Applied Ocean Research 18 (1996) 145-156

Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Limited

Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
PII: SO141-1187(96)00023-5 0141-1187/96/$15.OLl
ELSEVIER

Estimation of inertia forces on a horizontal

circular cylinder in regular and irregular waves
at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers
Koji Otsuka & Yoshiho Ikeda
Department of Marine System Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, l-l, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 593, Japan

(Received 11 July 1994; revised 7 May 1996)

Inertia forces acting on a horizontal circular cylinder in regular and irregular waves
signiticantly decrease at low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers (Kc). The rapid reduction
of inertia force is caused by a circulating flow around the cylinder. In order to clarify
the mechanism of the occurrence of the circulation, flow visualizations around a
horizontal circular cylinder in regular waves and a circular cylinder moving along a
circular orbit were carried out. Simple formulae to estimate the circulation strength
and the inertia force reduction in regular waves were deduced from a starting vortex
model with reference to the results of the flow visualizations. The prediction method
was applied to the cylinder inclined to wave crests. The estimated inertia coefficients
in regular waves are in good agreement with the experimental results at Kc less than
2.5. The inertia force reduction in irregular waves was also estimated by considering
the circulation effect for each half wave period which was calculated by the prediction
method in regular waves. The estimated results are in good agreement with the
experimental results. Copyright 0 1996 Elsevier Science Limited.

Keywords: horizontal cylinder, inertia force, orbital flow, circulation, vortex shedding

1 INTRODUCTION diameter of the members is sufficiently smaller than the

Wave forces on offshore structures are generally estimated
in two different ways, 1) the Morison equation and 2)
diffraction theory. The Morison equation is usually applic-
able to structures whose diameter is sufficiently smaller than
the wave length (D/X < 0.2), where D and X denote the
diameter of the structure and the wave length, respectively,
when the viscous force due to flow separation is significant
in comparison with the force due to wave diffraction. When
the size of the structure is comparable to the wave length,
wave diffraction must be taken into account in the esti-
mation of wave forces. In this case, Keulegan-Carpenter
number (Kc = UT/D), where U and T denote the maximum
water particle velocity and the wave period, respectively,
becomes very low and viscous effect due to flow separation
is negligibly small.
It was conventionally believed that wave forces on a
semisubmersible may safely be predicted by a potential
flow theory, because the Keulegan-Carpenter number in
regard to its main members is relatively low even if the
145
wave length. However, ChapliniP2reported that inertia force
on a horizontal cylinder with its axis parallel to wave crests
decreases to as low as one-half of the inertia force calculated
theoretically at very low Keulegan-Carpenter numbers
(Kc < 2). Ikeda et al3 experimentally investigated wave
forces on horizontal circular, square and diamond cylinders,
and showed that the inertia force reduction also occurs in the
case of cylinders with various sectional shapes. Otsuka et
~1.~ measured wave forces on a horizontal circular cylinder
in regular and irregular waves, and pointed out that the
inertia coefficient in irregular waves drastically changes
wave by wave and the value for a half wave period signifi-
cantly depends on the Kc number for the previous half wave
period. Otsuka et 01.~~~ also investigated inertia force reduc-
tion of a horizontal circular cylinder inclined to wave crests.
The results showed that the circulation strength decreases
with an increasing inclination angle.
Chaplin pointed out that the cause of the inertia force
reduction is the effect of the lift force, which is always in
the opposite direction to the inertia force, due to the
146 K. Otsuka, Y. Ikeda

combination of incident flow and steady circulation gener-

ated by oscillatory boundary layer. Chaplin* also tried to
estimate the inertia coefficient of the cylinder by using an
oscillating boundary layer theory, and suggested that the
inertia coefficient decreases in proportion to Kc.* However,
the estimated results were not in quantitative agreement
with his experimental results. Otsuka et aL4 carried out d

flow visualizations and discrete vortex simulations around

a horizontal circular cylinder in regular and irregular waves.
These results demonstrated that large-scale flow separations
occur in the case of a horizontal cylinder in waves at very
low Kc numbers, where there is no large-scale flow separa-
tion in plane oscillatory flow, and a circulating flow is
generated due to the separated vortices.
Some recent researches have focused their attention Fig. 1. Coordinate system for a horizontal circular cylinder in
towards the clarification of the detailed flow mechanism regular waves.
and the quantitative determination of the circulation around
a circular cylinder in orbital flow. Stansby et aL7, showed cylinder diameter and the depth of the cylinder centre,
that vorticity organizes itself asymmetrically about the line respectively.
through the cylinder centre parallel to the incident velocity The origin is determined at the cylinder centre, and the
vector in a numerical study based on a random vortex moment when a wave crest comes just above the cylinder
method. Similar numerical results obtained by Navier- centre is determined as t = 0. Then the complex potential
Stokes simulations were shown by Chaplin., Arail W(x) of the incident wave without the cylinder is expressed
measured circulation strength about horizontal circular
bY
and rectangular cylinders in regular waves by an image
measurement method. He suggested that the circulation i{we-kd - i(k,y- wt)
W(x) = 7 (1)
strength generated around a rectangular cylinder is almost
the same as that of a circular cylinder with the same where { denotes the wave amplitude, w ( = 27rlT) the wave
diameter. Jamo-Druaux et aLI* carried out laser Doppler circular frequency, T the wave period, k ( = 27r//x)the wave
velocity measurements and determined the circulation number, A the wave length, and x( = x+iz) is a complex
strength around the cylinder by using experimental data. number representing the X-Z plane. Therefore, the horizon-
The first purpose of this paper is to clarify the medhanism tal and vertical fluid particle velocities (u, w), and the
of the occurrence of the circulating flow. We summarize the accelerations (ti, ti) at the cylinder centre can be
fundamental potential flow around a horizontal circular calculated from
cylinder in regular waves. Then the vortex flow patterns
z4= Ucos(wt) (2)
around the cylinder are discussed by the results of flow
visualizations of a horizontal cylinder in regular waves w = - Usin (3)
and a cylinder moving along a circular orbit. The second
purpose of this paper is to quantitatively estimate the circu- ic= - Uwsin(wt) (4)
lation strength and inertia force reduction of a horizontal
cylinder in regular and irregular waves. Simple formulae * = - Uwcos(ot) (5)
to estimate the circulation strength and inertia coefficient
where U ( = {tie- ) is the maximum velocity of the fluid
in regular waves are deduced from a starting vortex model
particle in orbital motion at the depth of the cylinder centre.
with reference to the results of flow visualizations. The
When the cylinders submergence is large in comparison
prediction method is then applied to the cylinder inclined
with the cylinder diameter, the complex potential is
to wave crests. The inertia force reduction in irregular waves
obtained by using Milne-Thomsons3 circle theorem as
is also estimated by considering the circulation effect for
follows:
each half wave period which is calculated by the prediction
method in regular waves. irwe-kd
-i(kx-wt) - iWekdi(kc*/x-at)
W(x) = k e +
k
= iU/k[e - i(kx -at) _ ei(~zlx- 4
(6)
2 POTENTIAL FLOW IN REGULAR WAVES 1
If the wave length is much larger than the cylinder
In order to simplify the problem, we shall consider a diameter, the flow field around the cylinder is described
flow field around a circular cylinder submerged horizon- as a uniform orbital flow. In this case, the incident velocity
tally under regular deep water waves as shown in Fig. 1. In vector of magnitude U and acceleration vector of magni-
this figure, c, D and d denote the cylinder radius, the tude Uw rotate uniformly clockwise with angular velocity w
 Estimation of inertia forces on a cylinder 147

(a) surface (r = c) can be calculated from

Wave 1
1 a4
--
T = - 2Usin(O + at). (9)
i- d0 r_c

This means that the velocity at the cylinder surface has

the maximum value (2U) at points orthogonal to the
incident flow direction as shown in Fig. 2(b).
The Keulegan-Carpenter number (Kc) in the case of a
horizontal cylinder in regular waves is given by

Kc = UT/D = n(2[emkd)/D (10)

Ihe Kc number expresses the ratio of the diameter of the

water particle orbits at the depth of the cylinder centre to
the cylinder diameter. When Kc = 7~, the diameter of the
particle orbits is equal to the cylinder diameter.

(a) (b)

or = 0

Fig. 2. Incident flow condition for a horizontal circular cylinder in

regular waves: (a} incident flow velocity and acceleration vectors,
(b) tangential flow velocity vector at the points orthogonal to the
incident flow direction.
Incident
now

as shown in Fig. 2(a). Then the complex potential of this

flow is expressed by w = 7r12

W = iU/k[(l - ikre)eLo - (1 + ~kcz/re-iB)e-iW] (7) c

where x = re is in polar coordinates referenced to the
origin at the cylinder centre. The velocity potential 4
0 d
around the cylinder is then

4 = Ur( 1 t c2/r2)cos(O+ wr) - 2U/ksin(wt). (8)

WI = 7F

Therefore, the tangential flow velocity on the cylinder

L
t0 f-
Laser beam generator

servation window
In ptane oscillatory In regular waves
flow

Fig. 4. Experimental comparison of vortex shedding patterns

Fig. 3. Schematic view of flow visualization around a horizontal around a circular cylinder for Kc Q 3.0: (a) in plane oscillatory
circular cylinder in regular waves. flow (Sawamoto2), (b) in regular waves.
148 K. Otsuka, Y. Zkeda

Universal 3m x 1.6m) at Osaka Prefecture University. The experi-

joint
Connected to
a motor
mental arrangement is shown in Fig. 3. An acrylic circular
cylinder of diameter D = 0.05m and length L = 0.55 m was
horizontally submerged at a depth d = O.lOm (d/D = 2) with
its axis parallel to wave crests. The cylinder had a cone-
shaped mirror and a laser beam emitter which was con-
nected to a lOOmW-type argon laser generator by an optical
fibre cable. The laser beam was spread to a laser sheet by the
cone-shaped mirror. Vortex shedding patterns around the
cylinder were visualized by a fluorescent dye which was
poured into the neighbourhood around the cylinder, and
recorded by a video camera through an observation window
j ~ Test cylinder in the tank. In this experiment, the Kc number was 3.0, and
c_;
Ecckkic the wave period was 1.8s. The diameter to wave length ratio
radius
D/h in this case is 0.010.
Fig. 5. Schematic view of a forced rotation mechanism. Figure 4 shows a comparison of schematic vortex shed-
ding patterns around a circular cylinder obtained by experi-
3 VISUALIZATIONS OF VORTEX FLOW mental results in plane oscillatory flow by Sawamoto et aZ.14
and in regular waves. In Fig. 4(b), waves come from left to
3.1 Vortex shedding pattern in regular waves right, and the direction of the incident flow rotates clock-
wise. In the case of plane oscillatory flow, there is no large
In order to clarify vortex shedding patterns around a hori- flow separation at such a low Kc number. On the contrary, it
zontal cylinder in regular waves in steady state conditions, a is observed that large scale separated vortices occur in reg-
flow visualization was carried out at a towing tank (70m x ular waves. The large scale anticlockwise vortices separate

Fig. 6. Experimental arrangement for flow visualizations around a circular cylinder moving along a circular orbit.
 Estimation of inertia forces on a cylinder

*Rerative orbital
flow rotates with
clockwise

=3 :incident flow

G, :separate vortex

-+ :induced flow

Fig. 7. glow separation patterns around a circular cylinder moving along a circular orbit for Kc = 3.0: (a) t = T/4, (b) f = 3T/8, (c) t = T/2, (d) t
= 5T/8, (e) t = 3T/4, where t is the elapsed time from the start of motion, and T is the period.
150
from the cylinder twice per wave period, i.e., once per half
wave period. The clockwise vortices rotate round the
cylinder due to the induced velocity of the anticlockwise
vortices.
3.2 Separating vortex when an orbital flow impulsively
starts from rest
To clarify the mechanism of the occurrence of circulation,
flow separation patterns around a circular cylinder moving
along a circular orbit was experimentally investigated when
the relative orbital flow impulsively starts from rest. The
flow visualization was carried out in a small water tank
made from acrylic plates. The length and width of the
tank are 0.5m, and the water depth is 0.25m. A circular
cylinder of diameter D = 0.07m was forced to move along
a circular orbit, impulsively from rest, by a forced rotation
mechanism as shown in Figs 5 and 6. Flow separation pat-
terns around the cylinder were visualized by polystyrene
particle tracers of average diameter 0.5mm and specific
gravity 0.9, which were scattered on the water surface,
and recorded by a video camera moving along the circular
orbit with the same phase as that of the cylinder. In this
experiment, the Kc number was 3.0, and the period of the
motion was 4.0s.
Figure 7 shows the obtained flow separation patterns
around the cylinder for Kc = 3.0. In this figure the relative
orbital flow rotates clockwise. The flow immediately after
the start of motion is similar in appearance to potential flow
(Fig. 7(a)). An anticlockwise vortex begins to separate from
the cylinder at t = 3T/8 (Fig. 7(b)), and sheds from the
cylinder at t = T/2 (Fig. 7(c)). The flow near the surface of
the cylinder is accelerated by the induced velocity of the
shedding anticlockwise vertex (Fig. 7(d)). Then, a clock-
wise vortex is rolled up by the induced velocity at t =
3T/4 (Fig. 7(e)). These results are basically the same as
the results of Otsukas discrete vortex simulations.4
(Kc<=)
Clockwise
vortex
filaments
Udr
Anticlockwise
vortex filaments ,
I
IIII
I
Fig. 8. A discrete vortexmodel around a horizontal
cylinder in regular waves for Kc < x.
K. O&h, Y. Ikeda
4 A SIMPLE VORTEX SHEDDING MODEL
4.1 A discrete vortex model
We consider a discrete vortex model in order to understand the
flow separation patterns when the orbital flow impulsively
starts from rest. As shown in Fig. 2(b) and eqn (9), the velocity
on the cylinder surface has the maximum value (2U) at points
orthogonal to the incident flow direction. It is assumed that the
vorticity created in the boundary layer is represented by discrete
vortex filaments placed at the maximum velocity points as
shown in Fig. 8. Then the magnitude of the strength of the
vortex filament (Al) can be calculated from
Ar = ;(2lJ)At (11)
where (2U) is the tangential velocity at the outer edge of
the boundary layer, and At is the time increment of the
discrete vortex model. The vortex filament moves with
velocity U (one half of the outer flow velocity) in the
boundary layer.
In this model, the maximum velocity points, where the
discrete vortex filaments are located, rotate clockwise with
velocity rD/T (one rotation per wave period), and the vortex
filaments in boundary layer move with velocity U. At Kc
less than @IT/D < r), the motion velocity of the clockwise
vortex filament (v) is smaller than that of the maximum
velocity point (rD/T) as shown in Fig. 8. In this case, the
clockwise vortices do not separate from the cylinder. While
the anticlockwise vortices easily separate because the
(a)
Anticlockwise
vortex
(separated)
(b)
Vortex
shedding
Cc)
Fig. 9. A simple vortex shedding model around a horizontal
circular cylinder in regular waves for Kc < r: (a) f < T/2, (b)
t = T/2, (c) f > T/2.
 Estimation of inertia forces on a cylinder 151

motion of the vortex is in the opposite direction to that of the Cm

maximum velocity point. 3
measured
o :Cmx (Otsuka et aL4)
4.2 A starting vortex model
A :Cmz (Otsuka et aI.4)
---- :Cmx (Chaplin2)
The results of the flow visualizations demonstrated that an 2 - - - :Cmz (Chaplinn)
anticlockwise vortex initially sheds form the cylinder at
around t = T/2, and then a clockwise vortex rolls up by
the induced velocity of the shedding anticlockwise vortex.
At steady state, the anticlockwise vortices shed from the
cylinder once per half wave period. With reference to
these results, we consider a starting vortex model as follows.
Only an anticlockwise vortex grows immediately after 1 I I I\ I
0 2 Kc 4
the start of flow as shown in Fig. 9(a). The first anticlock-
wise vortex sheds from the cylinder at t = T/2 (Fig. 9(b)), Fig. 10. Inertia coefficients of a horizontal circular cylinder in
and a clockwise vortex is rolled up by the induced velocity regular waves obtained by wave force measurements (Chaplin*
of the shedding anticlockwise vortex (Fig. 9(c)). Thereafter, and Otsuka et ~1.~)and estimations using eqn(17).
the clockwise vortices also grow one after another due to
eqns (13) and (14) as follows:
induced velocities of anticlockwise vortices shedding after
each half wave period. In this model, the circulation strength fm = C,,,,P(~/~)D~L~ + fL,
of the initial shedding vortex remains in the outer flow
similar to a starting vortex described by wing theory. = -[Cm, - (2/~2)Kc2]p(?r/4)D2LUwsin(wt) (15)
Then, circulation with the same strength and opposite sign
of the starting vortex occurs around the cylinder.
f, = C,,P(~~/~)D~L* + fLr

5 INERTIA FORCE REDUCTION IN REGULAR = - [Cmp- (2/?r2)Kc2]p(?r/4)D2LUwcos(wt) (16)

WAVES
where C,,,, ( = 2) is the inertia coefficient calculated by a
potential theory. Thus the inertia coefficient C,,, considering
5.1 Circulation and lift force
the circulation effect is given by

In the discrete vortex model, the strength of the vortex filament
representing the boundary layer is expressed by eqn (11). The
first anticlockwise vortex sheds from the cylinder at t = T/2 in
the starting vortex model. Then the circulation strength of the
initially separated anticlockwise vortex can be calculated by
the integration of the vorticity generated in the boundary layer
during the first half wave period as follows:
T/2 1
r=
.I
o ,(2U)dt = U2T (12)
where r indicates a positive value in the anticlockwise
case. Therefore, the circulation with the same strength
and opposite sign (- U2T) occurs around the cylinder, and
the horizontal and vertical lift forces (fLx,j&) given by the
following equations are exerted on the cylinder.
fLx = pL( - U2T)w = pLU3Tsin(wt)
(13)
fLr = -pL( - U2T)u = pLU3Tcos(wt) (14)
These forces are always in the opposite direction to the
inertia forces on the cylinder.
5.2 Inertia force and inertia coefficient
cm = Fill = 2 - (2/n2)Kc2 (17)
p(7r/4)D2LUw
where F, is the inertia force amplitude. Equation (17)
demonstrates that the inertia coefficient decreases propor-
tional to Kc2 similarly to the theoretical results based on an
oscillatory boundary layer theory by Chaplin.2
Figure 10 shows the comparison of the inertia coefficients
between the results estimated by eqn (17) and the measured
ones by the authors4 and Chaplin. In this figure, C, and C,
denote the inertia coefficients in horizontal and vertical
directions, respectively. The estimated inertia coefficient,
eqn (17) is in good agreement with the measured results at
Kc numbers up to 2.5. However, the measured inertia coef-
ficients take larger values than those of the estimated ones at
Kc higher than 2.5, and increase with increasing Kc number
at Kc higher than 3. In the present model, it is considered
that the circulation around the cylinder occurs under the
condition of Kc < A. The vortex shedding pattern around
the cylinder may drastically change at Kc of about ?r.
6 EFFECT OF INCLINATION IN REGULAR
WAVES

We assume that the horizontal and vertical inertia forces 6.1 Incident Bow condition
(fmr,fm) on the cylinder are obtained by the sum of the forces
calculated by a potential theory and the lift forces shown in In order to investigate the effect of the inclination angle on
152 K. Otsuka, Y. Ikeda

the inertia force reduction, we consider a horizontal circular q is

cylinder inclined to wave crests in regular waves as shown
q=m
in Fig. 11. The waves progress in the positive direction of (23)
the x0-axis, and yo-axis is parallel to the wave crests. We = vJ[ 1 + c0s2e - sin20cos(2wt)]/2
determine that the inclination angle of the cylinder 8 is the
angle between the yO-axis and y-axis which is parallel to the
6.2 Circulation and lift force
cylinder axis.
The moment when a wave crest comes just above the
Assuming that independence principle and the simple
cylinder centre is determined as t = 0. The velocity potential
vortex shedding model can be applied to the cylinder
C$of the incident wave without cylinder is then expressed by
inclined to wave crests, the circulation strength around the
cylinder is obtained by the opposite sign of the strength of
4 I -sin(kxcost9
ry + kysinf3- wt) (18) fkst shedding anticlockwise vortex which can be calculated
by the same manner as shown in eqn (12) as follows:
Therefore the horizontal and vertical velocities (u, w),

J k$!$J2T
7.12 1
and the accelerations (ti, ti) of the incident flow to the r= - o ,(%)2& = _ (24)
cross section at the cylinder centre (0, 0, 4) can be calcu-
lated from This equation suggests that the circulation strength
around the cylinder decreases with the increasing inclina-
U = Uc0s&0s(wt) (19) tion angle. The horizontal and vertical lift forces &, hZ)
due to the circulating flow are given by the following
w = - Usin (20) equations.

ti = - UwcosBsin(wt) (21) (25)

ti = - Uwcos(wt) (22) Cmx

3 1 1 I
where U ( = {ue-kd) is the maximum velocity of the -:eslimabd measured
0 :8=0
fluid particle in orbital motion at the depth of the cylinder r A: 15
centre. Thus, the magnitude of the incident velocity vector I Cl: 30:
l :
2 0 v: E*
(a) ,15'
. , 30'
,45' 08
An
1 0 0

v. v

0 2 Kc I

Cmz

37
(b)

Fig. 11. Coordinate system for a horizontal circular cylinder
inclined to wave crests: (a) top view, (b) side view.
0 2 Kc
Fig. 12.Horizontal and vertical inertia coefficients of a horizontal
circular cylinder inclined to wave crests obtained by wave force
measurements (Otsuka et aL6) and estimations using eqns(29)
and (30).
 Estimation of inertia forces on a cylinder 153

Otsuka et a1.6 and the estimated results using eqns (29)

fLr = -pLlb = pL(l +c;~)cos%%x(wt) (26) and (30). The estimated inertia coefficients are in good
agreement with these measured results at Kc < 2.5. In
the case of the vertical direction, the inertia coefficients
6.3 Inertia force and inertia coefficient for a larger inclination angle get closer to the potential
value (C, = 2), because both the circulation strength and
We assume that the horizontal and vertical inertia forces the incident horizontal velocity decreases with the increas-
(fmr,fm) are obtained from the sum of the forces calculated ing inclination angle. For the horizontal direction, the
by a potential theory and the lift forces shown in eqns (25) reductions of the inertia coefficients do not decrease even
and (26) as follows: for a large inclination angle, because the incident horizontal
acceleration, which is in the denominator in eqn (29),
fm = CmpP(?r/4P2L~ + fk
decreases with the increasing inclination angle.
E _[Cmp - =Kc
1+c0s2e 2b(?r/4)D2LUwcos&in(ot)

(27) 7 INERTIA FORCE REDUCTION IN IRREGULAR

WAVES

fm = cmpP(~/4)~2L~ + hL 7.1 Incident flow condition

+ c0s2e)c0se 2
= -[&-(I K2 Kc ]p(r/4)D2LUocos(ot) An estimation method of inertia force reduction of a hori-
zontal circular cylinder with its axis parallel to wave crests
(28) in irregular waves is discussed in this section. We shall
Thus, the horizontal and vertical inertia coefficients (C,, consider a long crested irregular wave expressed by sum
C,) considering the circulation effect are given by of a large number of regular waves progressing in the
positive direction of the x-axis (see Fig. 1). Assuming that
Ff?LZ I + c0s2eKc2
c, = 32- ~ (29) the fundamental period To is very long, the free surface
p( 7r/4)D2Luwcose &0se elevation v(t) at x = 0 is expressed by a Fourier expansion
with frequency w. ( = 27r/Z,)as follows:
F?llZ + c0s2e)c0se
c, = 2 (l Kc2 (30)
p(?r/4)D2LUw = - 1r2
(31)
Figure 12 shows the inertia coefficients measured by

(m)
Wave

Horizontal force

L 1 I

0 10
t (set)

Fig. 13. An example of free surface elevation and wave forces on a horizontal circular cylinder in irregular waves obtained by wave force
measurements(Otsuka et a1.4).
154 K. Otsuka, Y. Ikeda

Free-surface elevation where kj ( = (jw0)2/g) denotes the wave number of the joa-

T
component wave and g the gravity acceleration.
A half wave period Figure 13 shows an example of measured wave forces and
\ free surface elevation by Otsuka et aL4 In this case, since the
data acquisition period is 3Os, the measured free surface
elevation is expressed by Fourier expansion with the funda-
mental wave period To = 30s. Then 6 and ej in eqn (31) are
given by

4 = tan-(Bj/Aj) (37)
Fig. 14. Definition of a half wave period and a circulation for a
half wave period in irregular waves. where Aj and Bj are the amplitudes of the j-th terms of the
Fourier expansion. In this experiment, the measured free
where G and ej denote the amplitude and the initial phase of surface elevation was sufficiently expressed by eqn (31) for
the jwo-component wave, respectively. Therefore, the N = 60. The horizontal and vertical water particle velocities
horizontal and vertical velocities (u, w), and the accelera- and accelerations at the cylinder centre can then be
tions (zi, ti) of the incident flow at the cylinder centre can be calculated by substituting eqns (36) and (37) into eqns
calculated from (32)-(35).

(32) 7.2 Circulation and lift force

Otsuka et aL4 pointed out that the inertia coefficient in

irregular waves drastically changes wave by wave, and the
value for a half wave period significantly depends on the Kc
number for the previous half wave period. On the basis of
(34) these results, the circulation strength for a half wave period
is calculated by the following procedure.
At the moment when the wave crest or trough comes just
N
above the cylinder centre, the vertical velocity becomes
li, = - 2 rjQW0) 2e-$dcos(joot - cj) (35)
j=l equal to zero. A half wave period is defined as the period

Cm)

-0.05 V V V Y

(kg0
t Horizontal force ,....ww Measured -. Estimated

t (set)

Fig. 15. Horizontal and vertical wave forces on a horizontal circular cylinder in irregular waves obtained by wave force measurements
(Otsuka et aL4) and estimations using a potential theory without circulation effects.
 Estimation of inertia forces on a cylinder 155

from the moment when the wave crest (or trough) comes, forces shown in eqns (39) and (40) as follows:
ti(w-0))to the moment when the next trough (or crest) comes,
ti+l(w - + as shown in Fig. 14. Circulation strength (Ii+l) is
frmc+1 = C,p(?r/4)D%i - pL +w~) 2(u2 +w2)dtw
assumed to be obtained by the integration of the t +V-0)

vorticity generated during this half wave period as

(41)
follows:

4+l(w-0)

.Ifitl(w-o)
1
r i+l = -
.I*icr- 0)
2(&#& = _

4(w-0)
2(u2 + W2)dt
fmi+ 1 = Cyp(~/4)D~Lti + pL ti+l(w-o)
J tr(w-0)
2(u2 + W)dt U
(38)
(421
where q ( = Ju2+w2) is the magnitude of the incident flow The inertia forces during the whole data acquisition
velocity and u and w are shown in eqns (32) and (33), period can be estimated by using these equations one
respectively. If the circulation exists during the next half after another.
wave period (from ti+ lcw-01to ti+ 2(w-o$, the horizontal and The measured wave forces and the inertia forces calcu-
vertical lift forces Cfhi+l,fLri+l)for the next half wave period lated by a potential theory without circulation effects are
are given by shown in Fig. 15 in order to compare them with the results
calculated by eqns (41) and (42). The inertia forces pre-

J
ti+l(w-o)
2(u2 + W2)dt w (39) dicted by a potential theory are in good agreement with
fLxi+l = PLri+lw = -PL
$v-U) the measured results at the moment when the wave ampli-
tudes are small. This result suggests that the inertia force
component is dominant in the total wave forces at such a
4+ 1(w-0) low Kc numbers. However, when the wave amplitude
fL*i+l = -pLri+lu = pL E
J &.oi
2(u2 + W2)dt u (40) becomes relatively large, the predicted inertia forces over-
estimate the measured wave forces. While the results esti-
mated by eqns (41) and (42) shown in Fig. 16 are in good
7.3 Inertia force agreement with the measured results even when the wave
amplitudes are large (the maximum value of the Kc number
We assume that the horizontal and vertical inertia forces is 2.6), this result demonstrates that the inertia force
v;nUi+l,fmi+J for the next half wave period are obtained by reduction in irregular waves is accurately estimated by
sum of the forces calculated by a potential theory and the lift considering the circulation effect for each haIf wave period.

Wave

Horizontal force .Inll Measured - Estimated

Vertical force

t (set)

Fig. X6. Horizontal and vertical wave forces on a horizontal circular cylinder in irregular waves obtained by wave force measurements
(Otsuka er ~1.4) and estimations using eqns(41) and (42).
156 K Otsuka, Y. Ikeda
8 CONCLUSIONS
Flow visualizations around a horizontal circular cylinder in
regular waves and a circular cylinder moving along a
circular orbit were carried out in order to clarify the
mechanism of the occurrence of circulating flow. These
results demonstrated that an anticlockwise vortex initially
sheds from the cylinder at around a half period after the start
of flow, and then a clockwise vortex is rolled up by the
induced velocity of the shedding anticlockwise vortex. At
steady state, the anticlockwise vortices shed from the
cylinder once per half wave period.
The circulation strength around a horizontal circular
cylinder in regular waves was approximately estimated by
using a starting vortex model with reference to the results of
the flow visualizations. It was deduced that the circulation
strength is expressed by eqn (12) and the inertia coefficient
of the cylinder is given by eqn (17). The prediction method
was applied to the cylinder with its axis inclined to wave
crests, and formulae to estimate the horizontal and vertical
inertia coefficients of the inclined cylinder were obtained as
shown in eqns (29) and (30). The estimated inertia
coefficients using these equations were in good agreement
with the experimental results at Kc less than 2.5.
The circulation strength of a horizontal circular cylinder
in irregular waves was estimated by using the starting vortex
model wave by wave. It was found that the circulation
strength for a half wave period is expressed by eqn (38)
and the horizontal and vertical inertia forces for a half wave
period are given by eqns (41) and (42). The inertia forces
estimated by these equations were in good agreement with
the measured results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are indebted to Prof. John R. Chaplin of
City University, London, for helpful discussion, and
acknowledge the cooperation of Mr Takuo Morita with
our experiments. This work is supported by the Grant-
in-Aid for Science Research of the Ministry of Education,
Science and Culture, Japan, No.05750828.
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