CADASTRAL

SURVEYING 2

LECTURE 4
Procedure and Calculation
 PROCEDURE OF REFIXATION

1. Identify mark to be refixed (missing / out-of-position)

2. Calculate displacement
3. Identify baseline for refixation
4. Identify third mark for baseline
5. Calculate PO and New values of baseline
6. Perform adjustment to PO values
7. Calculate offset for refixation
8. Perform Refixation by Offset Method
1. IDENTIFY MARK / MARKS TO BE REFIXED

Missing mark

Missing boundary mark is to be replace with a new mark.

Calculation and field procedures are similar to refixation

Mark which is not in its original position

Compare PO and new values for boundary lines connected to the

said mark.

Boundary mark may not in its original position if;

Line not exceeding 40 meters:

Bearing : exceed 1
Distance : exceed 0.015m

Boundary line more than 40 meters

Bearing : exceed 30
Distance : exceed 0.006/20m or maximum 0.050m

Procedure of Refixation
2. CALCULATE DISPLACEMENT

By using PO and New values (bearings and distances), calculate

physical displacement of the boundary mark

Refixation is to be carried out if the amount of displacement is

considered material

Displacement is considered material if;

exceeding 0.100m (agriculture)

exceeding 0.050m (other than agriculture)

Diagram
3. IDENTIFY BASELINE FOR REFIXATION

Baseline is to be identified prior refixation

Baseline is important to;

accommodate previous survey values with new survey values
ensure the quality of adjusted bearings and distances would be
acceptable to adjacent parcels

Characteristics of baseline;
As stipulated in Peraturan Ukur 2002 [Para. 24(1)(a) and (b)]
Similarly to datum requirements
Two (2) boundary marks which have been proven to be in their
original position (with angle and distance comparison), either
by traverse or calculation).

Baseline should be adjacent or nearby the to the missing or out of

position boundary marks.
Baseline should be longer than the boundary line to be refixed
Baseline calculation must include values of bearing and distance of
mark to be refixed.
 4. IDENTIFY THIRD MARK FOR BASELINE

Third mark for baseline is required;

- As an independent check to the baseline
- to prove that the selected baseline is
acceptable (in its original position)

The third mark position is to be verified as

stipulated in datum specifications.
The third mark should be independent with
baseline
Proven to be in its original position (by
angular and distance)
 BASELINE CALCULATION

Using certified plan data, calculate PO values of bearing and

distance for the baseline,

Using traverse values, calculate NEW values of the baseline.

Calculate PO and New values for the third mark

Compare PO and New values of baseline and its third mark

Check the differences in angle and distances

 CALCULATION OF BASELINE
(PO)

Station Bearing Distance Fieldbook/Ref.

1

A 196 32 00 19.201 PO
B 120 21 00 18.670 PO
C 87 43 30 43.459 PO
D 90 00 30 51.390 PO
6 71 20 30 42.721 PO
1 94 54 10 146.476 PO (Calc)

CALCULATION OF THIRD MARK

(PO)

Station Bearing Distance Fieldbook/Ref.

7

D 330 00 00 31.340 PO
6 71 20 30 42.721 PO
7 211 17 40 47.756 PO (Calc)
CALCULATE PO VALUES
 CALCULATION OF BASELINE
(NEW)

Station Bearing Distance Fieldbook/Ref.

1

2 196 50 30 19.181 NEW

3 119 00 00 21.990 NEW
4 85 59 00 40.559 NEW
5 92 20 00 51.350 NEW
6 68 48 50 43.466 NEW
1 274 55 00 146.510 NEW

CALCULATION OF THIRD MARK

(NEW)

Station Bearing Distance Fieldbook/Ref.

7

5 327 55 00 29.600 NEW

6 68 48 50 43.466 NEW
7 211 18 20 47.739 NEW
CALCULATE NEW VALUES
COMPARE PO AND NEW
 5. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

1. The bearing and distance of identified BASELINE will be used in the calculation of
adjustment factors for refixation calculations.

2. The adjustment factors are as follows;

BEARING FACTOR = NEW BEARING PO BEARING

= 94 55 00 94 54 10

= + 0 50

DISTANCE FACTOR = NEW DISTANCE

PO DISTANCE

= 146.510
146.476
6. ADJUSTED BEARINGS & DISTANCES

1. Previously Surveyed (PO) values of the boundary lines need to be adjusted according
to baseline values.
2. The adjustment is required to accommodate PO values with new survey values.

3. The correction are as follows;

ADJUSTED BEARING = PO BEARING BEARING FACTOR

ADJUSTED DISTANCE = PO DISTANCE x DISTANCE FACTOR

7. ADJUSTMENT TO PO BEARINGS

Station Bearing Correction PO Adjusted

(Bearing)

1-A 196 32 00 + 50 196 32 50

A-B 120 21 00 + 50 120 21 50

B-C 87 43 30 + 50 87 44 20

C-D 90 00 30 + 50 90 01 20

D-6 71 20 30 + 50 71 21 20
7. ADJUSTMENT TO PO DISTANCES

Station Distance Distance Adjusted PO Adjusted

(Distance)

A 19.201 19.205 x 146.510 19.205

146.476

B 18.670 18.670 x 146.510 18.674

146.476

C 43.459 43.459 x 146.510 43.469

146.476

D 51.390 51.390 x 146.510 51.402

146.476

6 42.721 42.721 x 146.510 42.731

146.476
7. CALCULATE REFIXATION OFFSET

Station Bearing Distance Fieldbook/Ref.

A

1 16 32 50 19.205 PO Adj
2 196 50 30 19.181 Traverse
A 120 22 10 0.102 Comp.

Station Bearing Distance Fieldbook/Ref.

B

A 300 21 50 18.674 PO Adj

2 300 22 10 0.102 offset
3 119 00 00 21.990 Traverse
B 291 05 50 3.251 Comp.
8. FIELD PROCEDURE

1. Based on the offset calculation, refixation can be carried out

in the field.

2. There are two (2) methods, which based on the distance

between the survey station and the offset length;

Offset Distance Less than 1 meter

Offset Distance More than 1 meter

8.1 OFFSET DISTANCE LESS THAN 1 METER
1. Set instrument in the station 2
2. Set back bearing to reference station 1
3. Set to calculated offset bearing 120 22 10
4. Establish new picket (say stn. 100) on the
offset bearing (about 3-6 meters)
5. Measure distance from 2 to 100 (=3.690)
6. Perform angle and distance checking to the
picket (by using another reference station, say
2-3)
7. Move instrument to stn. 100
8. Measure distance from stn. 100 to the mark to
be refixed (A)
100-A = 3.690 0.102

9. Plant boundary mark A according to the

distance 3.588

10. Re-measure distance from (100 to 2) and (100

to A)

Note:
For out-of-position boundary mark, you should pull
out the said mark before performing this
procedure
8.1 OFFSET DISTANCE MORE THAN 1 METER
1. Set instrument in the station 2
2. Set back bearing to reference station 1
3. Set to calculated offset bearing (120 22 10)
4. Measure offset distance from 2 to A and plant
the mark
5. Perform angle checking to the mark (by using
another reference station, say 2-3)
6. Re-measure distance to A (checking)
Procedure of Refixation
Procedure of Refixation
Procedure of Refixation