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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Electrical Machines 1
Hour 8
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Transformer
Introduction
Transformer is a machine that has no moving parts
but is able to transform alternating voltages and
currents from high to low (step-up transformer ) and
vice versa (step-down transformer).
Transformers are used extensively in all branches of
electrical engineering from the large power
transformer employed in the T&D network to the
small transformer of an electronic amplifier
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Transformer
Introduction (cont)
A simple transformer consists of two coils wound
on a closed iron core as shown:
Primary Secondary
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Construction of Transformer
Basically, a transformer has two windings:
primary winding
Secondary winding
Each winding consists of many turns and are wound
on a laminated iron core. The iron core is insulated
with the windings. The core itself forms a closed
iron magnetic circuit. Consequently, the windings
encircle the core and the core encircles the windings.
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Construction of transformer
Core type
-- windings are wound around two legs of a
magnetic core.
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Electrical Machines 1
Construction of transformer
Shell type
-- windings are wound around the center leg of a
three-legged magnetic core
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Electrical Machines 1
Ideal Transformer
Assumptions:
1. The winding resistances are negligible (R = 0)
2. All fluxes are confined to the core and link
both windings (leakage flux = 0)
3. Permeability of the core is infinite (I1= 0)
4. No eddy current and hysteresis losses
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Electrical Machines 1
i1 N2 1
= =
i2 N1 a
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Electrical Machines 1
V1I1 = V2I2
input VA = output VA
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= m sin2ft
instantaneous value of induced emf / turn
= d/dt volts
= 2ftm cos2ft volts
= 2ftm sin(2ft /2) volts
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
E1 N1
=
E 2 N2
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Example
Im1
E2=(N2 / N1) x E1
E1
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Electrical Machines 1
Hour 9
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Electrical Machines 1
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Electrical Machines 1
Negligible voltage
drop in windings
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Example
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Include voltage
drop in windings
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Electrical Machines 1
Hour 10
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Impedance Transfer
The impedance of the secondary winding, Z2
V2
Z2 =
I2
The input impedance, Z1
V1 aV2 2 V2
Z1 = = =a
I1 I2 /a I2
= a Z2 2
= Z'2
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Electrical Machines 1
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Example
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Electrical Machines 1
Hour 11
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V2 NL V2 L V1 V'2 rated
V.R. = OR V.R. =
V2 L V'2 rated
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Department of Engineering
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Transformer Losses
Copper losses ( I2R losses ) in primary and
secondary windings
PC = I12 R1 + I22 R2
Iron losses ( Core losses )
(a) Hysteresis loss
Ph = KhBmaxx f V watts
where Kh= a constant
f = frequency
V = Volume
Bmax = maximum flux density
x = coefficient varies from 1.6 - 2.0
with different grades of iron.
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Department of Engineering
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Transformer Losses
Iron losses ( Core losses )
(b) Eddy Current loss
Pe = KeBmax2 f2 t2 V watts
where Ke= a constant
f = frequency
V = Volume
Bmax = maximum flux density
t = thickness of lamination.
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Output power
Efficiency =
Input power
Output power
=
Output power + losses
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Electrical Machines 1
Hour 12
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Transformer Tests
Open Circuit test (cont)
the primary current is the exciting current and
the losses measured by the wattmeter are the
core losses
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Transformer Tests
Short Circuit test
this test is performed by short-circuiting one winding and applying
rated current to the other winding
only a small supply voltage is required to pass rated current
through the windings
it is usual to perform this test by applying a voltage to the HV side
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Transformer Tests
Short Circuit test (cont)
the parameter Req and Xeq can be determined
from the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and
wattmeter
because the voltage applied under the short-
circuit test is small, the core losses are neglected
and the wattmeter reading can be taken entirely
to represent the copper losses in the windings,
represented by Req
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Electrical Machines 1
(a) Derive the parameters for the approximate equivalent circuits referred
to the LV side and the HV side.
(b) Express the excitation current as a percentage of the rated current.
(c) Determine the power factor for the no-load and short-circuit tests.
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Electrical Machines 1
Hour 15
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Auto-transformer
The voltages and currents
are related by the same turns
ratio as in a two-winding
transformer:
V1 N1
= =a
V2 N2
I1 N2 1
= =
I2 N1 a
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Electrical Machines 1
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Advantages of Auto-transformer
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Disadv. of Auto-Transformer
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Application of Auto-transformer
Boosting or bucking of a supply voltage by a small
amount. (The smaller difference voltage between the
output and input voltages the greater is the saving of
winding material.)
Starting of a.c. machines, e.g. induction motor, where
the voltage is raised in two or more steps from a small
value to the full supply voltage.
Continuously variable a.c. supply voltages, normally
connected between a low voltage supply in and a high
voltage supply out.
Production of very high voltages, e.g. 275kV and 400kV
grid system
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Department of Engineering
Electrical Machines 1
Instrument Transformers
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