JORDAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

CONSITITUTE OF SAINT AUGUSSTINE UNIVERSITIES COLLEGES OF TANZANIA

POPULATION STUDIES
COURSE LECTURER : MR. HENRY M.
COURSE CODE GE : 200
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
GROUP NUMBER : 06
MAJOR : GEOGRAPHY

GROUP MEMBERS
NO Name Reg Sign
01 MWITA, JACKSON N. 2016/0499
02 KIBWAWA TIMOTHEO 2016/1347
03 FLAVIAN KISULILO 2016/0310
04 CHINGWELE HALIMA 2016/1095
05 RWEYEMAMU GIDEON 2016/0161
06 MASANULA REJEA 2016/0065
07 NYEREMBE REVOCATUS 2016/0539
08 LUKOSI SALAVATORY 2016/0396
09 JOSEPH SELEMAN 2016/0330
10 HAMIS ISA JUMBE 2016/1293
11 NYAURINGO FARAJA 2016/0632
12 TEVELE ZABRON B. 2016/0683
13 MWANGOKA MICHAEL 2016/0090
14 ABDUL JAFALI H. 2016/1399
15 MLETI JOSEPH 2016/0478
Question: Using the push- pull model identify and discuss set of factors t
involved in any act of migration, and relate those factors with migration Tanzania.

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Table of contents
1. Introduction ...1
2. Main body .1
3. Conclusion ..6
4. Reference 7

2
 Migration is the movement of people from one geographical location to
another, involving permanent or temporary settlement.1 The region where people
are leaving is referred to as the source region whereas the region to which people
are entering is known as destination region. Various disciplines have been trying to
analyze and provide fundamental understanding on migration. Or Migration
(human) is the movement of people from one place in the world to another. People
can either choose to move ("voluntary migration") or be forced to move
("involuntary migration"). Migrant is an individual who has resided in a foreign
country for more than one year irrespective of the causes, voluntary or involuntary,
and the means, regular or irregular, used to migrate (United Nations).
Migration is divided into two types. These are internal migration and
external or international migration. Internal migration refers to a change of
residence within national boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities, or
municipalities, and external migration refers to the migration where by an
individuals or people (migrants) move to a new home in a different state, country,
or continent respectively. Thus migration occurs in various ways.2
Models, is a mathematical expression of phenomena, they do not change
easily, but may change at any time as phenomena behavior changes. Push-Pull
migration Model was one of neo-classical model introduced by Sir Everett Lee in
1966 in explaining the causes of migration and its impacts. By examining the
volume of migration he describes the characteristics of migration and the factors
which often influence someone to migrate. He classifies these factors as push and
pull meant attractive and impulsive forces respectively.
Push factors include those deteriorating socio-economic, biological and
political conditions in the area of origin which force people to move out of the
place of origin. In order someone to migrate, the positive factors at the place of
destination must be stronger than those in the place of origin. Under push factors
the following set of factors can be discussed in relation to Tanzania migration as
follows.
Climatic change, the change of average weather condition recorded over
long period of time which may lead to drought due rain shortage in a given region,
this cause decline of production absence of pasture and water and later to total
hunger and famine to society, death of animals eruption of diseases like skin
cancer, together these force the people to migrate from the origin residence to
other destination with favorable climate for their long live. In Tanzania this factor
is applicable being mostly to pastoralist societies such as Maasai and Sukuma, for
instance most people move from Manyara region, central regions of Dodoma,
1. Kyaing Thet. Pull and Push Factors of Migration: A Case Study in the UrbanArea of Monywa
Township, Myanmar.
2 National Geographic Society, (2005).

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Shinyang, Tabora an Singida to coastal regions seeking for pasture and water for
their animals.3
Unemployment, it is blatantly that employment is an important economic
factor which improve living standard of an individual absence of employment
force the people mostly being youth to migrate from their usual areas to another
places which is capable of having employment seeking for employment, when they
get employment they may establish permanent settlement at the destination areas
for instance most of African tend to migrate to European nation like Britain France
Germany and to some Asian nations like India, china and Russia seeking for
employment. In Tanzania this factor has become inevitable as people are moving
mostly from rural to town looking for employment for the betterment of their
future life.
Land shortage, land as a natural asset for investment, and settlement
establishment when come become its inadequate compare to living population it
act as push factor for migration as the people wage into migration looking for
sparse land to establish settlement and production as the case to Kenya, Nigeria,
Somalia, china among other. Referring Tanzania this is applicable to densely
populated regions like Dar es Salaam Mwanza Tanga Arusha Kilimanjaro among
other, where the most possible people to migrate are those who depend on
agriculture when comes the matter of making rural to become town.
Instability, absence of political and social stability due to political and
social (ethnic) conflict in the region force the people to migrate from their usual
residence to other areas for the purpose of serving their life. For instance refugees
from Rwanda, Burundi, Zimbabwe, Congo, Kenya and Somalia to Tanzania,
Uganda, Zambia and Malawi is mainly caused by political conflict and ethnic
conflict in Burundi. Also some Africans from sierra Leon Nigeria Israel Palestine
among other are migrating to European and American nations because of political
instability in their mother nations. Some refugees tend to ask for citizenship to
destination region where they establish permanent settlement. In the case to
Tanzania this is partially occurs and not directly seen, but can be discussed much
on land conflict in Tarime at Mara, Mvomero and Kilosa at Morogoro, and
Manyara.4
Inadequate of social services, these include schools, health centers, and
water supply power supply and recreation areas. Many people tend to move from
those regions with low social services to those covered with so that they can live
better and luxury life. This is the case to most African migration from their mother
government to European, American Asian nations like Britain, France, Germany
and Italy, and Canada, united state of America (USA), Russia China and India
3Joseph J. Hobbs. World Regional Geography, Sixth edition 2009
4 Kyaing Kyaing Thet.

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respectively intercontinental migration, whereby at national level people are
migrating to town as they seeking for good social services. In Tanzania this factor
is applicable to make rural-urban migration since many people are migrating to
tow where there is availability of social services.5
Diseases, some places are prone of diseases whereby when they become
much destructive human life and other living organisms depended by human being
for survival like crops and animals, people tend to move from those areas to other
friend areas for their life serving. For instance people migrated from Nigeria during
eruption of ebora disease to date there some countries in which is facing with
eruption of cholera which make people to move from their residence escaping from
being infected. To Tanzania the factor is applicable to mostly pastoralist, when
faced with disease killing their cattle they to other regions which is free from the
erupted disease. For example, Maasai societies.
Bad cultural practice, some traditions, customs and norms done by a
certain society or community are not accepted by some society or community
members whereby when they want to resist against them they are ignored by the
society or community member who supporting the practice, therefore in order to
avoid these bad cultural practice they decide to migrate from that society to another
region or places with no such cultural practice for instance in Tanzania to date this
factor is applicable to those societies practicing female genital mutilation such as
Kurya in Tarime Mara and Maasai where their daughter tend to run away from
their homes during circumcision period escaping circumcision. On other hand
people tend to migrate from these with bad local beliefs like witching.
Poverty, inability to afford daily basic need like food, shelter and cloth to
an individual make him or he to shift from the usual place to other region where he
she think that he she would be to afford those basic needs. Example most migrants
from Somalia to other parts of the world is the question of poverty. The claim is
directly applicable to Tanzania migration mainly rural-urban migration and to some
extent urban-rural migration.6
The question of transport and communication network, these include
water, land, and air transport like navigable rivers, tarmac roads and air ports, they
force people to migrate from those areas which are less endowed with to those
regions endowed, since they encourage easy transportation of people to working
places and goods to storation and market centers. In Tanzania this is responsible for
marking rural-urban migration and linear settlement, since people tend to migrate
to town because of good availability of transport infrastructures, also tend to
establish settlements along transport networks.

5.Crow, H. (2010), Factors Influencing Rural Migration Decisions in Scotland: An Analysis of the
Evidence, Scottish Government Social Research
6 Ibid

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 On other hand there some factors which act as pull factors for migration
to destination areas or continue life to the origin areas (Ogden, 1984). According to
Everett Lee pull factor are those factors which attract someone to move to the
regions endowed with or continue to live to original areas as they are available to
that original areas; they include, Availability of better social services, favorable
climate, employment opportunities, land educational opportunities among other as
explained below.
Climatic favorability, to the places with favorable long recorded average
weather condition that is rainfall temperature and soil tend tends to attract many
people to move to those areas so that they could establish settlement and carrying
production activities like agriculture, pastoralism as well as trading activities
whereby those indigenous continue to live their usual carrying their daily
production activities. Good example during colonialism, colonialist used climatic
factors on establishment their economic production that settler, plantation and
peasant agriculture production. To Tanzania, due its tropical climate type attract
many outsiders like Indians, Europeans to visit and settle. On other hand
agriculturalist both crop cultivators and animal husbandry tend to move to coastal,
south high land and northern high land regions from central regions due to climatic
condition friendship and hostility respectively.
Employment opportunities, in the places where there is high availability
of employment chances tend to attract most crowds to move to the regions that
they would seek for employment to get income for their living standard through
direct employment by a company, organization or self employment. For instance
Intercontinental migration from third world countries to first world countries is
because of employment opportunities availability in the first world countries,
internally most of migrate from rural areas to town where there is a number of
employment opportunities. In Tanzania the factor is applicable for rural-urban
migration and to some extent urban-rural migration to those who want to be
employed in agriculture activities.7
Land availability, land as a natural asset for investment, and settlement
establishment when come become its available and fertile compare to living
population it act as pull factor for migration as the people wage into migration
looking for sparse land to establish settlement and production as the case to Kenya,
Nigeria, Somalia, china among other. Referring Tanzania this is applicable to
densely populated regions like Dar es Salaam Mwanza Tanga Arusha Kilimanjaro
among other, where the most possible people to migrate are those who depend on
agriculture when comes the need for arable land, the matter of marking rural to
become town.

7 United Nations environment programme, (2005). Atlas of our changing environment.

6
 Social services availability, these include schools, health centers, and
water supply power supply and recreation areas. Many people tend to move from
those regions with low social services to those covered with so that they can live
better and luxury life. This is the case to most African migration from their mother
government to European, American Asian nations like Britain, France, Germany
and Italy, and Canada, united state of America (USA), Russia China and India
respectively intercontinental migration, whereby at national level people are
migrating to town as they seeking for good social services. In Tanzania this factor
is applicable to make rural-urban migration since many people are migrating to
tow where there is availability of social services.8
Stability, the presence of political and social stability due to political and
social (ethnic) stable in the region attracts the people to migrate from their usual
residence to other areas with life stability (peace) for the purpose of serving their
life. For instance refugees from Rwanda, Burundi, Zimbabwe, Congo, Kenya and
Somalia to Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Malawi is mainly caused by political
and ethnic stability in Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia. Also some Africans from sierra
Leon Nigeria Israel Palestine among other are migrating to European and
American nations because of political stability in the destination nations. Some
refugees tend to ask for citizenship to destination region where they establish
permanent settlement. In the case to Tanzania this is partially occurs and not
directly seen, but can be discussed much on land conflict in Tarime at Mara,
Mvomero and Kilosa at Morogoro, and Manyara.9
Cultural practice, some traditions, customs and norms done by a certain
society or community are not accepted by some society or community members
whereby when they want to resist against them they are ignored by the society or
community member who supporting the practice, therefore in order to avoid these
bad cultural practice they decide to migrate from that society to another region or
places with no such cultural practice for instance in Tanzania to date this factor is
applicable to those societies practicing female genital mutilation such as Kurya in
Tarime Mara and Maasai where their daughter tend to run away from their homes
during circumcision period escaping circumcision. On other hand people tend to
migrate to those regions with no bad local beliefs like witching.
Diseases, some places are not prone of diseases whereby they become
much favorable to human life and other living organisms depended by human
being for survival like crops and animals, people tend to move to those areas from
unfriendly areas for their life serving. For instance people migrated from Nigeria
during eruption of ebora disease to date there some countries in which is facing
with eruption of cholera which make people to move from their residence escaping
8 Waugh D, (2003). The new wider world, second edition: Uk, Nelson Thomas Ltd place.
9 Kyaing Thet.

7
from being infected. To Tanzania the factor is applicable to mostly pastoralist,
when faced with disease killing their cattle they tend to move other regions which
is free from the erupted disease. For example, Maasai society.
Transport and communication network, these include water, land, and air
transport like navigable rivers, tarmac roads and air ports, they attract people to
migrate to those areas endowed with from those region lacking, since they
encourage easy transportation of people to working places and goods to storation
and market centers. In Tanzania this is responsible for marking rural-urban
migration and linear settlement, since people tend to migrate to town because of
good availability of transport infrastructures, also tend to establish settlements
along transport networks.10
In summary, Migration as one of factor for population variation, the
regions with explained pull factors tend to experience high population due to the
reality that they are over emigrated (destination regions), as the case of high
population density in south Africa china India USA Britain among other
(international level), Dar es Salaam, Mwanza Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Mbeya
among other (national level) whereby to those with push factor tend to experience
low population density due to high immigration, especially rural areas worldwide.
On other hand migration is associated with social conflict especially to destination
areas due to land shortage, social services shortage. Also may lead to eruption of
diseases like cholera; and immoral decay like prostitution, stealing among others.
Therefore the governments should mark clear migration policy to control.

References .
1. Crow, H. 2010, Factors Influencing Rural Migration Decisions in Scotland: An Analysis of
the Evidence, Scottish Government Social Research.
2. Joseph J. Hobbs 2009. World Reg,ional Geography, Sixth edition.
10 Ibid

8
 3. Kyaing Kyaing Thet. Pull and Push Factors of Migration: A Case Study in the UrbanArea of
Monywa Township, Myanmar.
4. National Geographic Society, 2005
5. United Nations environment programme, 2005. Atlas of our changing environment.
6. Waugh D, 2003. The new wider world, second edition: Uk, Nelson Thomas Ltd
place