Em-I Lab Manual, Dr.N.G.P.IT

1 EE6411- Electrical machines-I lab
EE6411 ELECTRICAL
MACHINE I
Lab Manual
Dr.NGP.IT/EEE/LM/V 3.2
Dr. NGPIT2015. All rights reserved.

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Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Release History
Sl.No Release REGULATION Released by Approved by

Date
1 V1.1 AUCB-2008 Ms.C.Maheswari Mr.P.Selvakumar
2 V1.2 AUCB-2008 Mr.Vivekanandhan Dr. K. Porkumaran
3 V1.3 AUCB-2008 Mr.N.Balakrishnan Dr. K. Porkumaran
4 V1.4 AUCB-2008 Mr.Vinoth kumar Dr. K. Porkumaran
5 V1.5 AUCB-2008 Ms.Madheswari Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan

6 V2.1 AUCH-2008 Ms.R.Sandhiya Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan
7 V3.1 AUCH-2013 Mr.A.Senthilnathan Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan
8 V3.2 AUCH-2013 Mr.A.Senthilnathan Dr. G.Naveen Babu
Ratification by
Version Represented by Date Signature

Mr.A.Senthilnathan/AP
V3.2 Dr. M.Gopinath /ASSO
Dr. G.Naveen Babu/HOD

Table of Contents
Contents
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR ..................... 5
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED......................................................................11
DC SHUNT GENERATOR ................................................................................................................................11
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR WITH DIFFERENTIAL AND CUMULATIVE
CONNECTION................................................................................................................................................17
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR ................................................................................................................23
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR.................................................................................................................27
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR .......................................................................................................31
SWINBURNES TEST ......................................................................................................................................35
APPARATUS REQUIRED: ................................................................................................................................35
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR ........................................................................................................41
HOPKINSONS TEST .......................................................................................................................................45
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER ..............................................................................................51
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER ................................................55
SUMPNERS TEST ..........................................................................................................................................63
SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER .........................................................71
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER ...............................................................................................75
STUDY OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS ...............................................................................79
STUDY OF DC STARTERS ................................................................................................................................89
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD BEHAVIOUR IN TWO COILS .............................................................................101
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD BEHAVIOUR IN THREE COILS...........................................................................105
SPEED CONTROL OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR ................................................................................111

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A L F A
3 POINT
STA RTER 20A
710 +
350
D (0-15)A
P
(0-300)V MC A
S -
MC
T + + D
220V P
(0-2)A
DC S MC A V S
SUPP LY W T
- -
LOAD
I S
T S h(+) A(+) A(+ ) S h(+ )
C
H
M # G
S h(-) A(-) A(-) S h(-)
- 25A 20A
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current
Fig 1.1: Open Circuit and Load Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Shunt Generator
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR GENERATOR
Rated H.P: Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage: Rated Voltage:
Rated Current: Rated Current:
Rated Speed: Rated Speed:

EXP.NO:- 1 Date:-
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC

SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct no load and load test on separately excited DC shunt generator and to obtain its OCC and
load characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. EQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter MC (0-15) A 1
3 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
350 / 1.2 A
4 Rheostat Wire wound 1
710 /0.8 A
5 Loading rheostat Resistive 5 kW / 230 V 1
6 DC three point starter - - 1
7 DPST switch - - 2
8 Tachometer Digital - 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of Starting,
The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
FORMULAE USED:
Generated voltage (Eg) = VL + IaRa in Volts
Where,
VL Load voltage in Volts
Ia - Armature current in Amps
Ra - Armature resistance in Ohms

+ 25A +
A -
(0-20)A
52
MC
52/5A
D +
P
220V
DC
S
(0-30)V
MC V
T -
SUPP LY S
A(+)
M
A(-)
- 25A
Fig 1.2 : Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance R a

THEORY:
In a separately excited DC generator the field coils are energized from an independent source. Since
exciting current is independent of load or armature current, so if a curve is drawn between flux per pole and
load current, keeping field current constant and neglecting armature reaction, a straight line parallel to x-
axis is obtained as indicated by curve I in Fig 1.4. But due to armature reaction, the curve of actual flux is
slightly drooping as represented by curve II in Fig 1.4.
The second curve also gives to some other scale the emf generated in the armature and, therefore,
second curve represents internal or total characteristic of the separately excited DC generator. The terminal
voltage on load is the emf generated less voltage drop in the armature i.e. V=E-IaRa, so if a line OA
representing the armature resistance is drawn and its ordinates are deducted from curve II, curve III giving
relation between terminal voltage and load current, known as external characteristics is obtained. From
curve III, it is obvious that with the increase in load current, terminal voltage decreases slightly. This
decrease can easily be neutralized by increasing field current slightly and, therefore constant terminal
voltage can be maintained.
The separately excited DC generator has a decided advantage over the self excited generators. It
operates in a stable condition with any field excitation. Thus a wide range of output voltage may be
obtained. The main disadvantage of a separately excited generator lies in the inconvenience and expense of
providing the separate excitation source. For this reason, the use of this type of generator is largely confined
to experimental and testing laboratories where such a source is available and a wide variation of output
voltage is desirable.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Note down the nameplate details of motor.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Initially SPST Switch is kept open.
4. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch in the motor side.
5. Using the DC three point starter, start the motor.
6. The field rheostat of motor is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
7. Emf generated due to residual magnetism in the generator is noted along with the zero value field
current.
8. Then, the SPST Switch is closed. Increase the field current in steps of 0.1 Amps by
varying the rheostat of the generator field and note down the corresponding open circuit voltages.

TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Field current Open circuit voltage
S. No.
(If) Amps (Eo) Volts
LOAD TEST:
IL= Ia Terminal voltage Ia Ra E g =VL + IaRa
S. No.
Amps (VL) Volts Volts Volts
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Current Voltage Ra=V/Ia
S. No.
Ia (Amps) V (Volts) ( )
Average value of R a=
GRAPH:
a) Open circuit characteristics:
i) Field current Vs Open circuit voltage
b) Load characteristics:
i) Load current Vs Terminal voltage (External characteristic)
ii) Load current Vs Generated voltage (Internal characteristic)
MODEL GRAPH:
Open Circuit Voltage
EO /If
EO
0 0
Fig 1.3: Open Circuit Characteristics Fig 1.4: Load Characteristics

LOAD TEST:
3. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch.
6. The generator field rheostat is adjusted for the rated voltage.
7. The DPST Switch in the generator side is closed. Increase the resistive load in steps of 2 Amps and note
down the corresponding load current and terminal voltage values.
8. Then the resistive load is gradually decreased and the DPST switch on the generator side is open. Then
the supply is switched off.
9. The generated voltages Eg is calculated by using the formulae as mentioned above and enter the values
in the table.

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch and increase the loading rheostat step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the operating principle of generator?
2. What is meant by residual magnetism?
3. What is critical field resistance?
4. What is meant by saturation?
5. What are the reasons for the drooping in load characteristics?
6. What is the difference between external and internal characteristics?
7. Write the voltage equation of a separately excited DC generator.
8. Define excitation.
9. What is the function of a commutator?
MAX. MARKS
10. List out the difference between lap and wave winding. ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A
3 POINT
L F A STARTER 20A
+
(0-15)A
MC A
710 -
350
D D
P P
(0-300)V
S S
MC
T + + T
220V
LOAD
(0-2)A
DC S MC A V S
SUPPLY W W
- -
I I
T Sh(+) A(+) A(+) Sh(+) T
C C
H H
M # G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-) Sh(-)
- 25A 20A
Fig 2.1: Open Circuit and Load Characteristics of Self Excited DC Shunt Generator
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR GENERATOR

EXP.NO:- 2 Date:-
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED
DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct no load and load tests on self excited DC shunt generator and obtain the OCC and load
characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
350 /1.2 A 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound
710 /0.8 A 1
5 Loading Rheostat Resistive 5 kW / 230V 1
6 3 - Point Starter DC - 1
8 DPST switch - - 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting,
The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
FORMULAE USED:
Generated voltage (Eg) = VL + Ia Ra in Volts
Where VL- Load voltage in Volts
Ia- Armature current in Amps
Ra- Armature resistance in Ohms
THEORY:
A dc generator whose field winding is excited by the current supplied by the generator itself is called
self-excited generator. In such machines the field coils are inter-connected with the armature winding. The
field coils may be connected either in series with the armature, in parallel with the armature or partly in
series or partly in parallel with the armature. Accordingly the self-excited generators may be classified as (i)
series wound generators (ii) shunt wound generators and (iii) compound wound generators.
Due to residual magnetism, some flux is always present in the poles of such machines. When the
armature is rotated, a small voltage is induced in the armature winding owing to residual flux. This induced
voltage causes a small current to flow in the field coils and thus increase in flux per pole. The increase in flux
causes increase in induced voltage which further increases the field current and so flux per pole. These
events take place rapidly and the generator builds up to the rated voltage.

+ 25A +
A -
(0-20)A
52
MC
52/5A
D +
P
220V
DC
S
(0-30)V
MC
V
T -
SUPP LY S
A(+)
M
A(-)
- 25A
Fig 2.2: Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance R a

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

6. Emf generated due to residual magnetism in the generator is noted along with the zero value field
current.
7. Increase the field current in steps of 0.1 Amps by varying the resistance of the generator field and
note down the corresponding open circuit voltages in Table.
LOAD TEST:
6. The generator field rheostat is adjusted for the rated voltage.
7. The DPST switch in the generator side is closed. Increase the resistive load in steps of 2 Amps and
note down the corresponding load current and terminal voltage values.
8. Then the resistive load is gradually decreased and the DPST Switch on the generator side is open.
Then the supply is switched off.
9. The generated voltages Eg is calculated by using the formula as mentioned above and enter the
values in the Table.

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch and increases the load step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings.

TABULATION
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Field current Open circuit voltage
S. No.
(If) Amps (Eo) Volts
LOAD TEST:
Terminal
Ia= IL+ If E g =Vt + IaRa
S.No. IL Amps If Amps voltage Ia Ra Volts
Amps Volts
(Vt) Volts

Current Voltage Ra=V/Ia
S. No.
Ia (Amps) V (Volts) ( )
Average value of R a=
GRAPH:
a) Open circuit characteristics:
i) Field current Vs Open circuit voltage
b) Load characteristics:
i) Load current Vs Terminal voltage (External characteristic)
ii) Load current Vs Generated voltage (Internal
characteristic)
0 0
Fig 2.4: Load Characteristics

Fig 2.3: Open Circuit Characteristics

INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between a separately excited DC generator and shunt generator?
2. If a DC shunt generator fails to build up voltage, what may be the probable reasons?
3. What is SPST? What is its use in this experiment?
4. Why does the terminal voltage decrease as the load current increases?
5. Write the voltage equation of a DC shunt generator. State the difference between generated emf and
terminal voltage.
6. Define faradays law.
7. What is meant by critical resistance?
8. Define flemmings right ha
9. What is armature rea
10. State the possible causes of failure of excitation of shunt generator.
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3 POINT
+ 25A
STARTER
L F A 20A
710
350 +
D (0-15)A
P Se(+)
(0-300)V MC A
S -
MC
T + + D
220V P
(0-2)A
DC S
Se(-)
MC A V S
SUPPLY W T
- -
LOAD
I S
T Sh(+) A(+) A(+) Sh(+)
C
H
M # G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-) Sh(-)
- 25A 20A
Fig 3.1: Load Characteristics of DC Cumulative Compound Generator
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR GENERATOR

EXP.NO:- 3 Date:-
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR WITH
DIFFERENTIAL AND CUMULATIVE CONNECTION
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC compound generator and obtain the load characteristic curve of
i)Cumulative compound generator

ii)Differential compound generator
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
(0-2)A MC 1
1 Ammeter
(0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
350/1.2 A
3 Rheostats Wire Wound 1
710/0.8A
4 Loading Rheostat 5KW, 230V - 1
5 Tachometer - Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - Few
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PRECAUTIONS:
The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.

The field rheostat of generator should be at maximum position.
No load should be connected to generator at the time of starting and stopping.
FORMULAE:
Eg = Vt + Ia Ra+ IseRse (Volts)

Ia = Ise =IL + If( Amps)
Where
Eg: Generated emf in Volts

Vt: Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia: Armature Current in Amps
IL: Line Current in Amps
If: Field Current in Amps
Ra: Armature Resistance in Ohms
Rse : Series field Resistance in Ohms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+
3 POINT
L F A STARTER
25A Se(+) Se(-) 20A
350 710 +
D (0-15)A
P MC A
S
T + + D -
220V P
(0-2)A
DC S MC A V S
SUPPLY W T
- (0-300)V -
LOAD
I S
T Sh(+) A(+) A(+) Sh(+) M C
C
H
M # G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-) Sh(-)
- 25A 20A
Fig 3.2: Load Characteristics of DC Differential Compound Generator
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR GENERATOR

THEORY:
When a compound generator has its series field flux aiding its shunt field flux, the machine is said to
be cumulative compound. When the series field is connected in reverse so that its field flux opposes the
shunt field flux, the generator is then differential compound.The easiest way to build up voltage in a
compound generator is to start under noload conditions. At no load, only the shunt field is effective. When
no-load voltage build up is achieved, the generator is loaded. If under load, the voltage rises, the series field
connection is cumulative. If the voltage drops significantly, the connection is differential compound.
PROCEDURE:
2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position of DC
shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting
resistance is gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the voltage
to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST switch
is opened.
6. The connections of series field windings are reversed the above steps are repeated.
7. The values of voltage for the particular currents are compared and then the differential and
cumulative compounded DC generator is concluded accordingly.
TO FIND ARMATURE AND SERIES FIELD RESISTANCE:

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature and series field resistance in Ohms is calculated.

Fuse + -
+ A
10A (0-10)A
D
P MC
S +
220V DC A1
Supply T
G V
-
(0-300)V
MC
W
52/5 A
10A
- I
Fuse
Fig 3.3: Determination of Armature and Series Field Resistance
TABULATION:
CUMULATIVE MODE:
Field
Load Current Terminal Voltage Ia = IL + If Generated emf
S.No. Current
IL Amps Vt Volts Amps Eg = Vt + Ia Ra+ IseRse Volts
If Amps
DIFFERENTIAL MODE:
Field Current Load Current Terminal Voltage Ia = IL + If

S.No.
If Amps IL Amps Vt Volts Amps Eg =V + Ia Ra Volts
ARMATURE AND SERIES FIELD RESISTANCE:
Voltage across Armature Resistance

S.No. armature and series Armature Current Ia Amps
field Vs Volts Ra + Rse = Vs/ Ia Ohms
MODEL GRAPH:

Cumulatively Compounded
V (Volts)
Differentially Compounded
IL (Amps)
0
Fig 3.4: Load Characteristics
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is compound generator?
2. What is cumulative and differential compound generator?
3. State the applications of compound generator?
4. What is the difference between long shunt and short shunt generator?
5. Define pole pitch.
6. Define winding pitch and commutator pitch.
7. What is cumulative compound DC generator.
8. State the applications of various types of generators.
9. How to reduce the effect of armature reaction?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A +
A -
3 POINT
L F A STARTER
(0-20)A
MC
350
D
P
S
T + S1 S2
220V
(0-300)V
DC
SUPPLY
S MC V
W -
I
T Sh(+) A(+)
C
H
M #
Sh(-) A(-)
- 25A
Fig 4.1: Load Test on DC Shunt Motor
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:

EXP.NO:- 4 Date:-
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To conduct the load test on DC shunt motor and draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No EQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
4 Three point starter DC - 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 350 / 1.2 A 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the field circuit rheostat is in minimum resistance position.
There should be no load on the motor at the time of starting.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque (T) = (S1~S2) x R x 9.81 in Newton meter
where
S1, S2 - spring balance readings in Kg
R - Radius of the brake drum in m
2. Input power (Pi) = VLIL in Watts
where
VL- Line voltage in Volts
IL Line current in Amps
3. Output power (Po) = 2NT/60 in Watts
where
N- Speed in rpm
T-Torque in Nm
Output power
4. Efficiency (%) = X 100
Input power
THEORY:
The word shunt means parallel. These motors are so named because they basically operate with the
field coils connected in parallel with the armature. The current supplied to the motor is divided into two
parts, one through the field winding and second through the armature i.e.,
Input line current, IL = I a + I sh
where
Ia is the armature current
I sh is the shunt field current and is given by the expression
I sh = VL / R sh

where
VL is the line voltage
R sh is the shunt field resistance.
TABULATION :
Radius of the brake drum :
Spring Balance Output

Input Efficiency
Load Load Reading Kg Power
Power Speed Torque
S. No. Current Voltage
Pi N rpm T N-m PO Watts
IL Amps VL Volts
Watts S1 S2 S1~S2 Percentage
GRAPH:
The performance characteristic curves are drawn as shown in Fig 4.2 and Fig 4.3.
a) Electrical characteristics
(i) Output power Vs Line Current
(ii) Output power Vs Speed
(iii) Output power Vs Torque
(iv) Output power Vs Efficiency
b) Mechanical characteristics
(i) Torque Vs speed
Speed in rpm (N)
0 Torque in N-m (T)

0
Fig 4.2: Electrical Characteristics Fig 4.3: Mechanical Characteristics

Back emf Developed, E b= VL I a R a I sh R sh

Power drawn from supply mains, P= VL IL
Mechanical Power Developed = Pm = Power input losses in armature and shunt field
= VL IL - VL I sh + Ia 2 R a
= VL (I L I sh) I a2R a
= VL I a I a2R a = I a(VL - I aR a) = E b I a
MODEL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the nameplate details of the motor.
5. The field rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
6. At no load condition, the input voltage, current and speed are noted and enter the value in the
Table.
7. Increase the load current in steps of the load.
8. Note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance readings and speed and enter the
values in the Table.
9. Then the load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to the minimum resistance
position and the supply is switched off.
10. The torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency are calculated by using the above
formulae and enter the values in the Table.
INFERENCES:
MAX. MARKS
PREPARATION 30
RESULT: PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Why should the field rheostat be kept in the position of minimum resistance?
2. What is the loading arrangement used in a dc motor?
3. How can the direction of rotation of a DC shunt motor be reversed?
4. What are the mechanical and electrical characteristics of a DC shunt motor?
5. What are the applications of a DC shunt motor?
6. What is the necessity of starter?
7. Define flemmings left hand rule.
8. What is back emf?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2 POINT
+ 25A +
A -
STARTER
L A
(0-20)A
D MC Se(+)
P
S + S1 S2
T (0-300)V Se(-)
220V MC V
S -
DC W
SUPP LY I A(+)
T
C
H
M #
A(-)
- 25A
Fig 5.1: Load Test on DC Series Motor
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:

EXP.NO:- 5 Date:-
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM: To conduct the load test on DC series motor and draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PRECAUTIONS:
The dc series motor should always be started with some load. Otherwise the speed will be
enormous and fuse will blow out.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque (T) = (S1~S2) x R x 9.81 in Newton-meter
Where
2. Input power (Pi) = VL IL in Watts
Where
Where
N- Speed in rpm
T-Torque in Nm
Output power
4. Efficiency () = X 100 %
Input power
THEORY:
As the name implies, the field coils, consisting of few turns of thick wire, are connected in series with
the armature, as illustrated in Fig (1).The cross sectional area of the wire used for field coils has to be fairly
large to carry the armature current, but owing to the higher current, the number of turns of wire in them
need not be large. In D.C series motor,Armature Current, Ia = Series field current, Ise=Line Current, IL= I
Back emf Developed, Eb= V I (Ra + Rse)
Power drawn from supply mains = V I
Mechanical Power Developed
Pm =Power input losses in armature and field
=V I - I2 (Ra + Rse) = I [V-I (Ra + Rse)] = Eb I.
= V Ia - Ia2 Ra = Ia (V - Ia Ra)= Eb I

TABULATION :
Input Spring Balance Output

Load Efficiency
Load Power Speed Reading Kg Torque Power
S. No. Current IL Voltage
Pi N rpm T N-m PO Watts
Amps VL Volts
Watts S1 S2 S1~S2 Percentage
GRAPH:
The performance characteristic curves are drawn as shown in Fig 2 and Fig 3.
a) Electrical characteristics
(i) Output power Vs Line Current
(ii) Output power Vs Speed
(iii) Output power Vs Torque
(iv) Output power Vs Efficiency
b) Mechanical characteristics
(i) Torque Vs speed
0
0
Fig 5.2:Electrical Characteristics Fig 5.3: Mechanical Characteristics

MODEL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the nameplate details of the motor.
3. Ensure that th of the load is applied to the brake drum.
4. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch and the motor is started.
5. At th of the load condition, note down the voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings and the
speed and enter the values in table.
6. Then increase the load current in steps of 1/2th, 3/4th, rated value and 125% of the rated value.
7. Note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance readings and speed and enter the
values in the table.
8. The torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency are calculated by using the
formulae and tabulated in the observation table.
INFERENCES:
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Why a DC series motor should never be stared without load?
2. Why a DC series motor has a high starting torque?
3. Compare the resistances of the field windings of DC shunt and series motor?
4. What are the applications of DC series motor?
5. Compare shunt and series field winding.
6. Write the voltage equation of a DC series motor.
7. What is meant by shaft torque?
8. Write the torque equation of a DC motor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 POINT
+ 25A +
A -
STARTER
L1 L2 F A
(0-20)A
MC
350
Se(+)
D
P
S
Se(-)
T + S1 S2
220V
(0-300)V
DC
SUPPLY
S MC V
W -
I
T Sh(+) A(+)
C
H
M #
Sh(-) A(-)
- 25A
SPECIFICATIONS
Fig 6.1: Load Test on DC Cumulative Compound Motor Rated H.P:

Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
4 POINT Rated Speed:
+
STARTER
25A L1 L2 F A
Se(+) Se(-)
+
A -
(0-20)A
MC
350
D
P
S
T + S1 S2
220V
(0-300)V
DC
SUPPLY
S MC V
W -
I
T Sh(+) A(+)
C
H
M #
Sh(-) A(-)
- 25A
SPECIFICATIONS
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
Fig 6.2:Load Test on DC Differential Compound Motor

EXP.NO:- 6 Date:-
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct the load test on DC compound motor and draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
3 Rheostat 350 / 1.1A Wire wound 1
4 Tachometer - Digital 1
5 SPST switch - - 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position.
There should be no load on the motor at the time of starting.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque (T) = (S1-S2) x R x 9.81 in Newton-meter
Where
2. Input power (Pi) = VLIL in Watts
Where
Where
N- Speed in rpm
T-Torque in Nm
Output power
4. Efficiency () = X 100 in %
Input power

TABULATION:
CUMULATIVE COMPOUND MOTOR:

Spring Balance
Load Input Reading Output
Load Armatu Torque
Voltage Power Speed Power Efficiency
S. Current re Kg T
No. Current (VL W N rpm P0 %
IL Amps Ia Amps N-m
Volts Watts Watts
S1~S2
S1 S2
DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND MOTOR:

Armat Spring Balance
Load
ure Input Reading (Kg)
Curren Load Output
Curren Power Speed Torque Efficiency
S. No. t Voltage Power
t T N-m
W N rpm %
IL VL Volts S1 S2 S1~S2 P0 Watts
Ia Watts
Amps
Amps
MODEL GRAPH:
Torque (N-M)

Speed (RPM)
Efficiency %
0 Output Power (Watts)
Fig 6.3: Electrical and Mechanical characteristics

MODEL CALCULATION
THEORY:
A DC Compound motor has both shunt and series field coils. Compound motors are of two types
namely cumulative compound and differential compound motors.
Cumulative Compound motor: Cumulative compound motor is one in which the field windings are
connected in such a way that the direction of flow of current is same in both of the field windings. In this
type of motor, the flux due to series field winding strengthens the flux due to the shunt field winding.
Differential Compound Motor: Differential compound motor is one in which the field windings are
connected in such a way that the direction of flow of current is opposite to each other in the two field
windings. In this type of motor, the flux due to series field winding weakens the flux due to shunt field
winding.
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the name plate details of the motor.

3. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch and the motor is started using DC 3 point starter.
4. The field rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
5. At no load condition, the input voltage, current, spring balance readings and speed are noted and enter
the value in the table.
6. Increase the load current in steps of 1/4th,1/2 th, 3/4 th, full load and 1 th of the load.
7. Note down the corresponding readings of the voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings and speed
and enter the values.
8. Change the series field winding terminals and repeat the above procedure for differential compound
motor in table.
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the significance of back emf in DC motor?
2. Name the different methods of electrical breaking of DC motors?
3. How can one differentiate between long shunt compound generator and short shunt compound
generator?
4. Define the term commutation in dc machines?
5. Define speed regulation.
6. What is regenerative breaking? ASSESSMENT
MAX. MARKS
MARKS OBTAINED
7. What is dynamically induced emf?
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3 POINT
+ 5A +
A -
STARTER
L F A
(0-5)A
MC
350
220V D + +
DC P (0-2)A
SUPPLY S
(0-300)V
MC V A MC
T - -
S
A(+)
Sh(+)
M
Sh(-) A(-)
- 5A
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current SPECIFICATIONS
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Fig 7.1:Swinburnes Test Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE Ra:
+ 25 A +
A -
(0 -20 )A
52
MC
D
P
S
T +
220V
DC
S
(0 -30 )V
MC
V
W -
S U P P LY I
T A (+)
C
H
M
A (-)
- 25 A
Fig 7.2:Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance R a

EXP.NO:- 7 Date:-
SWINBURNES TEST
AIM:
To predetermine the performance characteristics of DC machine operating as a (i) Motor and (ii)
Generator by conducting Swinburnes test at any desired load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1
1. Voltmeter MC ( 0-300 ) V
( 0-30 ) V 1
(0-5) A, (0-20) A, (0-

2. Ammeter MC Each 1
2) A
3. Rheostat Wire Wound 350 / 1.2 A 2
4. Tachometer Digital - 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the armature circuit rheostat is in maximum resistance position and the
field circuit rheostat is in minimum resistance position.
There should be no load on the motor.
FORMULAE USED:
Assumption:
Input Supply Voltage = V
No load Current = I 0
Field Current = I f
We find from Fig 1,
Armature Current on no load, I ao = I 0 I f
The constant losses and armature resistance are calculated by the following equations:
Constant losses, W c = VI 0 I ao2Ra
Armature resistance, Ra = V / I a
Motor Action:
Load current = IL
Armature current , I a = IL I f
Armature Copper loss = I a2Ra
Total losses = Wc + I a2Ra
Input = V I
Output = Input Losses
Efficiency, = (Output / Input) x 100
Generator Action
Armature Current I a = IL + I f
Armature Copper loss = I a2 R a
Total losses = W c + I a2 R a
Output = V I

Input = Output + Losses

Efficiency, = (Output / Input) x 100
TABULATION:
TO FIND CONSTANT LOSSES:
No Load Armature
Input Supply Field Current Constant Losses
Current Current
S.No. Voltage If Wo= VI 0 I ao2 R a
I0 Iao = I 0 - I f
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts)
(Amps) (Amps)
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE R a:
Current Voltage Armature Resistance

S.No.
Ia ( Amps ) V (Volts ) Rdc = V / I a(Ohms)
Average value of Rdc =
CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY AS A MOTOR:

Constant Loss:
Load Armature Armature Output = Efficiency

Total Losses Input
Current Current Copper loss Input =(output/
S.No. = Wo+ I a2 R a VI
I Ia = I - I f =Ia Ra2 losses input)x100
(Watts) (Watts)
(Amps) (Amps) (Watts) (Watts) (Percentage)
CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY AS A GENERATOR:

Constant Loss :
Armature Input =
Load Armature Total Losses Efficiency
Output
S. Current Copper loss Output +
Current = Wo+ I a2 R a =(output/Input)
No. 2 VI Losses
Ia = I + I f =Ia Ra x100
I (Amps) (Watts) (Watts)
(Amps) (Watts) (Percentage)
(Watts)

THEORY:
It is the simplest indirect method of testing DC machines in which the losses are calculated
separately and efficiency at any desired load is predetermined. The machine is run as a motor on no load,
the excitation is adjusted to give normal speed and rated voltage is applied across the motor terminals.
The resistance of the field winding and armature are measured at room temperature by voltmeter
ammeter method. The no load current I0 is measured by ammeter whereas shunt field current I sh is given by
ammeter.
The No load power input to the armature supplies the following losses.
1 Iron loss in core.
2 Friction loss.
3 Windage loss.
4 Armature copper loss.
In calculating the armature copper loss, hot resistance of the armature should be used.
PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
1. Note the name plate details of the machine.
2. The connections are made as per circuit diagram.
3. Close the DPST switch.
4. Start the motor by using three-point starter
5. The machine is run as a motor under no load at its rated voltage.
6. Adjust the speed to rated speed by increasing field circuit resistance.
7. Enter the input voltage, No load current and field current.
TO FIND Ra :
1. The connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch and increase the load step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings are tabulated.

MODEL GRAPH:
As a Generator
As a Motor
0
OUTPUT POWER P0 (W)
Fig 7.3 : Output Power Vs Efficiency
MODEL CALCULATION:
INFERENCES:

RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of Swinburnes test?

2. What are the constant losses in a DC machine?
3. What are the assumptions made in Swinburnes test?
4. The efficiency of DC machine is generally higher when it works as a generator than when it works as
a motor. Is this statement true or false? Justify your answer with proper reasons.
5. What is meant by stray loss?
6. What is called variable loss?
7. What is direct and indirect testing in DC motors?
8. What are the of Swinburnes test?
MAX. MARKS
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3 POINT
STARTER
+ 5A +
A -
L F A
(0-5)A
MC
350 52
D
P
S
220V T + +
DC (0-2)A
SUPPLY S
(0-300)V
MC V A MC
W - -
I
T A(+)
Sh(+)
C
H +
M V
(0-300)V -
Sh(-) A(-) MC
- 5A
SPECIFICATIONS
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
Fig 8.1: Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor

EXP.NO:- 8 Date:-
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To control the speed of the given DC shunt motor by field and armature control methods and also to
draw their characteristics curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Ammeter MC (0-25) A 1
2. Ammeter MC (0-2) A 1
3. Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
4. Rheostat Wire Wound 50 /5 A 1
5. Rheostat Wire Wound 360 /1.1 A 1
6. Tachometer Digital - 1
PRECAUTIONS:
The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position at the time of starting.
The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position at the time of starting.
The motor should be in no load condition throughout the experiment.
The motor should run in anticlockwise direction.
THEORY:
The different ranges of speeds are required for different applications. A single motor can be used for
various work in different speeds. Smooth speed control is possible in DC shunt motor. The speed of a DC
motor can be expressed by the equation,
N=K (V-IaRa)/
Neglecting the small voltage drops I aRa, the speed is directly proportional to the voltage across the
armature and inversely proportional to the flux or filed current. Hence, the speed of the DC motor is
controlled by either voltage or field current.
METHODS OF SPEED CONTROL OE A DC MOTOR:

FIELD CURRENT (OR) FLUX CONTROL METHOD:
In Field current method, the speed of the DC motor is inversely proportional to the flux per pole.
When armature voltage is kept constant, the change of field current can change the flux per pole of a DC
motor. The field current can be changed with the help of shunt field rheostat. As the field resistance is
increased, the current flowing through the field is decreased. So, the speed is increased. In this method, the
speed can be varied above the rated speed.
ARMATURE (OR) VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD:

This method is used when the speed required is below the rated speed. The voltage across the
armature is varied by inserting a variable resistance in series with the armature circuit. As the armature
resistance is increased, the voltage across the armature is decreased. So the armature speed is decreased.

TABULATION:
FIELD CONTROL METHOD:
Rated Speed:
Armature Voltage, Va =
S.No.
Speed (N) (Rpm) Field Current (IF) (Amps)
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

Rated Speed:
Field Current, IF =
S.No.
Speed (N) (Rpm) Armature Voltage (VA) (Volts)
GRAPH:
The graphs are drawn for the following in the Fig (2) and Fig (3) for the following:
1. Armature voltage (Va) Vs speed (N).
2. Field current (If) Vs speed (N).
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig 8.2:Armature Control Method Fig 8.3:Field Control Method

MODEL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:
FIELD CONTROL METHOD (FLUX CONTROL METHOD):
1. Note down the name plate details of the motor.
2. Connections are made as per the Circuit diagram..
3. Using the three-point D.C starter, start the motor.
4. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
5. Keep the armature voltage constant at rated value.
6. Increase the speed in steps of 50 rpm above the rated speed and note down the corresponding field
current values in Table (1).
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:
1. Connections are made as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Using the three-point starter the motor is started to run.
3. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of applying the rated
voltage.
4. Keep the field current constant at rated speed.
5. Decrease the speed in steps of 50 rpm below the rated speed and note down the corresponding field
current values in table.
MAX. MARKS
INFERENCES:
PREPARATION 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. How does the speed of a DC shunt motor vary with armature voltage and field current?
2. Compare the resistance of the armature and field winding.
3. What is the importance of speed control of DC motor in industrial applications?
4. What are the two methods of speed control?
5. Why is the speed of DC shunt motor practically constant under normal load condition?
6. What are the factors affecting the speed of a DC shunt motor?
7. By what method one can achieve above rated speed in DC motor?
8. Define retardation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
(0-600)V
MC
3 POINT
(0-20)A (0-20)A
STARTER +
V -
+ 25A L F A
+
MC
A 1
-
SPSTS
+
A
MC
2
-
710
710
D
P
(0-300)V
S
MC +
T + +
(0-2)A
220V
DC S V A (0-2)A A MC
MC
SUPPLY W -
- -
I
T Sh(+) A(+) A(+) Sh(+)
C
H
M # G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-) Sh(-)
- 25A
Fig9.1: HOPKINSONS TEST
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:

EXP.NO:- 9 Date:-
HOPKINSONS TEST
AIM:
To conduct Hopkinsons test on a pair of identical DC machines to pre-determine the efficiency of
the machine as generator and as motor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-2)A, (0-20) A MC Each 2
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V, (0-600)V MC Each 1
3 Rheostats 710, 0.8A Wire Wound 2
4 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
5 Resistive Load 5KW,230V - 1
PRECATUIONS:
The field rheostat of the motor should be in the minimum position at the time of starting
and stopping the machine.
The field rheostat of the generator should be in the maximum position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
SPST switch should be kept open at the time of starting and stopping the machine.
FORMULAE:
Input Power = VI1 Watts
Motor armature cu loss = (I1+ I2)2 Ra Watts
Generator armature cu loss = I22 Ra Watts
Total Stray losses W = V I1 - (I1+I2)2 Ra + I22 Ra Watts.
Stray loss per machine = W/2 Watts.
Where I1=Current through motor armature in Amps
I1=Current through generator armature in Amps
I1=Current through motor field in Amps
I1=Current through generator field in Amps
AS MOTOR:
Input Power = Armature input + Shunt field input
= (I1+ I2) V + I3V = (I1+I2+I3) V
Total Losses = Armature Cu loss + Field loss + stray loss
= (I1 + I2)2 Ra + VI3 + W/2 watts
Input power Total Losses
Efficiency % = ------------------------------------- x 100%
Input Power

+ 25A +
A -
(0 -2 0 )A
52
MC
D
P
S
T +
22 0 V
DC
S
(0 -3 0)V
MC V
W -
SUPPLY I
T A (+ )
C
H
M
A (-)
- 25A
Fig 9.2: Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance R a

AS GENERATOR:
Output Power = VI2 watts
Total Losses = Armature Cu loss+ Field Loss + Stray loss
= I22 Ra + VI4 + W/2 Watts
Output power
Efficiency % = -------------------------------------- x 100%
Output Power+ Total Losses
THEORY:
In this method full load test can be carried out on two shunt machines without wasting their
outputs. The two machines are mechanically coupled and adjusted so that one of them runs as a motor and
the other runs as a generator. The mechanical output of the motor drives the generator and the electrical
output of the generator drives the motor. Due to losses the generator output is not sufficient to drive the
motor and vice versa. The motor is started with no load. Then the field of one is weakened and the other is
strengthened so that the former runs as motor and the latter as generator.
Initially the SPST switch is kept open. The field is adjusted so that the motor runs at rated speed. The
voltage is adjusted by the field regulator until the voltmeter reads zero indicating that the voltage is same in
polarity and magnitude as that of main supply. Then the switch is closed to parallel the machines. By
adjusting the respective field regulators any load can be thrown on the machine. Generator current I 1 can be
adjusted to any desired value by increasing the excitation of generator or by reducing the excitation of
motor.
The power required for this test is very small when compared to the full load power of two
machines. As machines are tested under full load conditions the temperature rise and commutation
quantities are observed.
PROCEDURE:
2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat of motor, maximum position of field rheostat of
generator, opening of SPST switch, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.
4. The voltmeter V1 is made to read zero by adjusting field rheostat of generator and SPST switch is closed.
5. By adjusting field rheostats of motor and generator, various Ammeter readings, voltmeter readings are
noted.
6. The rheostats and SPST switch are brought to their original positions and DPST switch is opened.

3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Motor Generator Total Stray
Supply I2 I3 I4 Stray Loss
I1 I1 + I 2 Armature Armature
S.No. Voltage losses
(Am (Am (Amp Cu Loss Cu Loss Per M/c
(Amps) (Amps)
V(Volts) ps) ps) s) W w/2
W (Watts) W(Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
AS MOTOR:
Total
V I1 I2 I3 Field Stray Output Input
S.No Motor Losses
(Vol (Amp (Amp (Amp Loss losses/2 Power Power %
. Armature W
ts) s) s) s) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
Cu Loss (Watts)
AS GENERATOR:
Motor Field Total Output Input

I1 I2 I3 stray
S.N V Armature Loss Losses Power Power
(Am (Am (Am losses %
o. (Volts) Cu Loss (Watts
ps) ps) ps) W (Watts (Watts
) /2(Watts)
W (Watts) (Watts) ) )
TABULAR COLUMN:
Voltage Current Armature Resistance
S.No.
V (Volts) I (Amps) Ra (Ohms)
MODEL GRAPH:
As a Generator
As a Motor
OUTPUT POWER P0 (W)

MODEL CALCULATION:
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the purpose of Hopkinsons test?

2. What are the advantages of Hopkinsons test?
3. What are the conditions for conducting the test?
4. Why the adjustments are done in the field rheostat of generator and motor?
5. What are the other names for Hopkinsons test?
6. What are the disadvantages of brake test?
7. What is a regenerative test?
8. State the condition for maximum efficiency.
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
300V/10A 150V/20A
UPF UPF
P 15A CC CC
A M
PC
L
A M
PC
L
(0-10)A (0-20)A
C V C V
MI MI
D
P
S
230V
T
50Hz 1
LOAD
(0-300)V (0-150)V
AC
SUPPLY
S MI V V MI
W
I
T
C
H
LINK
N 230/(0-270)V/25A 220/110V
1 AUTO Tr 2kVA 1
STEP DOWN Tr
Fig 10.1: Load Test on Single Phase Transformer
SPECIFICATIONS
kVA rating :
Primary Voltage :
Secondary Voltage :
Primary Current :
Secondary Current :

EXP.NO:- 10 Date:-
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct the load test on the given single phase transformer and determine its performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY
TYPE
(0-300 )V 1
1. Voltmeter MI
(0-150 )V 1
(0-10)A 1
2. Ammeter MI
(0-20)A 1
300V/10A , 1
3. Wattmeter UPF
150V/20A , 1
4. Autotransformer 1 phase 230/(0-270)V/25A 1
1 phase 220/110 V,
5. Transformer 1
step down 2KVA
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the DPST switch on secondary side should be kept in open condition.
At the time of starting, there should be no load on the loading rheostat.
FORMULA:
1. Output power = Vs x Is x Cos in Watts
Where
Vs Secondary voltage in Volts
Is Secondary current in Amps
Cos - Power factor
2. Input Power = Wattmeter reading in Watts
3. Efficiency = (output power/Input power) X 100 %
4. Voltage Regulation = [(V no load - V load) / (V load)] X100 %
Where
V no load no load voltage in volts
V load load voltage in volts
THEORY:
When the secondary of the transformer is connected through a load, the transformer is said to be
loaded and the current flows through the secondary and the load. The magnitude and phase of the
secondary current with respect to the secondary voltage will depend upon the characteristics of the load.
When the transformer is in no load, it draws no load current from the supply mains. The no load current
sets up an mmf which produces flux in the core. When the load is connected to the secondary terminal,

current flows through the secondary winding. The secondary current set up its own mmf and hence creates
the secondary flux. The secondary flux opposes the main flux set up by exciting current according to Lenzs
law. The opposing secondary flux weakens the main flux momentarily, so primary back emf tends to be
reduced. So the difference of applied voltage and back emf increases, therefore, more current is drawn
from the source of the supply flowing through the primary winding until the original value of flux is obtained.
TABULATION:CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION:

Multiplication Factor of Wattmeter =:
Input Power = [Wattmeter reading (W1)] X [Multiplication Factor (M.F)]
Second Wattmet
Primary Secondary Input Output
Primary ary er Efficien
S Power Power Regulation
voltage Current Voltage current Reading cy
No. Pi Po R(%)
Vp (Volts) Ip (Amps) Vs (Volts) Is W1 (%)
(Watts) (Watts)
(Amps) (Watts)
MODEL GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between
(I) Output power Vs Efficiency.
Efficiency () in %
Output Power (P0) in watts
Fig 10.2:Output power Vs Efficiency
MODEL CALCULATION:

PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the name plate details of the machine.

3. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch on the primary side and the DPST switch on the secondary
side is kept open.
4. Adjust the autotransformer to energize the transformer with rated primary voltage.
5. At no load condition, the input voltages, current and power are noted and enter the values in the
table.
6. Close the DPST switch on the secondary side.
7. Increase the load in steps of 2 Amps and note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and
wattmeter readings in both primary and secondary sides and enter the values in the Table.
8. Then the load is gradually decreased and the autotransformer is brought to the minimum voltage
9. The output power, efficiency and regulation are calculated by using the formulae as mentioned
under calculation and enter the values in the table.
MAX. MARKS
INFERENCES: ASSESSMENT MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
RESULT:
TOTAL 70
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the operating principle of a transformer?
2. What are the types of transformer?
3. What are the applications of transformer?
4. Why is the capacity of a transformer is specified as kVA and not as kW?
5. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
6. Why is the efficiency of a transformer is higher than that of motors?
7. What is meant by eddy current loss?
8. What is the purpose for laminating the core?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
300V/5A
LPF
P 5A CC
A M
PC
L
(0-2)A
C V
MI
D
P
S
230V
T
50Hz 1
(0-300)V (0-150)V
AC
SUPPLY
S MI V MI V
W
I
T
C
H
LINK
N 230/(0-270)V/25A 220/110V
1 AUTO Tr 2kVA 1
STEP DOWN Tr
Fig 11.1: Open Circuit Test
SPECIFICATIONS
kVA rating :
Primary Voltage :
Secondary Voltage :
Primary Current :
Secondary Current :

EXP.NO:- 11 Date:-
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct OC and SC test on single phase transformer and obtain the equivalent circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 1
2 Voltmeter MI (0-75) V 1
3 Ammeter MI (0-2) A, (0-10) A 1
4 Wattmeter LPF 300 V / 5A 1
5 Wattmeter UPF 150V / 10A 1
6 Autotransformer 1 (0-270) V / 10 A 1
7 Transformer 1 step down 220 V / 110 V, 2 KVA 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the auto transformer should be in the minimum voltage position.
For OC test, the HV side of the transformer is in open circuit condition.
For SC test, the LV side of the transformer is short circuited.
FORMULAE USED:
OC Test :
1. No load Power factor, Cos o = [ Woc / ( Voc x I oc ) ]
where
Woc No load losses
Voc No load voltage
Ioc No load current
2. Magnetizing component, Im = I oc x Sin o
3. Working component, Iw = I oc x Cos o
4. No load resistance, R 0 = V oc / Iw in Ohms
5. No load reactance, X 0 = V oc / Im in Ohms
SC Test :
1. Primary winding resistance, R1 = Wsc / Isc2 in Ohms
where
Wsc - Short circuit power in Watts
Isc - Short circuit current in Amps
2. Primary winding impedance, Z1 = Vsc / Isc in Ohms
where
V sc = Short circuit voltage in Volts
3. Primary winding reactance, X1 = Z12 - R12 in Ohms

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
150V/10A
UPF
P 15A M
CC
L
A PC
(0-10)A C V
MI
D
P
S
230V
T
50Hz 1
AC
S
(0-75)V
MI V (0-20)A
MI
A
SUPPLY
W
I
T
C
H
LINK
N 230/(0-270)V/25A 220/110V
1 AUTO Tr 2kVA 1
STEP DOWN Tr
Fig 11.2: Short Circuit Test
SPECIFICATIONS
kVA rating :
Primary Voltage :
Secondary Voltage :
Primary Current :
Secondary Current :

4. Secondary winding resistance, R 2 = W sc / I sc2 in Ohms

5. Secondary winding impedance , Z 2 = V sc / I sc in Ohms
6. Secondary winding reactance , X2 = Z 22 R22 in Ohms
7. Transformation ratio ( K ) = V 2 / V 1
8. Equivalent secondary resistance referred to primary side, R2 = R2 / K 2 in Ohms
9. Equivalent secondary reactance referred to primary side, X2 = X2 / K 2 in Ohms EFFICIENCY:
As mentioned above in theory,
1. Iron loss, Wi = Woc in Watts
Where
Woc - No load loss
2. Copper loss, Wc - x2 WSC in Watts
Where
x - Fraction of load
WSC - Short circuit losses
3. Total loss, W = Wi + Wc in Watts
4. Output power, Po = x X kVA X Cos
Where
Cos power factor
Cos = 1 for UPF
Cos = 0.8 for LPF
5. Input power, Pi = Po+ W in Watts
6. Efficiency, = (Po / Pi) X 100 %
REGULATION:
1. Percentage Regulation, = [ x Isc / VOC ( R01 Cos X01 Sin ) ] x 100 %

+ Lagging,
- Leading
2. Total resistance as referred to primary side, R01= R1 + R2 in Ohms
3. Total reactance as referred to primary side, X01 = X1+ X2 in Ohms
THEORY:
Open Circuit Test or No load Test :
The purpose of this test is to determine the losses and no load current which is helpful in finding
Reactance (X0) and Resistance (R0). One winding of the transformer is left open and the other is connected to
the supply of normal voltage and frequency. The ammeter, voltmeter and the wattmeters are connected to
the primary side. With normal voltage applied to the primary winding, flux is set up in the core, and hence
normal iron losses occur which are recorded by wattmeter. As the primary no load current is small, copper
loss is negligibly small in primary and nil in secondary. Hence the Wattmeter reading represents practically
the core loss under no load Condition. The reading in the voltmeter connected across the secondary gives
the induced emf in the secondary winding.
Short Circuit Test or Impedance Test :
It is an economical method for determining the following:
1. Equivalent impedance, leakage reactance and total resistance of the transformer.
2. Copper loss at full load (or at any desired load). This loss is used in calculating the efficiency of the
transformer.
3. By knowing the equivalent impedances, the total voltage drop in the transformer can be calculated
and hence the regulation of transformer is determined.

TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
MF =
Voltage Current No Load Losses
S.No.
V OC (Volts) I 0C (Amps) WOC (Watts)
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

MF =
Current Voltage Short Circuit Losses
S.No.
I sc (Amps) Vsc (Volts) WSC (Watts)
TO CALCULATE THE EFFICIENCY

Iron loss (Wi) :
Short Circuit loss(Wsc) :
Copper Total Output Input

Load Iron Loss Efficiency
Loss Losses Power Power
S.No. Fraction Wi
X2 WSC W PO Pi
X (Watts) (%)
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
TO CALCULATE THE REGULATION
Power
% Regulation
S.No. Factor
cos Lagging Leading

In this test, one winding, usually the low voltage winding is solidly short circuited by a thick
conductor or through an ammeter which may serve the purpose of indicating the rated load current. Since
the applied voltage is small percentage of the normal voltage the mutual flux produced is also small. Hence
core losses are very small with the result that the wattmeter reading represents the full
load copper loss.
PROCEDURE:
OC TEST:
1. Note down the name plate details of the machine.
2. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
4. Vary the Autotransformer such that the voltmeter reads the rated primary voltage of the
transformer.
5. Note down the corresponding readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and the values are
tabulated..
SC TEST:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
3. Vary the Autotransformer such that the ammeter reads the rated secondary current of the
transformer.
4. Note down the corresponding readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and the values are
tabulated..

MODEL GRAPH
1. Output power Vs Efficiency

2. Power Factor Vs Regulation
Efficiency () in %
Fig (4)
0 Output Power (P0) in watts
Fig 11.3: Output Power Vs Efficiency Fig 11.4:Percentge Regulation Vs Power Factor
I1 R1 X1 R2 X2 I2
I0
X0 L
V1 O
R0
A
Fig 11.5: Equivalent Circuit Diagram For Single Phase Transformer

MODEL CALCULATION:
INFERENCES:
RESULT
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of OC and SC tests?
2. How does change in frequency affect the operation of a given transformer?
3. What is meant by regulation?
4. Define the term transformation ratio.
5. What are the components of no load current?
6. What are the parameters of the equivalent circuit?
7. Distinguish between power transformers and distribution transformers
8. What are the typical uses of auto transformer?
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
150V/10A 300V/5A
UPF UPF
P 15A CC CC
15A P
A M
PC
L
A M
PC
L
(0-10)A (0-5)A
C V C V
MI 220
MI
110
230V 1 50Hz AC SUPPLY

D D
P 0 P
S S
230V 0
T D T
50Hz 1
P
AC
SUPPLY
S
(0-150)V
MI V V S S
W T W
I (0-600)V S I
T 220
MI T
110
C C
H H
0
LINK LINK
N 230/(0-270)V/25A 220/110V 230/(0-270)V/25A

N
1AUTOTr 2kVA1 1AUTOTr
STEPDOWNTr
Fig 12.1: SUMPNERS TEST
SPECIFICATIONS
kVA rating :
Primary Voltage :
Secondary Voltage :
Primary Current :
Secondary Current :

EXP.NO:- 12 Date:-
SUMPNERS TEST
AIM :
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a given single phase Transformer by conducting
back-to-back test and also to find the parameters of the equivalent circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1. Auto Transformer 230/(0-270) V/25 A 1 Phase 2
2. Transformer 220/110V, 2kVA 1 Phase
300 V, 5A 1
3. Wattmeter UPF
150 V, 10A 1
4. Ammeter (0-5) A , (0-10) A MI Each 1
5. Voltmeter (0-150)V, (0-600)V MI Each 1
6. Connecting Wires - - Few
PRECAUTIONS:
Auto Transformer whos variac should be in zero position, before switching on the ac supply.
Transformer should be operated under rated values.
THEORY:
These tests provide data for finding the regulation, efficiency and heating under load condition and
are employed only when two similar transformers are available. One transformer is loaded on the other and
both are connected to the supply. The power taken from the supply is that necessary for supplying the losses
of both transformers.
Primaries of the two transformers are connected in parallel across the same AC supply, with switch S
open and the wattmeter W1 reads the core losses for the two transformers.The secondary are connected
that their potentials are in opposition to each other. This would be VAB = VCD and A is joined to C with B is
joined to D in this case there would be no secondary current flowing around the loop formed by the two
secondary.
FORMULAE:
W1
Core loss of each transformer Wo = ----- Watts
2
W2
Full load copper loss of each transformer Wc = ------ Watts
2
Wo Io
Wo = V1I1 Cos o; o = Cos-1 ---------; I1 = ---- A
V1 I1 2
Iw = I1 Coso ; I = I1 Cos; Ro = V1 / Iw ;
Xo = V1 / I ; Ro2 = Wc / I22 ; Zo2 = V2 / I2 ; Xo2 = Zo22 Ro2
2
Copper loss at various loads = I2 Ro2

ISCo Ro1 Xo1
Io L
Vo O
Xo A
Ro
Fig 12.2:Equivalent Circuit
MODEL GRAPHS:
Cos = 1 Cos = 1
% Efficiency
Cos = 0.8 (Lead & Cos = 0.8 Lag

% Regulation
0 Secondary Current (Amps)

0 Secondary Current (Amps)
Fig 3: Secondary Current Vs Efficiency Fig 4: Secondary Current Vs Regulation

MODELCALCULATION:

PERCENTAGE REGULATION:
1. Upf : I2 / V (Ro2 Coso) X 100

2. Lagging pf : I2 / V (Ro2 Coso + Xo2Sino) X 100
3. Leading pf : I2 / V (Ro2 Coso - Xo2Sino) X 100
Output Power (1) Upf : 3kW

(2) Pf : 3kW Coso
Input Power = Output Power + Core loss + Cu loss
Output Power
%Efficiency = ------------------- X 100%
Input Power
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Rated voltage of 110V is adjusted to get in voltmeter by adjusting the variac of the Auto
Transformer which would be in zero before switching on the supply at the primary side.
3. The readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted on the primary side.
4. A voltmeter is connected across the secondary and with the secondary supply off i.e. switch
S is kept open. The voltmeter reading is noted.
5. If the reading of voltmeter reads higher voltage, the terminals of any one of secondary coil is
interchanged in order that voltmeter reads zero.
6. The secondary is now switched on and SPST switch is closed with variac of auto transformer
is zero.
7. After switching on the secondary the variac of transformer (Auto) is adjusted so that full load
rated secondary current flows.
8. Then the readings of wattmeter, Ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
9. The Percentage Efficiency and percentage regulation are calculated and equivalent circuit is
drawn.


TABULATION:
I1 I2 V1 V2 W1 W2
(A) (A) (V) (V) (Watts) (Watts)
PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT LOADS
At Unity Power Factor

Load % of full
Core Total Efficie
load Copper losses Output
Current Losses Losses Input Power ncy
S.N Power
X WC=W2 /2 *X2
o. I Wi =W1/2 Wi+WC (Watts)
(as decimal (Watts) (Watts)
(Amps) (Watts) (Watts) %
fraction)
At 0.8 Power Factor (Lag)

% of full
Load Core Copper
load Total
Losses losses Output Input Efficiency
Current Losses
X Power Power
S.No. Wi = WC=W2 /2
I Wi+WC
(as W1/2 *X2 (Watts) (Watts) %
(Amps) decimal (Watts)
(Watts) (Watts)
fraction)

INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is the purpose of conducting the Sumpners test?
2. What are the losses in a transformer?
3. Why LPF (low power factor) wattmeter is used in OC test?
4. Why UPF (unity power factor) wattmeter is used in SC test?
5. If the voltmeter across the SPST switch does not read zero value, what does it indicate? What has to
be done to make it read zero?
6. What are the other names for Sumpners test?
7. Does transformer draw any current when secondary is open? Why?
8. What is tap changing of transformers?
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

3 P O IN T 30 0V /5A
+ 25 A
STA R TER
L F A
P M
LPF
CC
PC
L P
D C V
P
S
D 3 5 0 /1 .2 A T
P (0 -3 0 0)V
S V S Hz
T MI
W (4 5 -55 )H z
2 20 V
I
DC S T
SU P PL Y W C
I S h(+ ) A (+ ) H
T R
C N N
H
M #
B
N
F (+) F (-)
Y 2 20 /11 0V
2kVA 1
S h(-) A (-) STEP DO W N Tr
- 25A Transformer Specifications
+ 5A +
A -
kVA rating :
(0-2 )A 7 1 0 /0 .8 A
D MC Primary Voltage :
22 0 V
P
DC
S
SU P PL Y
T Secondary Voltage :
S
5A
-
Fig 13.1:SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
SPECIFICATIONS
MOTOR GENERATOR

EXP.NO:- 13 Date:-
SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To separate the eddy current loss and hysteresis loss from the iron loss of single phase
transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Rheostat 1250 , 0.8A Wire Wound 2
2 Wattmeter 300 V, 5A LPF 1
3 Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
2. The alternator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
THEORY:
In a DC motor, the no load input power supplies for the following losses:
1. Constant loss consisting of the iron losses or core loss and the mechanical loss due to friction and
windage.
2. Armature copper loss and field copper loss (usually negligible).
In this experiment, the no load test is conducted on a DC motor in order to obtain the constant losses. The
mechanical loss is separated from the constant losses and hence the iron losses are determined.
The constant losses are calculated as follows:-
Constant losses = No load input Armature Cu loss (Ia2Ra)
i.e. Wc = VaIa Ia2 Ra
The mechanical loss Wm is found from the graph
Hence the core losses or iron losses Wi = Wc Wm
FORMULAE USED:
Frequency, f = (P*NS) / 120 in Hz
Where
P = No.of Poles
Ns = Synchronous speed in rpm.
Hysteresis Loss Wh = A * f in Watts
A = Constant (obtained from graph)
Eddy Current Loss We = B * f2 in Watts
B = Constant (slope of the tangent drawn to the curve)

Iron Loss Wi = Wh + We in Watts

Wi / f = A + (B * f)
Here the Constant A is distance from the origin to the point where the line cuts the Y- axis in
the graph between Wi / f and frequency f. The Constant B is Wi / f
TABULATION:
Wattmeter
Speed Frequency Voltage Iron loss
S.No. reading Wi / f
N (rpm) f (Hz) V (Volts) Wi (Watts)
Watts Joules
MODEL GRAPH:
Wi
B= y / x
=Wi / f
y
x
A
0 f
MODEL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. The DC motor is started by using the 3 point starter and brought to rated speed by adjusting
its field rheostat.
4. By varying the alternator filed rheostat gradually the rated primary voltage is applied to the
transformer.
5. The frequency is varied by varying the motor field rheostat and the readings of frequency
are noted and the speed is also measured by using the tachometer.
6. The above procedure is repeated for different frequencies and the readings are tabulated.
7. The motor is switched off by opening the DPST switch after bringing all the rheostats to the
initial position.

INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are the losses in a DC machine?

2. Why is the field copper loss negligible at no load?
3. Why does the armature resistance increase when the motor is running?
4. How can the mechanical losses be reduced?
5. How can the core losses be minimized?
6. Define electrical efficiency.
7. What are different losses occurring in a transformer?
8. Why polarity test has to be done in a transformer?
MAX. MARKS
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
600V/5A 300V/10A
UPF UPF
R
CC CC
10A
A M L
A M L R
PC PC
(0-5)A (0-10)A
C V C V
MI MI
415V (0-600)V (0-300)V

50Hz V MI V MI
3 AC T R
SUPPLY T
P P 3
S S RESISTIVE
T T N LOAD
Y 10A Y
Y B
S S
W W
I I
415V T T
50Hz C
3 AC C
SUPPLY
H 600V/5A 300V/10A H
UPF UPF
V V
C C
B
PC PC
10A B
M L M L
CC CC
3kVA
415/150V
3
LINK STEP DOWN Tr
N 415V/(0-470)V/25A
3 AUTO Tr
Fig 14.1:Load Test on 3 Phase Transformer
SPECIFICATIONS
kVA rating :
Primary Voltage :
Secondary Voltage :
Primary Current :
Secondary Current :

EXP.NO:- 14 Date:-
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To determine the regulation and efficiency of the three phase transformer through load test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY
TYPE
(0-600 )V 1
1. Voltmeter MI
(0-300 )V 1
(0-5)A 1
2. Ammeter MI
(0-10)A 1
600V/5A , 1
3. Wattmeter UPF
300V/10A , 1
4. Autotransformer 3 phase 415/(0-470)V/25A 1
3 phase 415/150 V,
5. Transformer 1
step down 3kVA
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the TPST switch on secondary side should be kept in open condition.
FORMULA:
1. Output power = Wattmeter reading(W1+W2) in Watts
2. Input Power = Wattmeter reading (W3+W4) in Watts
3. Efficiency = (output power/Input power) X 100 %
4. Voltage Regulation = [(VHLLnoload -VHLLload) / (VHLLload)] X100 %
Where
VHLL = the average Line to Line voltage on HV side
THEORY:
Three-phase is used so often for power distribution systems, it makes sense that we would need three-
phase transformers to be able to step voltages up or down. This is only partially true, as regular single-phase
transformers can be ganged together to transform power between two three-phase systems in a variety of
configurations, eliminating the requirement for a special three-phase transformer. Those sets of primary and
secondary windings will be connected in either or Y configurations to form a complete unit. The primary
and secondary windings of a transformer can be connected in different configuration to meet practically any
requirement. In the case of three phase transformer windings, three forms of connection are possible: "star"
"delta"and"interconnected-star"

TABULATION:CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION:

Multiplication Factor of Wattmeter =:
Input Power = [Wattmeter reading (W1)] X [Multiplication Factor (M.F)]
Secondar
PrimaryPo
y Power Input
Second wer
Primary Secondary Powe Output
S. Primary ary Wo(Watt Efficienc Regulatio
Wi(Watts) r Power
N voltage Current Voltage current s) y n
o. Pi Po
Vp (Volts) Ip (Amps) Vs (Volts) Is (%) R(%)
(Wat (Watts)
(Amps) W1 W2 W3 W4 ts)
MODEL GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between
(I) Output power Vs Efficiency.
Efficiency () in %
Output Power (P0) in watts
Fig 14.2:Output power Vs Efficiency

MODEL CALCULATION:
PROCEDURE:
1.Note down the name plate details of the machine.

2.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3.Supply is given by closing the TPST switch on the primary side and the TPST switch on the
secondary side is kept open.
4.Adjust the autotransformer to energize the transformer with rated primary voltage.
5.At no load condition, the input voltages, current and power are noted and enter the values in the
table.
6.Close the TPST switch on the secondary side.
7.Increase the load in steps of 2 Amps and note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and
wattmeter readings in both primary and secondary sides and enter the values in the Table.
8.Then the load is gradually decreased and the autotransformer is brought to the minimum voltage
9.The output power, efficiency and regulation are calculated by using the formulae as mentioned
under calculation and enter the values in the table.
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by Scott connection?

2. State the necessary condition for satisfactory parallel operation of two three phase transformer?
3. Mention various types of three phase transformer?
4. Which transformer is mostly proffered in distribution side? Why?
5. What is the purpose of using Transformer oil?
6. What is the condition for maximum efficiency?
7. Define All day efficiency.
8. Mention various losses that occurs in a transformer.

10A
R
220 220
415V, V MI V MI
50Hz, 3, T
AC Supply P
10A 0 0
S
Y
Y T
220 220
415V,
50Hz, 3,
S
10A
0 0 B
B
220 220
Fig :15.1 Star- Delta Connection

EXP.NO:- 15 Date:-
STUDY OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

AIM:
To study the various 3 phase connections using three single phase transformers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO ITEM TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 2
2 Transformer 1 (220/220V) 3
3 Auto transformer 1 - 1
4 TPST switch - - 1
FORMULA:
For Star connection:

Line current = Phase current
Line voltage = 3 X Phase voltage
For Delta connection:

Line current = 3 X Phase current
Line voltage = Phase voltage
THEORY:
A transformer is a static device which transforms power from one circuit to other circuit at the same
frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction. The principle of mutual induction states that when
two coils are inductively coupled and if current in one coil is changed uniformly then an e.m.f gets induced in
the other coil. This e.m.f can drive a current, when a closed path is provided to it. There are various
transformer connections are:
1. Star Delta ( ) Connection

2. Delta Star ( ) Connection
3. Star Star ( ) Connection
4. Delta Delta ( ) Connection
5. Open Delta (or) V - V Connection
1. STAR DELTA CONNECTION:
In this type of connection, the primary winding is connected in star and the secondary winding is
connected in delta. This type of connection is used where the voltage is to be stepped down such as at the
end of the transmission line.

10A
R
R
220 220
415V, MI V V MI
50Hz, 3, T
P
10A
Y S Y
415V, 220 220
50Hz, 3,
S
10A
B B
220 220
Fig: 15.2 Delta-Star Connection

Let
VL1 = Line voltage on primary side.
VL2 = Line voltage on secondary side.
Vph1 = Phase voltage on primary side.
Vph2 = Phase voltage on secondary side.
K = Transformation ratio.
Vph1 = VL1/3
Now Vph2 / Vph1 =K

Therefore Vph2 = K Vph1= K (VL1/3)
Since secondary is connected in delta,
Vph2 = VL2
VL2 = K (VL1/3) = (K/3) VL1
2. DELTA STAR CONNECTION:
In this type of connection, the primary winding is connected in delta while the secondary winding is
connected in star. This type of connection is employed where it is necessary to step up the voltage, such as
at the beginning of a high tension transmission line.
Let
VL1 = Vph1
Now Vph2 / Vph1 =K

Therefore Vph2 = K Vph1
Here secondary is connected in star,
VL2 = 3 Vph2
VL2 = (3 K) Vph1
VL2 = (3 K) VL1

10A
R
R
220 220
415V, MI V V MI
50Hz, 3, T ~ ~
P
10A
S Y
Y
T
415V, 220 220
50Hz, 3,
S
10A
B
B
220 220
Fig:15.3 Delta - Delta Connection

3. DELTA DELTA CONNECTION:
In this type of connection, both primary and secondary windings are connected in delta connection.
This arrangement is generally used in systems in which the voltages are not very high and especially when
continuity of service must be maintained even though one of the transformers is out of service.
Let
For delta connection, VL1 = Vph1

Now since Vph2 / Vph1 = K,
Vph2 = K Vph1
But again since secondary is connected in delta,
VL2 = Vph2
= K VL1

10A
R
R
220 220
415V, MI V V MI
50Hz, 3, T ~ ~
P
10A
Y S
Y
T
415V,
220 220
50Hz, 3,
S
10A
B B
220 220
N N
Fig:15.4 Star - Star Connection

4. STAR STAR CONNECTION:
In this type of connection, both the primary and secondary windings are connected in star
connection. If the ratio of transformation of each transformer is K, the same ratio will exist between the line
voltages on the primary and secondary sides. This connection will give satisfactory services only if the three
phase load is balanced. If VL1 is the line voltage on the primary side then ,
Vph1= VL1/3
If K is the turns ratio or transformation ratio, then Vph2 / Vph1 = K. Then the phase voltage on secondary side is
given as,
Secondary phase voltage, Vph2 = K (VL1/ 3) as

10A
R
R
220 220
415V, MI V V MI
50Hz, 3, T
P
10A
Y S
Y
T
220 220
415V,
50Hz, 3,
S
10A
B
B
Fig:15.5 Open - Delta Connection

5. OPEN DELTA CONNECTION:
In delta delta connection of three single phase transformer that if one of the transformers is
unable to operate then the supply to the load can be continued with the remaining two transformers at the
cost of reduced efficiency. The connection thus obtained is called open delta connection (or) V - V
connection.
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the various types of three phase transformer connections?

2. What is meant by vector grouping?
3. State the relationship between line voltage and phase voltage in star connection.
4. What are the applications of different types of three phase transformers?
5. Why a three wire system is preferred for transmission?
6. What are the advantages of three phase transformers?
7. Why a bank of single phase transformer is used as three phase transformer rather than single unit?
8. What do you mean by open delta connection? When it is used?
MAX. MARKS
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

Fig: 16.1 Three Point Starter

EXP.NO:- 16 Date:-
STUDY OF DC STARTERS
AIM:
To study the DC motor starters.
NECESSITY OF A STARTER:
When the motor is at rest the speed of the motor is zero, therefore. back emf Eb is zero and if a D.C
motor is connected directly to the supply mains, a heavy current will flow through the armature conductors
because from the emf equation for armature circuit (Eb=V-IaRa) armature current Ia is given as V-Eb / Ra and
armature resistance Ra is very small.
When running, of course, the applied voltage V is opposed by the induced back emf and, therefore a
much smaller current flows.
Heavy inrush of current at the starting instant may cause.
i). Heavy sparking at the commutator and even flash overs.
ii).Damage of the armature winding, either by heat developed in the windings, or by the
mechanical forces set by the electromagnetic induction.
iii) Damage to the rotating parts of the motor and load due to
development of large starting torque and quick acceleration and
iv) Large dip in the supply voltage.
Hence for the protection of the motor against the flow of excessive current during starting period
(say 5 to 10 seconds) , it is necessary that a high resistance be connected in series with the armature of the
motor at the instant of starting.

Fig:16.2 Four Point Starter

STARTERS FOR DC SHUNT AND COMPOUND MOTORS:
Motor starters are generally manufactured in convenient sizes and styles for use as auxiliaries with DC shunt
and compound motors. Their primary function is to limit the current in the armature circuit during starting
or accelerating period. They are always rated on the basis of output power and voltage of the motors with
which are employed. The simplest type of starter consists of an additional resistance inserted in series with
armature alone. This starter is, however, modified to include a few productive devices, such as no-volt
release, over-load release etc. There are two standard types of motor starters for DC shunt and compound
motors, the three point and four point type starters, the four point starter is employed when wide range of
speed by shunt field control is required. When no speed control is required, either type of starter may be
used.
In this context it is pertinent to note that while starting DC shunt and compound motors, it is
advantageous to keep the field excitation at its maximum value. A large field current, therefore a higher
value of flux will result in a low operating speed and higher motor torque for a particular value of starting
current because motor torque is proportional to the product of flux per pole and armature current. Thus for
a given load torque, the motor will accelerate quickly and take less time to reach the lower operating speed
from the starting instant. This will result in less heating of the armature during starting. Thus, the rheostat, in
series with the shunt field winding, should be at zero resistance position at the time of starting of the dc
shunt and compound motors.
1. THREE POINT STARTER:
The three point starter with its electrical connections and productive devices is shown in figure. It
consists of a series starting resistance divided onto several sections and connected to brass arc by which the
connection to shunt field is made through no-volt release and over-load release. since only three
terminals(L,F&A) are available from the starter, it is called a three point starter .The last stud of the starting
resistance is connected to terminal A to which one terminal of the armature is connected. The positive
supply line is connected to the line terminal L through main switch From line terminal L supply is connected
to the starter arm through over load release.A spiral spring is placed over the lever to bring starter arm to
the OFF position in case of failure of supply.
A soft iron keeper is attached to the starter arm which is pulled by the holding coil or no-volt release under
normal running condition.The far end of the brass arc is connected to the terminal F to which one terminal
of the field is connected. The negative supply line is connected directly to the remaining ends of armature
and field winding of the DC shunt motor.


OPERATION:
When the motor is at rest, the starter arm is in the OFF position due to action of strong spiral spring.
For starting the motor the DC supply is switched on by closing the main switch keeping starter arm in OFF
position. The starter arm is then turned clockwise to the first stud and brass arc. As soon as it comes in
contact with first stud, whole of the starting resistance R is inserted in series with the armature, the field
winding is directly connected across the supply through the brass arc and the holding coil is also energized.
As the starter arm is turned further the starting resistance is cut of from the armature circuit. When the
starter arm reaches the ON position, it is held against the action of spiral spring by the force of attraction
between holding coil magnet and soft iron keeper attached to the starter arms. The starter arm should not
be held for an unduly long time in an intermediate position as it is likely to burn out the starting resistor.
NO-VOLT RELEASE:
When the starter arm reaches ON position, the resistance is completely cut off and motor starts
running at normal speed. If the supply gets interrupted or disconnected, the starting arm will remain in the
same position. ON position and when the supply is switched on or gets restored, no back emf will be acting
in circuit, the armature being directly across the supply mains, and resistance of armature being low, the
motor will draw excessive current and will get damaged. Hence for the protection of the motor, some device
must be provided, so that the starter arm may reach the OFF position automatically as soon as the supply is
cut off or disconnected or fails and for this purpose No Volt release coil is provided.
No-Volt release coil consists of an electro magnet connected in series with the shunt field which
holds the arm in the ON position. Now When the supply fails or gets disconnected ,the electromagnet
demagnetizes and so as releases the starting arm A, which goes back to OFF position due to the spring
attached to it and gets disconnected from the supply mains.
The other important advantages of connecting NoVolt release in series with shunt field winding is
that it prevents the motor from running away from owing to an open shunt field because open circuited
shunt field will demagnetize the electro-magnet and release the starter arm A and, thus the starter will go
back to its OFF position and the supply will be disconnected.

Fig:16.3 Two Point Starter

OVER LOAD RELEASE COIL :
This coil is provided for the protection of the motor against the flow of excessive current due to over
load. This coil is connected in series with motor so carries full load current. When the motor is overloaded, it
draws heavy current, which also flows through this coil and magnetizes it to such an extent, that it pulls its
armature upwards and so short circuits the no-volt release coil. The no-volt release coil, being short
circuited, demagnetizes and release the starting arm, which goes back to OFF position with the action of
spring attached to it and the motor is automatically disconnected from the supply mains. Thus the motor is
disconnected from the supply and is protected against over loading.
The starters for motors up to 15kW are provided with the over load release to disconnect the motor
from the supply mains in the event load. Larger motors are provided with separate automatic circuit
breakers.
2. FOUR POINT STARTER:
In three point starter no-volt release coil is connected in series with the shunt field and the field
rheostat and, therefore, the current flowing through the field is the same current that flows through the
holding coil current is no longer able to create sufficient electro-magnetic pull to overcome the spring
tension, the starter arm will back to the OFF position. It is thus undesirable feature of the three point starter
that makes it unsuitable for use with speed controlled motors and that has resulted on the wide spread
application of four point starters.
A four point starter with its internal wiring connected to a shunt motor is shown.From the figure it is
obvious that when the arm touches stud no.1, line current divides into three parts:
i). One part passes through starting resistance, armature and series field.
ii). Second part passes through the shunt field winding and.
iii). The third part through no-volt release coil and protective resistance.
Since in this arrangement, No-Volt Release coil circuit is independent of shunt field circuit, so it will
not be affected by the change of the current in the shunt field circuit. It means that the electromagnetic pull
exerted by the holding coil will always be sufficient and will prevent the spiral spring from restoring the arm
to the OFF position, no matter how the field rheostat is adjusted.
The possibility of accidentally opening the field circuit is quite remote. Hence there is greater acceptance of
the four point starter over the three point starter.

A motor is started with a four terminal starter in the same way as with three terminal starters. Any
desired speed, above normal, of the motor can be obtained by adjusting the field rheostat which is in series
with shunt field. It is necessary to ensure, before starting a DC motor that the field circuit is closed, the
rheostat in series with the shunt field winding is at zero resistance position and starting resistance in series
with the armature circuit is at maximum value.
For stopping the motor, the line switch should always be opened rather than throwing back the
starting arm. In shunt motors, the line switch can be opened without any appreciable arc, since the motor
develops a back emf nearly equal to applied line voltage and the net voltage across the switch contact is
small.
The electro-magnet energy stored in the field does not appear at the switch but is discharged gradually
through the armature. On the other hand if the starting arm is thrown back the field circuit is broken at the
last contact button. Owing to the inductive nature of the field, this will cause a hot arc and burn the contact.
3. SERIES MOTOR STARTER:
The series motor starter serves the same purpose as the three and four point starter employed with
shunt and compound wound motors. However, series motor starter has different internal and external
connections.
A series motor starter with holding coil and over-load release is shown. Holding coil protect the
motor against no-volt and no load whereas over load release protects the motor against the flow of
excessive current.
The DC supply is switched on and the starter arm is moved to the right for starting the motor. As
soon as starter arm comes in contact with the stud no.1, the series motor gets connected through the total
starting resistance, to the supply mains and when the starter arm reaches the ON position the starting
resistance is completely cutoff and motor starts running at normal supply. The arm is held in ON position
by the holding coil. When the supply fails during running, or the motor current falls to too low value, the
pull of the holding coil is reduced to an extent that it can no longer hold the arm against the spring action
attached to it and the starter arm flies back to the OFF position and thus the motor gets disconnected
automatically from the supply mains. Over load release is connected in series with the motor, so carries the
total motor current. When the input current to the motor becomes excessive, which also flows through the
over load release coil, the soft iron armature gets lifted to break the holding coil circuit. Thus the holding coil
gets demagnetized and the starter arm returns back to the OFF position under the action of the spring
attached to it and the motor gets disconnected automatically from the supply mains.

For switching OFF DC series motor, the line switch should always be opened rather than throwing back the
starting arm, as in case of DC shunt and compound motors. If it is done, then heavy sparking is caused at the
stud no.1, because here the field circuit is broken and the entire energy is stored in the magnetic field is
dissipated in the form of heavy spark.
However, there is one significant difference. In case of a DC series motor, the flux does not remain
constant but varies with the current because the line current, field current and armature current are the
same. Thus the back emf at any given speed varies as the current varies between the upper and lower limits.


INFERENCES:
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the need for starter?
2. What is the purpose of starter in dc motor?
3. What is the difference between three point starter and four point starter?
4. What is NO and NC?
5. Why three point starter is not widely used?
6. What is two point starter?
7. What is the function of NVC and OLR?
8. List out disadvantages in three point starter.
9.What are the various starting methods of DC motor? ASSESSMENT

MAX. MARKS
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

Experimental Setup
Experimental Setup with connections

EXP.NO:- 17 Date:-
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD BEHAVIOUR IN TWO COILS
Aim:-
To study the generation of rotating magnetic field produced due to two coils using AC current.
Overview:-
In electromagnetism, Lenzs law states that the direction of an induced electric current is such as to
oppose the change that causes it. Lenzs law would therefore appear to be closely related to the law of
conservation of energy, apart from the fact that it operates in conjunction with non-conservative forces.
Theory:-
Lenzs law is normally associated with determining the direction of an electric current that has been induced
by electromagnetic induction. It is a law which is seen to be closely connected with the law of conservation
of energy, even though it relates to scenarios that involve non-conservative forces. These non-conservative
forces will always encounter an inertial resistance which has to be overcomed. In overcoming this inertial
resistance, energy is always used up in equal amount to the new energy that has been created. Lenzs law is
therefore not restricted to electromagnetic induction. It applies equally to linear polarization, capacitor
circuits, and to matters relating to changes in linear momentum. Newtons laws of motion are a mechanical
manifestation of Lenzs law. The direction of current is defined by the right hand thumb rule.
To produce a rotating magnetic field more than one coil is required. Here a two coil system is used. We
get rotating magnetic field at various angle positions of the two coils. For example, when the two coils are
shifted 90 degree apart, we get a rotating magnetic field. The magnetic field generated due to AC current is
illustrated here.The change in magnetic field pattern due to frequency change can also be studied.


Procedure:-
1. Connect one terminal of the red coil to phase A and one terminal of the blue coil to phase B. Connect the
other two terminals of the two coils to the neutral.
2. Connect the Hall Sensors to the channels of the oscilloscope. Then select the channels.
3. Now check the connection. If it is correct, click OK.
4. If it is wrong, see the error message displayed and correct the connections.
5. Switch on the MCB.
6. Now change frequencies and currents to see the mathematical representation , the graph in the
oscilloscope, the formation of flux lines and the vector summation of the magnetic flux densities .
7. Change the coil positions and the phase shifts to see the difference in the mathematical representation ,
the graph in the oscilloscope, the formation of flux lines and the vector summation of the magnetic flux
densities .
Viva
1) A sinusoidal current-carrying stator coil produces a fundamental mmf wave:
Which pulsates with time and is equal to two oppositely rotating mmf waves of half the peak strength of
the fundamental mmf wave.
Which has constant amplitude (independent of time) and is equal to two oppositely rotating mmf waves
of half the peak strength of the fundamental mmf wave.
Which pulsates with time and is equal to two rotating mmf waves rotating in the same direction and
having the same peak strength of the fundamental mmf wave.
Which has constant amplitude (independent of time) and is equal two rotating mmf waves rotating in
the same direction and having the same peak strength of the fundamental mmf wave.
2) The 2-phase windings of stator carrying 2-phase balanced current produces a rotating field
True
False
3) The direction of rotating field of a 2-phase synchronous motor can be reversed by changing the phase
sequence connection of the 2-phase ac supply
MAX. MARKS
ASSESSMENT
MARKS OBTAINED
PREPARATION 30
True PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
False
TOTAL 70
Result-

Experimental Setup
Experimental Setup with connections

EXP.NO:- 18 Date:-
ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD BEHAVIOUR IN THREE COILS

Aim:-
To study the generation of rotating magnetic field produced due to three coils using AC current.
Overview:-
In electromagnetism, Lenzs law states that the direction of an induced electric current is such as to
oppose the change that causes it. Lenzs law would therefore appear to be closely related to the law of
conservation of energy, apart from the fact that it operates in conjunction with non-conservative forces.
If two magnetic fields are present in a machine, then a torque will be created which will tend to line up the
two magnetic fields. If one magnetic field is produced by the stator of an ac machine and the other one is
produced by the rotor of the machine, then a torque will be induced in the rotor which will cause the rotor
to turn and align itself with the stator magnetic field. If there were some way to make the stator magnetic
field rotate, then the induced torque in the rotor would cause it to constantly "chase" the stator magnetic
field around in a circle. This, in a nutshell, is the basic principle of all ac motor operation.
The fundamental principle of ac machine operation is that if a three-phase set of currents, each of
equal magnitude and differing in phase by 120, flows in a three-phase winding, then it will produce a
rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude. The three phase winding consists of three separate windings
spaced 120 electrical degrees apart around the surface of the machine. The rotating magnetic field concept
is illustrated in the simplest case by an empty stator containing just three coils, each 120 degree apart (fig
1a). Since such a winding produces only one north and one south magnetic pole, it is a two pole winding.
To understand the concept of the rotating magnetic field, we will apply a set of currents to the stator of
fig. 1 and see what happens at specific instants of time. Assume that the currents in the three coils are given
by the equations
iaa' (t) = IM sin wt A
ibb' (t) = IM sin (wt - 120) A
icc' (t) = IM sin (wt - 240) A
The current in coil aa' flows into the a end of the coil and out the a' end of the coil. It produces the magnetic
field intensity.
Haa' (t) = HM sin wt A<0 A.turns/m.
where 0 is the spatial angle of the magnetic field intensity vector. The direction of the magnetic field
intensity vector Haa(t) is given by the right-hand rule: If the fingers of the right hand curl in the direction of
the current flow in the coil, then the resulting magnetic field is in the direction that the thumb points. Notice
that the magnitude of the magnetic field intensity vector Haa(t) varies sinusoidally in time, but the direction
of Haa(t) is always constant. Similarly, the magnetic field intensity vectors Hbb(t) and Hcc(t) are

(a) A simple three-phase stator. Currents in this stator are assumed positive if they flow into the unprimed
end and out the primed end of the coils. The magnetizing intensities produced by each coil are also shown.
(b) The magnetizing intensity vector Haa'(t) produced by a current flowing in coil aa'.
Hbb' (t) = HM sin (wt -120)<120 A.turns/m.
Hcc' (t) = HM sin (wt -240)<240 A.turns/m.
The flux densities resulting from these magnetic field intensities are given by
B=H
They are
Baa' (t) = BM sin wt <0 T
Bbb' (t) = BM sin (wt - 120) <120 T
Bcc' (t) = BM sin (wt - 240) <240 T
Where BM=HM. The currents and their corresponding flux densities can be examined at specific times to
determine the resulting net magnetic field in the stator.For example, at time wt = 0, the magnetic field from
coil aa will be
Baa'=0.
The magnetic field from coil bb' will be
Bbb' = BM sin ( - 120) <120
and the magnetic field from coil cc' will be

Bcc' = BM sin (- 240) <240
(a) The vector magnetic field in a stator at time wt = 0. (b) The vector magnetic field in a stator at time wt =
90.
The total magnetic field from all three coils added together will be
Bnet = Baa' + Bbb + B cc'
= 0 + (-3/2BM)< 120 + (3/2BM) <240
= 1.5 BM <-90
The resulting net magnetic field is shown in the figure 2a. As another example, look at the magnetic field at
time wt = 90. At that time, the currents are
iaa' = IM sin 90 A
ibb= IM sin (- 30) A
icc= IM sin (-150) A
and the magnetic fields are
Baa= BM <0
Bbb = -0.5 BM < 120
Bcc' = -0.5 BM <240

The resulting net magnetic field is
Bnet = Baa' + Bbb + Bcc
= BM < 0 + (-0.5BM) < 120 + (-0 .5BM) L<240
= 1.5 BM <0
The resulting magnetic field is shown in the Figure 2b. Notice that although the direction of the magnetic
field has changed, the magnitude is constant. The magnetic field is maintaining a constant magnitude while
rotating in a counterclockwise direction.
Procedure:-
1. Connect one terminal of the red coil to phase A, one terminal of the blue coil to phase B and , one
terminal of the green coil to phase C. Connect the remaining terminals of the three coils to the neutral.
2. Connect the Hall Sensors to the channels of the oscilloscope. Then select the channels.
3. Now check the connection. If it is correct, click OK .
4. If it is wrong, see the error message displayed and correct the connections.
5. Switch on the MCB.
6. Now change frequencies and currents to see the mathematical representation , the graph in the
oscilloscope, the formation of flux lines and the vector summation of the magnetic flux densities .
7. Change the coil position and the phase shift to see the difference in the mathematical representation, the
graph in the oscilloscope, the formation of flux lines and the vector summation of the magnetic flux
densities.

Viva:-
1) A sinusoidal current-carrying stator coil produces a fundamental mmf wave:
Which pulsates with time and is equal to two oppositely rotating mmf waves of half the peak strength of
the fundamental mmf wave.
Which has constant amplitude (independent of time) and is equal to two oppositely rotating mmf waves
of half the peak strength of the fundamental mmf wave.
Which pulsates with time and is equal to two rotating mmf waves rotating in the same direction and
having the same peak strength of the fundamental mmf wave.
Which has constant amplitude (independent of time) and is equal two rotating mmf waves rotating in
the same direction and having the same peak strength of the fundamental mmf wave.
2) The 3-phase windings of stator carrying 3-phase balanced current produces a rotating field
True
False
3) The direction of rotating field of a 3-phase synchronous motor can be reversed by changing the phase
sequence connection of the 3-phase ac supply
True
False
4) The speed of a rotating magnetic field can be changed by adjusting the _________ of 3-phase currents
magnitude
frequency
direction
Result:-
MAX. MARKS
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70

Fig: 19.1 Two Point Starter

EXP.NO:- 19 Date:-
SPEED CONTROL OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR

Aim: To Study the Speed Control of Separately Excited DC Motor
Theory:-
DC motors are in general much more adaptable to adjustable speed drives than ac motors which are
associated with a constant speed rotating fields. Indeed this susceptibility of dc motors to adjustment of
their operating speed over wide ranges and by a variety of methods is one of the important reasons for
strong competitive position of dc motors in modern industrial drives. It is thus necessary to gather an idea
about speed control methods along with their associated characteristics.
The torque, T developed and speed, n of a dc motor are given as,

T=KIa
N= Vf-IaRa/K
where k is constant decided by the design of the machine (total number of conductors, number of parallel
paths and number of poles). The above equation explains the concepts for different methods of speed
control.
Varying Field Excitation ()
In shunt and compound motors speed control can be achieved by varying the shunt field circuit resistance.
The lowest speed corresponds to zero resistance in field rheostat. Speed can be increased by increasing the
field rheostat resistance. The highest speed is limited by armature reaction under weak field conditions,
causing motor instability or poor commutation. The dc motors with the shunt field-rheostat speed control is
generally referred to as a constant horsepower drive, since back emf remains practically constant. The
torque on the other hand varies directly with flux and therefore has its highest allowable value at the lowest
speed. Field rheostat control is thus best suited to drives requiring decreased torque at high speed.

Varying Armature Terminal Voltage (Vt)

A change of the armature terminal voltage results in a change in speed with constant excitation. Usually the
power available is constant voltage ac, so the auxiliary equipment in the form of rectifier is required to
provide the controlled armature voltage for the motor. In this mode the torque developed by motor is
almost equal to rated torque at any speed from zero to rated speed. In this region motor operates in
constant torque mode.
Procedure
1) Close the DPST (double pole single throw) switch on field supply of motor, increase the voltage till rated
value is reached, in steps.
2) Now close DPST (double pole single throw) switch on armature supply of DC motor, apply rated voltage in
steps.
There are two methods for speed control of DC motor.
Armature control method :
3) Keeping field voltage constant at some value, vary the armature voltage the DC motor. Observe the speed
readings on the tachometer.
4) The speed will vary proportionally in direct relation with armature voltage.
Field Control Method:
5) Now keep armature voltage constant at some value, and reduce the voltage applied to the field of motor.
Observe the speed readings on the tachometer.
6) As we go on reducing field voltage in steps, the speed of motor will go on increasing. This relation
observes inverse proportion.
7) Store this data by clicking Start Storing Data
8) So to keep the voltage of generator constant at load condition adjust the field excitation of generator.
Now again increase the load by closing another load switch.
9) Store this data by clicking Start Storing Data"
10) Go on repeating this procedure till all loads are connected and data is stored.
11) Now display the data by clicking Show data. For Ex

Vf=field voltage of DC motor

If=field current of DC motor
Va=armature voltage of DC motor
Ia= armature current of DC motor
Vfg= field voltage of generator
Ifg=field current of generator
Vt=terminal voltage
Iag=armature current of generato

12) After experimentation, reduce armature voltage in steps to zero, then open armature DPST (double pole
single throw) switch.
13) Now reduce field voltage step by step and then open field DPST (double pole single throw) switch when
zero value is reached.
Viva:-
1) If load on DC shunt motor is increased, its speed is decreased due to primarily

increase in its flux
decrease in back emf
increase in armature current
increase in brush drop
2) The T/Ia graph of a DC series motor is a

parabola from no load to full load
parabola throughout
parabola up-to full load and straight line at overloads
straight line throughout
3) Which of the following quantity maintains the same direction whether a DC Machine runs
as a generator or motor
armature current
field current
induced emf
supply current
4) The nature of the current flowing in the armature of the DC machine is

ac
dc
pulsating
dc superimposed on ac

Result:-
MAX. MARKS
PREPARATION 30
PERFORMANCE 30
VIVA 10
TOTAL 70


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Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Sl.No Release REGULATION Released by Approved by

2 V1.2 AUCB-2008 Mr.Vivekanandhan Dr. K. Porkumaran

3 V1.3 AUCB-2008 Mr.N.Balakrishnan Dr. K. Porkumaran

4 V1.4 AUCB-2008 Mr.Vinoth kumar Dr. K. Porkumaran

5 V1.5 AUCB-2008 Ms.Madheswari Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan

Version Represented by Date Signature

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current

Rated H.P: Rated H.P:

Rated Voltage: Rated Voltage:

Rated Current: Rated Current:

Rated Speed: Rated Speed:

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC

5 Loading rheostat Resistive 5 kW / 230 V 1

6 DC three point starter - - 1

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig 1.2 : Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance R a

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Fig 1.3: Open Circuit Characteristics Fig 1.4: Load Characteristics

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current

Rated H.P: Rated H.P:

Rated Voltage: Rated Voltage:

Rated Current: Rated Current:

Rated Speed: Rated Speed:

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

5 Loading Rheostat Resistive 5 kW / 230V 1

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig 2.2: Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance R a

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

Fig 2.4: Load Characteristics

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig 3.1: Load Characteristics of DC Cumulative Compound Generator

FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current

Rated H.P: Rated H.P:

Rated Voltage: Rated Voltage:

Rated Current: Rated Current:

Rated Speed: Rated Speed:

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

i)Cumulative compound generator

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

4 Loading Rheostat 5KW, 230V - 1

6 Connecting Wires - - Few

The field rheostat of motor should be at minimum position.

Eg = Vt + Ia Ra+ IseRse (Volts)

Eg: Generated emf in Volts

Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig 3.2: Load Characteristics of DC Differential Compound Generator