem is allowing for the non-uniform flux distribution at the sandface
Brons and Marting approach is simply an intelligent method of correlating 2-D results

Combined Effects of Partial Completion and a Thin Altered Zone
FORMATION
PRESSURE PROFILE
pD
Superposition of Skin Effects
NO DAMAGE Due to Partial Completion
Sp FLOW
NO CONVERGENCE and Damage
Sa CONVERGENCE CONVERGENCE WITH
Sd ZONE NO DAMAGE
rD Fig 1.9.4

Flow
Convergence
into
Groups of
Form of
Perforations
Limited
Entry
Skin
Plugged
Perforation
Fig 1.9.5

GAS
Water
and
OIL BEARING
Gas
RESERVOIR
Coning
Main Reason For
HIGH GOR
WELL Deliberate Limited
WATER
Entry is to Avoid
HIGH WOR
Coning
WELL
OG C
WOC
Fig 1.10.1

q Fig 1.10.2
Partially Penetrating
Well
F or mation o f Wa ter Co ne
W h e n W e ll i s U n d e r l a i n
by Wat er
Pressure Distribution in Oil Phase

is Little Affected by Presence of
O OW C Static Cone

Negative-Skin Concept

Deviated Wells
0 15
o
o
30
-2 45o
Due to
Sswp Cinco &
-4 60
o Miller
=75
o
-6
102 103 104

h
rw Fig 1.11.1

Deviated (Slant) Wells
Effect of Deviation i.e. Flow Divergence Expressed as Another

Component of the Skin Factor viz. S sw p
For a Completely Perforated Well:
F I
2 . 06
F I
1. 865
F
log G
h I
S sw p = G J
H 41K G
H 56 JK H 100 r JK
w
h
0 < <75o > 40 Due to Cinco and Miller
rw

Combination of Deviated Well and Thin Damaged Zone
co
h
s
h
hp cos 1
b= = = i.e. b > 1
h h cos
S tr p s F k 1I ln r
S a = S d + S swp = + S swp where: S tr =
q
= GH k JK r s
b s w
h
2 k
cos Fig 1.11.2

Effective Wellbore Radius Concept,

Effective Well Radius
pe
ps
pwf
reff rw re
rw , eff = rw e S
Fig 1.12.1

pe
re re
p D = ln + S = ln
rw rw ,eff
Effective
Well Radius
ps
pwf S = ln rw ln rw ,eff
reff rw re
S rw
rw ,eff = rw e or S = ln
rw ,eff
Alternative Way of Characterising Near Wellbore Alteration
Particulary Useful for Negative Skin Situations e.g. fractures

Vertically Fractured Well
re Double Wing Fracture
xf
Vertical Fracture of
Limited Radial Extent
xf
xf = Fracture Half-Length
Fig 1.12.2

Vertically Fractured Well
re
h
xf
xf
Vertical Fracture of Limited Radial Extent xf . . . Fracture Half Length
Fracture Height Equal to Formation Thickness
Infinite Conductivity Fracture
xf re
For Steady-State Flow: rw ,eff = provided >2
2 xf
Prats, M. SPEJ June 1961 p105

Situations in Practice:
Heterogeneous Reservoir and fluid

Stratified Reservoir
q
Common Wellbore q = qi
Pressure, pw
Layer 1 S1 k1 h1
q1
pe Layer 2 S2 k2 h2
q2 p w
Layer 3 S3 k3 h3
q3
No Reservoir Communication Fig 1.13.1

Stratified Rese rvoir
Steady-State, Single-Phase Flow
Non-Communicating, Homogeneous Layers
Layer Skin Factors Zero
Common External Pressure, p e
q
q1 Fig
pw
1.13.1
pe k2 h 2 pe
q2
q3 k3 h3

Layered System Behaviour
qi =
2 k i h i
re b
pe pw g Individual Layer Rate
ln
rw
Summation to give total flow:

N
2 k i h i
bp p g
N
qi = q = i =1
re e w
i =1 ln
rw
since pe, pw, re and are common to all layers

i. e . q =
2 kh
re b
pe pw g
ln
rw
N
k h i i Arithmetic
where: k= i =1 . . . . Average
h Permeability
Since the pressure distribution is the same in all Layers there is no
tendency for crossflow and the result is also applicable to a Layered
system with communication q
q1
pw
L ayered System pe k2 h2 pe
q2
q3 k3 h3 Fig
1.13.2

Layered System
q
Common Wellbore q = qi
Pressure, pw
Layer 1 S1 k1 h1
q1
pe Layer 2 S2 k2 h2
q2 p w
Layer 3 S3 k3 h3
q3
Reservoir Communication Fig 1.13.2

Quadratic IPR for an Oil Well Exhibiting Non-Darcy Flow
VLP
pe
2
pND = Bqs
pwf
slope = A
p ND
Operating
Point
pwh
IPR
qs
Well Performance Diagram

Influence of Damaged Zone Including Non-Darcy Flow
Ideal Pressure Profile

(No damage or non-Darcy flow)
Pressure Profile in Damaged Region

with no non-Darcy flow
psD
Pressure Profile in Damaged Region

including non-Darcy effect
psND
ks k
Damaged (unaltered formation
Region permeability)
rw rs

Flujo Radia y Well Testing PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Flujo Radia y Well Testing PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

MSc REM

Reservoir Evaluation and Management

Radial Flow and

1 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Definition of well testing

2 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

3 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

4 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Well Test Surface Hardware

5 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

1. Determine the nature of the formation fluids

2. Measure the well productivity

3. Measure temperature and pressure

4. Obtain samples for lab analysis

5. Obtain information for reservoir description

6. Es timate completion efficiency

6 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Initial flow and shutin designed to establish

Initial flow as short as possible

Major flow period long enough to give

Oft en 6 - 12 hours is adequate

At least six hours of stable operation to

Multirate necess ary in gas wells

7 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Initial Res. Pressure

BHP Drawdown Buildup

8 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

A. Seismic and associated geological studies

B. Information obtained during the well drilling program

C. Wireline formation testing

2. Produced Reservoir (New development wells)

D. Pressure - Flow testing of wells

2. Production or injection wells

E. Analysis of reservoir performance

9 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Determine the average permeability of the reservoir

10 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Initial Res. Pressure

BHP Drawdown Buildup

12 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Well test operation

13 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Sound knowledge about WT

14 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

15 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

TYPICAL OIL PRODUCTION PROFILE

16 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

. . . depends on the following factors:

. . . in the early days of the North Sea development a

17 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

p wf = Flowing Bottom-Hole Pressure

Reservoir to Separator Flow System

18 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

19 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

20 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

FOR LINEAR HORIZONTAL FLOW A

DEFINITION OF THE PERMEABILITY OF A POROUS

PERMEABILITY IS AN INTRINSIC ROCK PROPERTY Fig 1.2.1

21 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ

Permeability is an intrinsic rock property

q in-situ volumetric flow-rate m3 /s

u superficial fluid velocity m/s

22 Petroleum Reservoir Monitoring and Testing SYZ