CBLM Guide For TESDA LO1

COMPETENCY - BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector :
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
Qualification :
Programming NC IV
Unit of Competency : Apply Programming Skills in a Second Language

Module Title :
Applying Programming Skills in a Second Language
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
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How to use this Competency Based Learning Material
Welcome to the module APPLYING PROGRAMMING SKILLS IN A

SECOND LANGUAGE. This module contains training materials and
activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency Apply Programming Skills in a Second
Language contains the knowledge and skills and attitudes required for
Programming. It is one of the specialized modules at National Certificate
level IV (NC IV).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order
to complete each learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Information Sheets to help you better understand the required
activities. Follow these activities on your own and answer the self check at
the end of each learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at
the end of each module (or get from your facilitator/ trainer) to write your
answers for each self-check. If you have questions, dont hesitate to ask
your facilitator for assistance.
Instruction sheets:
Information Sheet This will provide you with information
(Concepts, principles and other relevant information) needed in performing
certain activities.
Operation Sheet This will guide you in performing single task,
operation process in a job.
Job Sheet This is designed to guide you how to do the job that will
contribute to the attainment of the learning outcome.
Assignment Sheet The assignment sheet is a guide used to enhance
(follow up) what you have learned in the information sheet or job sheet.
Worksheet are the different forms that you need to fill up certain
activities that you performed.
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LIST OF COMPETENCIES
NO UNIT OF COMPETENCIES MODULE TITLE CODE

1 Design Program Logic Designing Program Logic ICT313328
Apply Program Development Applying Program Development
2 ICT313329
Approach Approach
Apply Object-Oriented Applying Object-Oriented
3 ICT313330
Program Language Skills Program Language Skills
Apply Programming Skills Applying Programming
4 ICT313331
in a Second Langauge Skills in a Second Language
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MODULES OF INSTRUCTION
Unit of Competency : Apply Programming Skills in a Second Language
Module Title: Applying Programming Skills in a Second Language
MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module defines the competency required to

undertake introductory programming tasks using a
procedural approach to programming. (An object oriented
language may be used in this approach)
NOMINAL DURATION: 42 hours
LEARNING OUTCOMES: NC IV
Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:
LO1. Apply basic language syntax and layout

LO2. Code using standard algorithms
LO3. Debug code
LO4. Document activities
LO5. Test code
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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
LO1
1. Observed basic language syntax rules and best practice based on

the standard of specific programming language.
2. Used language data types, operators and expressions based on the

standard of specific programming language.
3. Used appropriate language syntax for sequence, selection and

iteration constructs based on the standard of specific programming
language.
LO2
1. Used basic programming constructs algorithms based on the

standard of specific programming language
2. Demonstrated ability to create sequential search, insertion and

deletion algorithms to operate on one dimensional array based on
the specific programming standard
3. Coded and used standard sequential access algorithms for text and
binary files
4. Used of SQL language facilities to access databases based on the

standard of specific programming language
LO3
1. Reviewed the code visually and / or used of debugging tools
provided by the system or the organization
2. Used a debugger to trace code execution and examine variable
contents to detect and correct errors based on the program
requirements.
LO4
1. Followed guidelines for developing maintainable code adhering to a
set of coding standard
2. Followed and used internal documentation standards and tools.
LO5
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1. Developed and conducted simple tests to confirm the coding
process to meet design specification
2. Documented the tests performed
3. Made corrections to the code and the documentation as needed.
CONDITION:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
PC Package with OOPL
Reference Books
Handouts/Modules/Printed Materials
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
1. Written/Oral Examination
2. Observation
3. Practical Demonstration
4. Case Study (Defense)
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LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 1
Apply basic language syntax rules and layout
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read information sheet If you have some problem on the content
4.1-1 Semantics and of the information sheet dont hesitate to
Syntax approach your instructor/teacher.
If you feel that you are now
knowledgeable on the content of the
information sheet, you can now answer
self-check provided in the module.
2. Answer self-check 4.1-1 Compare your answer to the answer key
4.1-1. If you got 100% correct answer in
this self-check, you can now perform the
operation sheet 4.1-1. If not review the
information sheet and go over the self-
check again.
3. Perform operation sheet Evaluate your work if is performed
4.1-1 properly using performance criteria
checklist. If it is made properly you can
move to the next procedural sheet. If not
go over the operation sheet again.
4. Perform procedural Evaluate your work it is done correctly
checklist 4.1-1 using procedural criteria checklist. If it is
done properly, can move to the new
information sheet.
5. Read information sheet If you have some problem on the content
4.1-2 Elements of of the information sheet dont hesitate to
programming. approach your facilitator.
this self-check, you can now move to the
next operation sheet 4.1-2. If not review
the information sheet and go over the
self-check again.
7. Perform operation sheet Evaluate your work if you it performs
4.1-2 properly. If it is made appropriately you
can move to the next procedural sheet. If
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not go over the operation sheet again.
8. Perform procedural Evaluate your work it is done correctly
checklist 4.1-2 using procedural criteria checklist. If it is
made properly, can move to the new
information sheet.
9. Read information sheet If you have some problems on the
4.1-3 Program control content of the information sheet dont
structure hesitate to approach your facilitator.
this self-check, you can now move to the
next operation sheet 4.1-3. If not review
self-check again.
11. Perform operation sheet Evaluate your work if it performed

4.1-3 properly. If it is made appropriately you
can move to the job sheet. If not go over
the operation sheet again.
12. Perform the Written test Compare your answer to the key-answer
4.1-3 sheet. If you got 100% correct answer in
this written test, you can now move to
the next information sheet. If not review
written test again.
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Information Sheet 4.1-1
Topic: Semantics and Syntax
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Identify the basic parts of a Java program
Create a Java program using text editor and console in the
Linux (Ubuntu Dapper) environment
Differentiate between syntax-errors and runtime errors
Create a Java program using NetBeans
Lesson Proper:
Dissecting my first Java program

We will try to dissect your first Java program:
public class Hello

{
/**
* My first java program
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
//prints the string "Hello world" on screen
System.out.println("Hello world!");
}
}
The first line of the code, public class Hello indicates the name of the class
which is Hello. In Java, all code should be placed inside a class declaration.
We do this by using the class keyword. In addition, the class uses an access
specifier public, which indicates that our class in accessible to other classes
from other packages (packages are a collection of classes). We will be
covering packages and access specifier later.
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The next line which contains a curly brace { indicates the start of a block.
In this code, we placed the curly brace at the next line after the class
declaration; however, we can also place this next to the first line of our code.
So, we could actually write our code as:

public class Hello
{
or
public class Hello {
The next three lines indicate a Java comment. A comment is something

used to document part of the code. It is not part of the program itself, but
used for documentation purposes. It is good programming practice to add
comments to your code.
/**
* My first java program
*/
A comment is indicated by the delimiters /* and */. Anything within

these delimiters are ignored by the Java compiler, and are treated as
comments.
The next line,
public static void main(String[] args) {
or can also be written as,
public static void main(String[] args)
{
indicates the name of one method in Hello which is the main method. The
main method is the starting point of a Java program. All programs except
Applets written in Java start with the main method. Make sure to follow the
exact signature.
The next line is also a Java comment,
//prints the string "Hello world" on screen
Now, we learned two ways of creating comments. The first one is by placing
the comment inside /* and */, and the other one is by writing // at the start
of thecomment.
The next line,

System.out.println("Hello world!");
prints the text Hello World! on screen. The command
System.out.println(), prints the text enclosed by quotation on the screen.
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The last two lines which contains the two curly braces is used to close the
main method and class respectively.
Coding Guidelines:
1. Your Java programs should always end with the .java extension.
2. Filenames should match the name of your public class. So for example, if
the name of your public class is Hello, you should save it in a file called
Hello.java.
3. You should write comments in your code explaining what a certain class
does, or what a certain method do.
Java Comments
Comments are notes written to a code for documentation purposes. Those
text are not part of the program and does not affect the flow of the program.
Java supports three types of comments: C++-style single line comments, C-

style multiline comments and special javadoc comments.
C++-Style Comments
C++ Style comments starts with //. All the text after // are treated as
comments. For example,
// This is a C++ style or single line comments
C-Style Comments
C-style comments or also called multiline comments starts with a /*
and ends with a */.
All text in between the two delimeters are treated as comments. Unlike
C++ style comments, it can span multiple lines. For example,
/* this is an exmaple of a
C style or multiline comments */
Special Javadoc Comments

Special Javadoc comments are used for generating an HTML
documentation for your Java programs. You can create javadoc
comments by starting the line with /** and ending it with */.
Like C-style comments, it can also span lines. It can also
contain certain tags to add more information to your comments.
For example,
/**
This is an example of special java doc comments used for \n
generating an html documentation. It uses tags like:
@author Florence Balagtas
@version 1.2
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*/
Java Statements and blocks

A statement is one or more lines of code terminated by a semicolon. An
example of a single statement is, System.out.println(Hello world);
A block is one or more statements bounded by an opening and closing curly

braces that groups the statements as one unit. Block statements can be
nested indefinitely. Any amount of white space is allowed. An example of a
block is,
public static void main( String[] args ){
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("world");
}
Coding Guidelines:
1. In creating blocks, you can place the opening curly brace in line with the
statement, like for example,
or you can place the curly brace on the next line, like,
public static void main( String[] args )
{
2. You should indent the next statements after the start of a block,for
example,
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("world");
}
Java Identifiers
Identifiers are tokens that represent names of variables, methods, classes,
etc. Examples of identifiers are: Hello, main, System, out.
Java identifiers are case-sensitive. This means that the identifier: Hello is
not the same as hello. Identifiers must begin with either a letter, an
underscore _, or a dollar sign $. Letters may be lower or upper case.
Subsequent characters may use numbers 0 to 9.
Identifiers cannot use Java keywords like class, public, void, etc. We will
discuss more about Java keywords later.
Coding Guidelines:
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1. For names of classes, capitalize the first letter of the class name. For names
of methods and variables, the first letter of the word should start with a
small letter.For example:
ThisIsAnExampleOfClassName
thisIsAnExampleOfMethodName
2. In case of multi-word identifiers, use capital letters to indicate the start of
the word except the first word. For example, charArray, fileNumber,
ClassName.
3.Avoid using underscores at the start of the identifier such as _read or
_write.
Java Keywords
Keywords are predefined identifiers reserved by Java for a specific purpose.
You cannot use keywords as names for your variables, classes, methods
etc. Here is a list of the Java Keywords.
We will try to discuss all the meanings of these keywords and how they are
used in our Java programs as we go along the way.
Note: true, false, and null are not keywords but they are reserved words, so
you cannot use them as names in your programs either
Java Literals
Literals are tokens that do not change or are constant. The different types of
literals in Java are: Integer Literals, Floating-Point Literals, Boolean Literals,
Character Literals and String Literals.
Integer Literals
Integer literals come in different formats: decimal (base 10), hexadecimal
(base 16), and octal (base 8). In using integer literals in our program, we
have to follow some special notations.
For decimal numbers, we have no special notations. We just write a decimal

number as it is. For hexadecimal numbers, it should be preceeded by 0x or
0X. For octals, they are preceeded by 0.
For example, consider the number 12. It's decimal representation is 12,
while in hexadecimal, it is 0xC, and in octal, it is equivalent to 014.
Integer literals default to the data type int. An int is a signed 32-bit value. In
some cases, you may wish to force integer literal to the data type long by
appending the l or L character. A long is a signed 64-bit value. We will
cover more on data types later.
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Floating-Point Literals
Floating point literals represent decimals with fractional parts. An example
is 3.1415. Floating point literals can be expressed in standard or scientific
notations. For example, 583.45 is in standard notation, while 5.8345e2 is in
scientific notation.
Floating point literals default to the data type double which is a 64-bit
value. To use a smaller precision (32-bit) float, just append the f or F
character.
Boolean Literals
Boolean literals have only two values, true or false.
Character Literals
Character Literals represent single Unicode characters. A Unicode character
is a 16-bit character set that replaces the 8-bit ASCII character set. Unicode
allows the inclusion of symbols and special characters from other
languages.
To use a character literal, enclose the character in single quote delimiters.

For example, the letter a, is represented as a.
To use special characters such as a newline character, a backslash is used

followed by the character code. For example, \n for the newline character,
\r for the carriage return, \b for backspace.
String Literals
String literals represent multiple characters and are enclosed by double
quotes. An example of a string literal is, Hello World.
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SELF CHECK 4.1-1
Direction: Answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge.
Question Answer
1. What is the first line of code in a
simple Java program?
2. What is the difference between
the C++ and the C Style
Comment?
3. Differentiate keyword from literal.
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SELF CHECK 4.1-1 Answer Key
Question Answer
1. What is the first line of code in a
public class hello
simple Java program?
C++ Style uses // as one line
comment
2. What is the difference between
the C++ and the C Style
Comment? C Style uses /** */ as a multi-line
comment
Keywords are predefined identifiers
reserved by Java for a specific
3. Differentiate keyword from literal. purpose.
Literals are tokens that do not
change or are constant.
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OPERATION SHEET 4.1-1
OPERATION : Apply basic language syntax and layout

TITLE
PERFORMANCE At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
OBJECTIVE Create a Java program using text editor and
console in the Linux (Ubuntu Dapper) environment
Differentiate between syntax-errors and runtime
errors
Create a Java program using NetBeans
SUPPLIES Reference Manual
EQUIPMENT : 1 complete computer set installed with Java SDK

or Netbeans
PROCEDURE
My First Java Program
public class Hello {
/**
* My first Java program
*/
//prints the string Hello world on screen
System.out.println(Hello world);
}
}
Using Text Editor and Console

NOTE:
This will be demonstrated by the teacher
Environment used: Ubuntu Dapper
For Windows Environment: Refer to Appendix B in your student
Manual
Step 1: Start the Text Editor

To start the Text Editor in Linux, click on Menu-> Accessories->
Text Editor
Step 2: Open Terminal
To open Terminal in Linux, click on Menu-> System Tools->
Terminal
Step 3: Write your the source code of your Java program in the Text
Editor
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Step 4: Save your Java Program
Filename: Hello.java
Folder name: MYJAVAPROGRAMS
To open the Save dialog box, click on the File menu found on
the menubar and then click on Save.
If the folder MYJAVAPROGRAMS does not exist yet, create the
folder
Step 5: Compiling your program
Go to the Terminal window
Go to the folder MYJAVAPROGRAMS where you saved the
program
To compile a Java program, we type in the command:
javac [filename]
So in this case, type in: javac Hello.java
During compilation, javac adds a file to the disk called

[filename].class, or in this case, Hello.class, which is the
actual bytecode.
Step 6: Running the Program
To run your Java program, type in the command: java
[filename without the extension]
so in the case of our example, type in: java Hello
You can see on the screen after running the program:
"Hello world!"
Syntax Errors Syntax
errors are usually typing errors
Common Syntax Errors:
misspelled a command in Java
forgot to write a semi-colon at the end of a statement
Run-time Errors
errors that will not display until you run or execute your
program
Even programs that compile successfully may display wrong
answers if the programmer has not thought through the
logical processes and structures of the program.
Examples:
You want your program to print 100 strings of Hello
world, but it only printed 99.
Your program gets an input from the user, but the user
inputted a character, and so your program
crashes/terminates
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Using NetBeans
NOTE:
This will be demonstrated by the teacher
Environment used: Ubuntu Dapper
For Windows Environment: Refer to Appendix B in your student
Manual
Step 1: Run NetBeans
Two ways to run NetBeans:
Through command-line using terminal
By just clicking on the shortcut button found on the
menu
To run NetBeans using command-line
Open terminal (see steps on how to run terminal in the
previous discussion), and type: netbeans
The second way to run NetBeans
Click on shortcut on the desktop
Step 2: Make a project
To make a project, click on File-> New Project
After doing this, a New Project dialog will appear
On the right pane of the project dialog, click on Java
Application and click on the NEXT button
A New Application dialog will appear. Edit the Project Name
part and type in "HelloApplication"
Step 2: Make a project (continuation)
Now try to change the Application Location, by clicking on the
BROWSE button
A Select Project Location dialog will then appear. Double-click
on the root folder.
The contents of the root folder are then displayed. Now double-
click on the MYJAVAPROGRAMS folder and click on the
OPEN button
Finally, on the Create Main Class textfield, type in Hello as the
main class' name, and then click on the FINISH button
Step 3: Type in your program
Now, try to modify the code generated by NetBeans.

Ignore the other parts of the program for now, as we will
explain the details of the code later.
Insert the code System.out.println("Hello world!"); after the
statement, //TODO code application logic here.
Step 4: Compile your program
To compile your program, just click on Build -> Build Main
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Project
If there are no errors in your program, you will see a build
successful message on the output window
Step 5: Run your program
To run your program, click on Run-> Run Main Project
The output of your program is displayed in the output window
PRECAUTIONS : Take note that Compilers are case sensitive. Do not

capitalize any command. String I/O and variable
names are however accepted.
ASSESSMENT Performance Check

METHOD
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PROCEDURAL CHECKLIST 4.1-1
4.1-3 Name:
Date
Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO
Did the student follow the proper indention and
coding spacing?
Hello World appeared on the screen observing
case format (Capital H and W).
No syntax error during runtime was observed.
The candidates underpinning knowledge was:
Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
Trainers Signature: Date:
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Topic: Elements of Programming

Objectives
Differentiate among, primitive data types, variable types,
identifiers and operators
Develop a simple valid Java program using the concepts of

primitive data types, variable types, identifiers and operators
Lesson Proper:
Primitive data types
The Java programming language defines eight primitive data types. The
following are, boolean (for logical), char (for textual), byte, short, int, long
(integral), double and float (floating point).
Logical - boolean
A boolean data type represents two states: true and false. An example is,
boolean result = true;
The example shown above, declares a variable named result as boolean
type and assigns it a value of true.
Textual char
A character data type (char), represents a single Unicode character. It must
have its
literal enclosed in single quotes( ). For example,
a //The letter a
\t //A tab
To represent special characters like ' (single quotes) or " (double quotes), use
the escape
character \. For example,
'\'' //for single quotes
'\"' //for double quotes
Although, String is not a primitive data type (it is a Class), we will just
introduce String in this section. A String represents a data type that
contains multiple characters. It is not a primitive data type, it is a class.
It has its literal enclosed in double quotes().
For example,
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String message=Hello world!
Integral byte, short, int & long

Integral data types in Java uses three forms decimal, octal or hexadecimal.
Examples are,
2 //The decimal value 2
077 //The leading 0 indicates an octal value
0xBACC //The leading 0x indicates a hexadecimal value
Integral types has int as default data type. You can define its long value by
appending the letter l or L. Integral data type have the following ranges:
Floating Point float and double

Floating point types has double as default data type. Floating-point literal
includes either a decimal point or one of the following,
E or e //(add exponential value)
F or f //(float)
D or d //(double)
Examples are,
3.14 //A simple floating-point value (a double)
6.02E23 //A large floating-point value
2.718F //A simple float size value
123.4E+306D //A large double value with redundant D
In the example shown above, the 23 after the E in the second example is
implicitly positive. That example is equivalent to 6.02E+23. Floating-point
data types have the following ranges:
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Variables
A variable is an item of data used to store state of objects.
A variable has a data type and a name. The data type indicates the type of
value that the variable can hold. The variable name must follow rules for
identifiers.
Declaring and Initializing Variables
To declare a variable is as follows,
<data type> <name> [=initial value];
Note: Values enclosed in <> are required values, while those values enclosed
in [] are optional.
Outputting Variable Data

In order to output the value of a certain variable, we can use the following
commands,
System.out.println()
System.out.print()
Here's a sample program,
public class OutputVariable
{
int value = 10;
char x;
x = A;
System.out.println( value );
System.out.println( The value of x= + x );
}
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}
The program will output the following text on screen,
10
The value of x=A
System.out.println() vs. System.out.print()

What is the difference between the commands System.out.println() and
System.out.print()? The first one appends a newline at the end of the data to
output,while the latter doesn't.
Consider the statements,
System.out.print("Hello ");
System.out.print("world!");
These statements will output the following on the screen,
Hello world!
Now consider the following statements,
System.out.println("Hello ");
System.out.println("world!");
These statements will output the following on the screen,
Hello
world!
4.9.4 Reference Variables vs. Primitive Variables

We will now differentiate the two types of variables that Java programs have.
These are reference variables and primitive variables. Primitive variables
are variables with primitive data types. They store data in the actual
memory location of where the variable is. Reference variables are variables
that stores the address in the memory location. It points to another memory
location of where the actual data is. When you declare a variable of a certain
class, you are actually declaring a reference variable to the object with that
certain class.
For example, suppose we have two variables with data types int and String.
int num = 10;
String name = "Hello"
Suppose, the illustration shown below is the actual memory of your
computer, wherein you have the address of the memory cells, the variable
name and the data they hold.
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As you can see, for the primitive variable num, the data is on the actual
location of where the variable is. For the reference variable name, the
variable just holds the address of where the actual data is.
Operators
In Java, there are different types of operators. There are arithmetic
operators, relational operators, logical operators and conditional operators.
These operators follow a certain kind of precedence so that the compiler will
know which operator to evaluate first in case multiple operators are used in
one statement.
Arithmetic operators
Here are the basic arithmetic operators that can be used in creating your
Java programs,
Increment and Decrement operators

Aside from the basic arithmetic operators, Java also includes a unary
increment operator (++) and unary decrement operator (--). Increment and
decrement operators increase and decrease a value stored in a number
variable by 1.
For example, the expression,

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count = count + 1; //increment the value of count by 1
is equivalent to,
count++;
Relational operators
Relational operators compare two values and determines the relationship
between those values. The output of evaluation are the boolean values true
or false.
Logical operators
Logical operators have one or two boolean operands that yield a boolean
result. There are six logical operators: && (logical AND), & (boolean logical
AND), || (logical OR), | (boolean logical inclusive OR), ^ (boolean logical
exclusive OR), and ! (logical NOT).
The basic expression for a logical operation is,
x1 op x2
where x1, x2 can be boolean expressions, variables or constants, and op is
either &&, &, ||, | or ^ operator. The truth tables that will be shown next,
summarize the result of each operation for all possible combinations of x1
and x2.
Truth Tables
X Y X &Y X|Y !X
FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
Conditional Operator (?:)
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The conditional operator ?: is a ternary operator. This means that it takes in
three arguments that together form a conditional expression. The structure
of an expression using a conditional operator is,
exp1?exp2:exp3
wherein exp1 is a boolean expression whose result must either be true or
false.
If exp1 is true, exp2 is the value returned. If it is false, then exp3 is
returned.
For example, given the code,
public class ConditionalOperator
{
String status = "";
int grade = 80;
//get status of the student
status = (grade >= 60)?"Passed":"Fail";
//print status
System.out.println( status );
}
}
The output of this program will be,
Passed
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SELF CHECK 4.1-2
Question Answer
1. What is the importance of data

type?
2. Why do we have to use a variable

in storing data?
3. Enumerate the different

operators used in Java.
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Question Answer
It is used specify the amount of
1. What is the importance of a data memory allocated for every stored
type? data. This will maximize the use of
memory space.
Variables hold the value stored in
2. Why do we have to use a variable
the memory that can be used some
in storing data?
time in other parts of the program.
Arithmetic
Logical
3. Enumerate the different
Relational
operators used in Java.
Increment/Decrement
Conditional
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OPERATION Elements of Programming
TITLE
PERFORMANCE Develop a simple valid Java program using the
OBJECTIVE concepts of primitive data types, variable types,
identifiers and operators

or Netbeans
Procedure
Given the table below, declare the following variables with the
corresponding data types and initialization values. Output to the
screen the variable names together with the values.
The following should be the expected screen output,

Number = 10
letter = a
result = true
str = hello

ASSESSMENT
METHOD
Performance Check
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4.1-3 Name:
Date
Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO
Variables are named according to the given
format and case
The program displayed the values that are stored
in the variables
Declaration of variables are correct.
Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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Topic: Program Control Structure
Objectives
Use decision control structures (if, else, switch) which allows
selection of specific sections of code to be executed
Use repetition control structures (while, do-while, for) which
allow executing specific sections of code a number of times
Lesson Proper:
Decision Control Structures
Decision control structures are Java statements that allows us to select and
execute specific blocks of code while skipping other sections.
if statement
The if-statement specifies that a statement (or block of code) will be executed
if and only if a certain boolean statement is true.
The if-statement has the form,
if( boolean_expression )
statement;
or
if( boolean_expression ){
statement1;
statement2;
...
}
where, boolean_expression is either a boolean expression or boolean
variable.
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if-else statement
The if-else statement is used when we want to execute a certain statement if
a condition
is true, and a different statement if the condition is false.
The if-else statement has the form,
if( boolean_expression )
statement;
else
statement;
or can also be written as,
if( boolean_expression ){
statement1;
statement2;
...
}
else{
statement1;
statement2;
...
}
For example, given the code snippet,
int grade = 68;
if( grade > 60 ) System.out.println("Congratulations!");
else System.out.println("Sorry you failed");
or
int grade = 68;
if( grade > 60 ){
System.out.println("Congratulations!");
System.out.println("You passed!");
}
else{
System.out.println("Sorry you failed");
}
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if-else-if statement
The statement in the else-clause of an if-else block can be another if-else
structures. This cascading of structures allows us to make more complex
selections. The if-else if statement has the form,
if( boolean_expression1 )
statement1;
else if( boolean_expression2 )
statement2;
else
statement3;
Take note that you can have many else-if blocks after an if-statement. The
else-block is optional and can be omitted. In the example shown above, if
boolean_expression1 is true, then the program executes statement1 and
skips the other statements. If boolean_expression2 is true, then the program
executes statement 2 and skips to the statements following statement3.
switch statement
Another way to indicate a branch is through the switch keyword. The switch
construct allows branching on multiple outcomes. The switch statement has
the form,
switch( switch_expression ){
case case_selector1:
statement1; //
statement2; //block 1
. . . //
break;
case case_selector2:
statement1; //
statement2; //block 2
. . . //
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break;
...
default:
statement1; //
statement2; //block n
. . . //
break;
}
where, switch_expression is an integer or character expression and,
case_selector1, case_selector2 and so on, are unique integer or character
constants.
When a switch is encountered, Java first evaluates the switch_expression,

and jumps to the case whose selector matches the value of the expression.
The program executes the statements in order from that point on until a
break statement is encountered, skipping then to the first statement after
the end of the switch structure.
If none of the cases are satisfied, the default block is executed. Take note
however, that the default part is optional. A switch statement can have no
default block.
NOTES:
Unlike with the if statement, the multiple statements are executed in
the switch statement without needing the curly braces.
When a case in a switch statement has been matched, all the
statements associated with that case are executed. Not only that, the
statements associated with the succeeding cases are also executed.
To prevent the program from executing statements in the subsequent
cases, we use a break statement as our last statement.
Repetition Control Structures

Repetition control structures are Java statements that allows us to execute
specific blocks of code a number of times. There are three types of repetition
control structures, the while, do-while and for loops.
while loop
The while loop is a statement or block of statements that is repeated as long
as some condition is satisfied. The while statement has the form,
while( boolean_expression ){
statement1;
statement2;
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...
}
The statements inside the while loop are executed as long as the
boolean_expression evaluates to true. For example, given the code snippet,
int i = 4;
while ( i > 0 ){
System.out.print(i);
i--;
}
The sample code shown will print 4321 on the screen. Take note that if the
line containing the statement i--; is removed, this will result to an infinite
loop, or a loop that does not terminate. Therefore, when using while loops or
any kind of repetition control structures, make sure that you add some
statements that will allow your loop to terminate at some point.
The following are other examples of while loops,

Example 1:
int x = 0;
while (x<10)
{
System.out.println(x);
x++;
}
Example 2:
//infinite loop
while(true)
System.out.println(hello);
Example 3:
//no loops
// statement is not even executed
while (false)
do-while loop
The do-while loop is similar to the while-loop. The statements inside a do-
while loop are executed several times as long as the condition is satisfied.
The main difference between a while and do-while loop is that, the
statements inside a do-while loop are executed at least once. The do-while
statement has the form,
do{
statement1;
statement2;
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...
}while( boolean_expression );
The statements inside the do-while loop are first executed, and then the
condition in the boolean_expression part is evaluated. If this evaluates to
true, the statements inside the do-while loop are executed again. Here are a
few examples that uses the do-while loop:
Example 1:
int x = 0;
do
{
System.out.println(x);
x++;
}while (x<10);
This example will output 0123456789 on the screen.
Example 2:
//infinite loop
do{
} while (true);
This example will result to an infinite loop, that prints hello on screen.
Example 3:
//one loop
// statement is executed once
do
while (false);
This example will output hello on the screen.
for loop
The for loop, like the previous loops, allows execution of the same code a
number of times. The for loop has the form,
for (InitializationExpression; LoopCondition; StepExpression){
statement1;
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statement2;
...
}
where,
InitializationExpression -initializes the loop variable.
LoopCondition - compares the loop variable to some limit value.
StepExpression - updates the loop variable.
A simple example of the for loop is,
int i;
for( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ){
}
In this example, the statement i=0, first initializes our variable. After that,
the condition expression i<10 is evaluated. If this evaluates to true, then the
statement inside the for loop is executed. Next, the expression i++ is
executed, and then the condition expression is again evaluated. This goes on
and on, until the condition expression evaluates to false. This example, is
equivalent to the while loop shown below,
int i = 0;
while( i < 10 ){
i++;
}
Branching Statements
Branching statements allows us to redirect the flow of program execution.
Java offers
three branching statements: break, continue and return.
break statement
The break statement has two forms: unlabeled (we saw its unlabeled form in
the switch
statement) and labeled.
Unlabeled break statement

The unlabeled break terminates the enclosing switch statement, and flow of
control transfers to the statement immediately following the switch. You can
also use the unlabeled form of the break statement to terminate a for, while,
or do-while loop.
For example,
String names[] = {"Beah", "Bianca", "Lance", "Belle",
"Nico", "Yza", "Gem", "Ethan"};
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String searchName = "Yza";
boolean foundName = false;
for( int i=0; i< names.length; i++ ){
if( names[i].equals( searchName )){
foundName = true;
break;
}
}
if( foundName ){
System.out.println( searchName + " found!" );
}
else{
System.out.println( searchName + " not found." );
}
In this example, if the search string "Yza" is found, the for loop will stop and
flow of control transfers to the statement following the for loop.
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SELF CHECK 4.1-3

Program Problem Output
1. Write the following program then
draw the output on the Output
column:
public class Grade{

double grade = 92.0;
if( grade >= 90 ){
System.out.println( "Excellent!" );}
else if( (grade < 90) && (grade >= 80)){
System.out.println("Good job!" );}
System.out.println("Study harder!" );}
else{
System.out.println("Sorry, you failed.");}}}
2. Edit the Grade program then

rewrite the if-then-else statement
into switch statement.
3. When do we use conditional

statements?
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4. When do we use repetition
statements?
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Question Answer
1. Write the following program then
draw the output on the Output
column:
public class Grade{

double grade = 92.0; Excellent!
if( grade >= 90 ){
System.out.println( "Excellent!" );}
System.out.println("Good job!" );}
System.out.println("Study harder!" );}
else{
public class Grade{
int grade = 92;
switch(grade){
case 100:
System.out.println( "Excellent!" );
2. Edit the Grade program then break;
rewrite the if-then-else statement case 90:
into switch statement. System.out.println("Good job!" );
break;
case 80:
System.out.println("Study harder!" );
break;
default:
Conditional statements are used
when the program has to choose
3. When do you use conditional
between two or more possible
statements?
results based on the given
condition.
Repetition statements are used
4. When do you use repetition when 2 or more statements are
statements? performed repeatedly to minimize
time in writing the codes.
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OPERATION Program Control Structure
TITLE
PERFORMANCE Use decision control structures (if, else, switch)
OBJECTIVE which allows selection of specific sections of code
to be executed
Use repetition control structures (while, do-while,
for) which allow executing specific sections of
code a number of times

or Netbeans
PROCEDURE
Program 1
Step 1. Open your text editor
Step 2. Evaluate the given problem.
Step 3. Write the appropriate codes applying your knowledge in using
conditional statements.
Get three exam grades from the user and compute the
average of the grades. Output the average of the three exams.
Together with the average, also include a smiley face in the
output if the average is greater than or equal to 60, otherwise
output :-(.
Step 4. Check your codes.
Step 5. Run the program
Program 2
Step 1. Open your text editor
Step 2. Evaluate the given program.
Step 3. Write the appropriate codes applying your knowledge in using
repetition statements.
Create a program that prints your name a hundred times. Do
three versions of this program using a while loop, a do-while
loop and a for-loop.
Step 4. Check your codes.
Step 5. Run the program
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METHOD
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4.1-3 Name:
Date
Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO
The programs named variables according to its
use
Variables are classified using correct data types
Conditional statements were declared
appropriately
Repetition structure is used correctly
Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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JOB SHEET 4.1-3
Title Program Control Structure

Performance Objective Use decision control structures (if, else,
switch) which allows selection of specific
sections of code to be executed
Use repetition control structures (while, do-
while, for) which allow executing specific
sections of code a number of times
Supplies Reference Materials/Modules
Equipment Computer sets with installed Java compiler
or Netbeans
Steps/ Procedure:
Write a java program that will computer for the distance traveled and
the fare of a passenger.
1. Take note of the following:
a. Minimum fare for the first 3 kilometers is P8.00.
b. 50 cents per kilometer is added beyond 3 kilometers traveled.
c. Use integer value to identify location. The program will display
the location once the numeric representation of location and
distance is entered.
d. Compute first the distance from location to destination. Each
destination will be considered 1 kilometer away from each other.
e. Compute the fare based on the distance and from the given
rules.
f. The program must be able to detect errors such as an input that
is beyond 20.
g. Important variables to be declared are: location, destination,
distance, fare.
Numeric representation of destination are as follows.
1. Sinsayon 11. Ramos East

2. Dubinan West 12. Quezon
3. Dubinan East 13. Ipil
4. Victory Norte 14. Maligaya
5. Centro East 15. Soyung
6. Malvar 16. Cabugao
7. Villasis 17. San Fabian
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8. Mabini 18. Castillo
9. Batal 19. Victoria
10. Divisoria 20. Apanay
2. Reading of an integer input must follow this format beyond the

BufferedReader declaration of dataIn variable
<variable name> = <Datatype>.parse<shortened

Datatype>(<BuffferedReader variable name>.readLine);
location = Integer.parseInt(dataIn.readLine);
3. Verify that the result is as following
Location: 4 Location: 10 Location: 1

Destination: 10 Destination: 4 Destination: 2
Location: Victory Location: Divisoria Location: Sinsayon
Norte Destination: Victory Destination: Apanay
Destination: Norte
Distance: 19
Divisoria
Distance: 6 Fare: Php 16.00
Distance: 6 Fare: Php 9.50
Fare: Php 9.50
Assessment Method:
Demonstration with questioning , Performance Criteria checklist
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PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST
JOB SHEET 4.1-3
4.1-3 Name:
Date
CRITERIA Response
Did you
YES NO
declare a minimum fare of P8.00 for the first 3
kilometers?
use integer value to identify location and
destination?
write the program in such a way that the
program can detect errors such as an input that
is beyond 20?
declare the variables according to its use?
Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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WRITTEN TEST 4.1-3
Trainees Name:
Date:
QUESTION ANSWER
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the correct answer then write
your answer on the column for answers.
Java statements that check an expression
then may or may not execute a statement or
group of statements.
a. Conditional Statement
b. Iterative Statement
c. Begin Statement
d. End Statement
This control statement executes the block of
code if the comparison test is true.
a. if statement
b. if-else statement
c. if-else-if statement
d. switch-case statement
This control statement executes either true
or false statement depending on the result
of the comparison test.
a. if statement
This control statement can compare at least
two conditions and executes only one
statement.
a. if statement
This control statement allows the program
to choose among a series of actions based
on the value of an expression.
a. if statement
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QUESTION ANSWER
TRUE OR FALSE: Examine the following statements. Write TRUE if the

statement is true or write FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write
Programming constructs are different in
every programming language
System requirements are different in every
programming langauge
An if statement display a false statement.
Switch-case is a multiple-branch decision
statement.
Nested if is sometimes referred to as an if
within an if
QUESTION ANSWER
ESSAY: Answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge.

Write your answer on the column for answers.
Define structured programming

language.
Why do you think modular

programming is called that way?
What is the systems and
programming requirements and
standards that you know?
Can you apply the Systems
Analysis and Design steps as
basis for systems and
programming requirements?
What stage of Systems Analysis
do you conduct requirements
definition?
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Write an example of iterative
statement syntax?
Write the syntax for a switch-

case statement/expression used
in sequence selection.
The trainees total score was:
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WRITTEN TEST 4.1-3 ANSWER KEY
QUESTION ANSWER
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the correct answer then write
Java statements that check an
expression then may or may not
execute a statement or group of
statements. a
e. Conditional Statement
f. Iterative Statement
g. Begin Statement
h. End Statement
This control statement executes the
block of code if the comparison test
is true.
e. if statement a
f. if-else statement
g. if-else-if statement
h. switch-case statement
This control statement executes
either true or false statement
depending on the result of the
comparison test. b
e. if statement
This control statement can
compare at least two conditions
and executes only one statement.
e. if statement c
This control statement allows the
program to choose among a series
of actions based on the value of an
expression. d
e. if statement
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QUESTION ANSWER
TRUE OR FALSE: Examine the following statements. Write TRUE if the

statement is true or write FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write
Programming constructs are
different in every programming True
language
System requirements are different False
in every programming langauge
True/False: Switch-case is a
multiple-branch decision True
statement.
True/False: An if statement display False
a false statement.
True/False: Nested if is sometimes True
referred to as an if within an if
QUESTION ANSWER
ESSAY: Answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge.

Write your answer on the column for answers.
Structured programming is a
Define structured programming programming style where parts of
language. a big program are divided into
modules.
Because programs are divided
Why do you think modular into different modules however all
programming is called that way? connected into only one main
function
What is the systems and It follows the Systems Analysis
programming requirements and and Design Stages
standards that you know?
Can you apply the Systems
Analysis and Design steps as basis Yes
for systems and programming
requirements?
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What stage of Systems Analysis do
you conduct requirements Analysis
definition?
initialization;
switch (condition)
{
Write the syntax for a switch-case
statement/expression used in case expression: statement;
sequence selection. case expression: statement;
default statement;
}
for (initialization; condition;

increment/decrement)
Write an example of iterative
statement syntax? {
}
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Topic: Algorithm
Objectives
Use basic programming constructs algorithms based on the
standard of Java Programming Language
Use flowchart
Lesson Proper:
The Program Development Life Cycle
Programmers do not sit down and start writing code right away when trying
to make a computer program. Instead, they follow an organized plan or
methodology, that breaks the process into a series of tasks.
Here are the basic steps in trying to solve a problem on the computer:
1. Problem Definition
2. Problem Analysis
3. Algorithm design and representation (Pseudocode or flowchart)
4. Coding and debugging
In order to understand the basic steps in solving a problem on a computer,

let us define a single problem that we will solve step-by-step as we discuss
the problem solving methodologies in detail. The problem we will solve will
be defined in the next section.
Problem Definition
A programmer is usually given a task in the form of a problem. Before a
program can be designed to solve a particular problem, the problem must be
well and clearly defined first in terms of its input and output requirements.
A clearly defined problem is already half the solution. Computer

programming requires us to define the problem first before we even try to
create a solution.
Let us now define our example problem:
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Create a program that will determine the number of times a name occurs in
a list.
Problem Analysis
After the problem has been adequately defined, the simplest and yet the
most efficient and effective approach to solve the problem must be
formulated. Usually, this step involves breaking up the problem into smaller
and simpler subproblems.
Example Problem:
Determine the number of times a name occurs in a list
Input to the program:

list of names, name to look for
Output of the program:

the number of times the name occurs in a list
Algorithm design and representation

Once our problem is clearly defined, we can now set to finding a solution. In
computer programming, it is normally required to express our solution in a
step-by-step manner.
An Algorithm is a clear and unambiguous specification of the steps needed

to solve a problem. It may be expressed in either Human language (English,
Tagalog), through a graphical representation like a flowchart or through a
pseudocode, which is a cross between human language and a programming
language.
Now given the problem defined in the previous sections, how do we express
our general solution in such a way that it is simple yet understandable?
Expressing our solution through Human language:

1. Get the list of names
2. Get the name to look for, let's call this the keyname
3. Compare the keyname to each of the names in the list
4. If the keyname is the same with a name in the list, add 1 to the
count
5. If all the names have been compared, output the result
Expressing our solution through a flowchart:
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Flowcharting Symbols and their meanings
A flowchart is a design tool used to graphically represent the logic in a
solution. Flowcharts typically do not display programming language
commands. Rather, they state the concept in English or mathematical
notation.
Here are some guidelines for commonly used symbols in creating flowcharts.
You can use any symbols in creating your flowcharts, as long as you are
consistent in using them.
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Coding and Debugging
After constructing the algorithm, it is now possible to create the source
code. Using the algorithm as basis, the source code can now be written
using the chosen programming language.
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Most of the time, after the programmer has written the program, the
program isn't 100% working right away. The programmer has to add some
fixes to the program in case of errors (also called bugs) that occurs in the
program. This process of is called debugging.
There are two types of errors that a programmer will encounter along the
way. The first one is compile-time error, and the other is runtime error.
Compile-Time Errors occur if there is a syntax error in the code. The

compiler will detect the error and the program won't even compile. At this
point, the programmer is unable to form an executable that a user can run
until the error is fixed.
Forgetting a semi-colon at the end of a statement or misspelling a certain

command, for example, is a compile-time error. It's something the compiler
can detect as an error. Compilers aren't perfect and so can't catch all errors
at compile time. This is especially true for logic errors such as infinite loops.
This type of error is called runtime error.
For example, the actual syntax of the code looks okay. But when you follow
the code's logic, the same piece of code keeps executing over and over again
infinitely so that it loops. In such a case, compilers aren't really smart
enough to catch all of these types of errors at compile-time, and therefore,
the program compiles fine into an executable file.
However, and unfortunately, when the end-user runs the program, the
program (or even their whole computer) freezes up due to an infinite loop.
Other types of run-time errors are when an incorrect value is computed, the
wrong thing happens, etc.
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SELF CHECK 4.2-1

Question Answer
Given the following set of tasks, create an

algorithm (a flowchart) to accomplish the
following tasks.
1. Baking Bread
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Question Answer

algorithm (a flowchart) to accomplish the
following tasks.
1. Baking Bread
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OPERATION : Use basic programming constructs algorithms

TITLE
PERFORMANCE At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
OBJECTIVE Use basic programming constructs algorithms
based on the standard of Java Programming
Language
Use flowchart

or Netbeans
PROCEDURE
Given the following set of tasks, create an algorithm (a flowchart) to accomplish

the following tasks.
1. Get the average of three numbers
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Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO

Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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INFORMATION SHEET 4.2-2
Topic: Pseudo code
Objectives
Use basic programming constructs algorithms based on the
standard of Java Programming Language
Use pseudo code
Lesson Proper:
An Algorithm is a clear and unambiguous specification of the steps needed
to solve a problem. It may be expressed in either Human language (English,
Tagalog), through a graphical representation like a flowchart or through a
pseudocode, which is a cross between human language and a programming
language.
Now given the problem defined in the previous sections, how do we express
our general solution in such a way that it is simple yet understandable?
Expressing our solution through Human language:

1. Get the list of names
2. Get the name to look for, let's call this the keyname
3. Compare the keyname to each of the names in the list
4. If the keyname is the same with a name in the list, add 1 to the
count
5. If all the names have been compared, output the result
This example shows how pseudocode is written as comments in the source file. Note that the
double slashes are indented.
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public boolean moveRobot (Robot aRobot)
{
//IF robot has no obstacle in front THEN
// Call Move robot
// Add the move command to the command history
// RETURN true
//ELSE
// RETURN false without moving the robot
//END IF
}
Example Java Implementation
source code statements are interleaved with pseudocode.

comments that correspond exactly to source code are removed during coding.
public boolean moveRobot (Robot aRobot)

{
//IF robot has no obstacle in front THEN
if (aRobot.isFrontClear())
{
// Call Move robot
aRobot.move();
// Add the move command to the command history
cmdHistory.add(RobotAction.MOVE);
return true;
}
else // don't move the robot
{
return false;
}//END IF
}
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SELF CHECK 4.2-2
Question Answer

algorithm (a pseudo code) to accomplish
1. Baking Bread
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Question Answer
Pseudocode:
prepare all ingredients
pour all ingredients in mixing bowl
Given the following set of tasks, create an while batter not smooth yet
algorithm (a pseudo code) to accomplish mix ingredients
the following tasks. pour into bread pan
1. Baking Bread place inside oven
while bread not yet done
wait
remove from oven
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OPERATION Pseudo Code
TITLE
PERFORMANCE
Use basic programming constructs algorithms
OBJECTIVE
based on the standard of Java Programming
Language
Use pseudo code

or Netbeans
PROCEDURE
Given the following set of tasks, create an algorithm (a flowchart) to accomplish
1. Get the average of three numbers

METHOD
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Trainees Name:
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Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO

Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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Topic: Arrays
Objectives
Declare and create arrays
Access array elements
Determine the number of elements in an array
Declare and create multidimensional arrays
Lesson Proper:
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SELF CHECK 4.2-3
Question Answer
4.
5.
6.
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Question Answer
4.
5.
6.
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OPERATION
TITLE
PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVE

or Netbeans


METHOD
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Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO

Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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Topic: Binary Files
Objectives
Code and use standard sequential access algorithms for text
and binary files
Lesson Proper:
Numerical data transfers faster and more compactly in a raw binary format than as text
characters. Here we look at examples of writing numerical data to a binary file and reading
numerical data from a binary file.
Data transfers faster and more compactly in binary than as text characters. Here we look at
examples of writing numerical data to a binary file and reading numerical data from a file.
Writing to a Binary File
In the example program below called BinOutputFileApp, we first create some data arrays
with some arbitrary values. We then open a stream to a file with the binary
FileOutputStream class. We wrap this stream object with an instance of the
DataOutputStream class, which contains many useful methods for writing primitive types of
the writeX() form, where X indicates a primitive type.
We use the writeInt (int i) and the writeDouble (double d) methods, to write the
data to the file as pairs of int/double type values. In the next subsection below, we will
show next how to read the binary data from this file.
BinOutputFileApp.java
Resources: numerical.dat
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import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
/** Write a primitive type data array to a binary file.**/

public class BinOutputFileApp
{
public static void main (String arg[]) {
Random ran = new Random ();
// Create an integer array and a double array.

int [] i_data = new int[15];
double [] d_data = new double[15];
// and fill them
for (int i=0; i < i_data.length; i++) {
i_data[i] = i;
d_data[i] = ran.nextDouble () * 10.0;
}
File file = null;

// Get the output file name from the argument line.
if (arg.length > 0) file = new File (arg[0]);
// or use a default file name
if (file == null) {
System.out.println ("Default: numerical.dat");
file = new File ("numerical.dat");
}
// Now write the data array to the file.

try {
// Create an output stream to the file.
FileOutputStream file_output = new FileOutputStream (file);
// Wrap the FileOutputStream with a DataOutputStream
DataOutputStream data_out = new DataOutputStream (file_output);
// Write the data to the file in an integer/double pair

for (int i=0; i < i_data.length; i++) {
data_out.writeInt (i_data[i]);
data_out.writeDouble (d_data[i]);
}
// Close file when finished with it..
file_output.close ();
}
catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println ("IO exception = " + e );
}
} // main
} // class BinOutputFileApp
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Reading from a Binary File
In the example program BinInputFileApp, we read a binary file created by

BinOutputFileApp discussed above. We begin by first opening a stream to the file with a
FileInputStream object. Then we wrap this with a DataInputStream class to obtain the
many readX() methods, where X represents the name of a primitive data type as in
readInt() and readDouble(). The BinInputFileApp program reads pairs of integer and
double values.
Rather than test for the return of a -1 value as we did in the text input streams, we simply
continue to loop until the read method throws the EOFException. In the catch statement for
this exception you can carry out the final housekeeping chores before closing the file stream.
BinInputFileApp.java
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import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
/** Demonstrate reading primitive type values from a binary file. **/
public class BinInputFileApp
{
public static void main (String arg[]) {
File file = null;
int i_data = 0;
double d_data = 0.0;
// Get the file from the argument line.

if (arg.length > 0) file = new File (arg[0]);
if (file == null) {
System.out.println ("Default: numerical.dat");
file = new File ("numerical.dat");
}
try {
// Wrap the FileInputStream with a DataInputStream
FileInputStream file_input = new FileInputStream (file);
DataInputStream data_in = new DataInputStream (file_input );
while (true) {
try {
i_data = data_in.readInt ();
d_data = data_in.readDouble ();
}
catch (EOFException eof) {
System.out.println ("End of File");
break;
}
// Print out the integer, double data pairs.
System.out.printf ("%3d. Data = %8.3e %n", i_data, d_data );
}
data_in.close ();
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println ( "IO Exception =: " + e );
}
} // main
} // class BinInputApp
We illustrate the output and input of binary data by first running BinOutputFileApp to
produce the data file numerical.dat. We then run BinInputFileApp, which reads the file
numerical.dat and produces the following output on the console.
Your output will vary since BinOutputFileApp uses the Random class to generate random
values.
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Example
Default: numerical.dat
0. Data = 2.633e+00
1. Data = 7.455e+00
2. Data = 2.447e+00
3. Data = 7.046e+00
4. Data = 2.652e+00
5. Data = 5.120e+00
6. Data = 1.754e+00
7. Data = 7.489e+00
8. Data = 7.386e-01
9. Data = 6.036e+00
10. Data = 7.002e-01
11. Data = 9.625e+00
12. Data = 5.966e+00
13. Data = 8.535e+00
14. Data = 2.744e+00
End of File
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SELF CHECK 4.2-4
Question Answer
7.
8.
9.
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Question Answer
7.
8.
9.
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OPERATION
TITLE
PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVE

or Netbeans


METHOD
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Trainees Name:
Date
Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO

Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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Topic: Text File
Objectives
Use of language facilities to access databases based on the
standard of Java programming language
Lesson Proper:
A text file is a computer file that stores a typed document as a series of

alphanumeric characters, usually without visual formatting information.
The content may be a personal note or list, a journal or newspaper article, a
book, or any other text that can be rendered accurately in typewritten form.
Text files are similar to word processing files in that the content of both is
primarily textual; they differ in that text files usually do not record
information such as character style and size, pagination, or other details
that would specify the appearance of a finished document. Some computer
operating systems make a basic distinction between a text file, which is
intended to be translated directly into human-readable text, and a binary
file, which is interpreted directly by the computer.
In most of the schemes used for encoding text, each character is assigned a numeric value,
with the text then written as a string of binary numbers. One family of encoding schemes,
called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), became a widely-
used standard early in the history of computing, despite its poor support for languages other
than English. The ISO 8859 family of codes has provided much better support for languages
based on the Latin alphabet and similar alphabets, but has been unable to encode the
characters from East Asian languages like Japanese, leading to a proliferation of incompatible
standards.
More recently, the Unicode Consortium has been developing an encoding system called
Unicode that has the goal of assigning a unique number to every character used in every
language on earth. This will allow a single code to be used for every language, and allow
texts from multiple languages to appear in a single file. The first portion of Unicode is based
on ISO 8859, which is itself based on ASCII. Using Unicode can have advantages even in
English-speaking countries, as text encoded using older schemes may display minor
inconsistencies when moved from system to system.
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Advantages of text files include small size and versatility. Kilobytes or megabytes smaller
than the same data stored in other formats, they can be rapidly and massively exchanged via
email or disk. Most can be opened on computers running diverse operating systems, using
very basic software. The primary disadvantage is the lack of formatting. A text file may be a
poor choice for representing a document that contains images or that relies on design
elements to communicate its meaning a file containing tabular data, mathematical
formulas, or concrete poetry, for instance.
Text files are generally intended to be read and edited by humans, but not all of them contain
content that is primarily for human consumption. Most programming code is stored in a text
file prior to being compiled that is, translated into a machine-readable binary file. Files
may also contain machine-readable textual tags that give formatting information in addition
to plain text. For instance, a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) file can be opened as a
plain text file in a text editor, or display as a formatted web page after being interpreted by a
web browser. Similar schemes include LaTeX, used for laying out scientific papers, and
Extensible Markup Language (XML), used for structuring data.
Following are sample programs that demonstrates the use of Text Files
Read the contents of a file and place them in a string object.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileReader;
/**
*
* @author <a href="mailto:jvanzyl@apache.org">Jason van Zyl</a>
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* @author <a href="mailto:dlr@finemaltcoding.com">Daniel Rall</a>
* @version $Id: StringUtils.java 685685 2008-08-13 21:43:27Z nbubna $
*/
public class Main {
/**
* Read the contents of a file and place them in
* a string object.
*
* @param file path to file.
* @return String contents of the file.
*/
public static String fileContentsToString(String file)
{
String contents = "";
File f = null;
try
{
f = new File(file);
if (f.exists())
{
FileReader fr = null;
try
{
fr = new FileReader(f);
char[] template = new char[(int) f.length()];
fr.read(template);
contents = new String(template);
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally
{
if (fr != null)
{
fr.close();
}
}
}
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return contents;
}
}
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Dump a String to a text file with encoding.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
import java.io.Writer;
public class Main {
/**
* Dump a <code>String</code> to a text file.
*
* @param file The output file
* @param string The string to be dumped
* @param encoding The encoding for the output file or null for default p
latform encoding
* @exception IOException IO Error
*/
public static void serializeString(File file, String string, String encod
ing)
throws IOException {
final Writer fw =
(encoding == null)?
new FileWriter(file):
new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(file), encoding);
try {
fw.write(string);
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fw.flush();
} finally {
fw.close();
}
}
}
Load a text file contents as a String.
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
public class Main {
/**
* Load a text file contents as a <code>String<code>.
* This method does not perform enconding conversions
*
* @param file The input file
* @return The file contents as a <code>String</code>
* @exception IOException IO Error
*/
public static String deserializeString(File file)
throws IOException {
int len;
char[] chr = new char[4096];
final StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
final FileReader reader = new FileReader(file);
try {
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while ((len = reader.read(chr)) > 0) {
buffer.append(chr, 0, len);
}
} finally {
reader.close();
}
return buffer.toString();
}
This short piece of code demonstrates how to write a text file in Java. The
PrinterWriter class contains a number of methods for outputting text to a
file. The FileWriter class is a convenience class for writing to a text file. It
uses the default code page for the operating environment your virtual
machine is running in. If you need to specify a specific code page, then you
must use the OutputStreamWriter class instead.
1:/** Simple Program to write a text file
2:*/
3:
4:import java.io.*;
5:
6:public class WriteText{
7: public static void main(String[] args){
8: try {
9: FileWriter outFile = new FileWriter(args[0]);
10: PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(outFile);
11:
12: // Also could be written as follows on one line
13: // Printwriter out = new PrintWriter(new
FileWriter(args[0]));
14:
15: // Write text to file
16: out.println("This is line 1");
17: out.println("This is line 2");
18: out.print("This is line3 part 1, ");
19: out.println("this is line 3 part 2");
20: out.close();
21: } catch (IOException e){
22: e.printStackTrace();
23: }
24: }
25:}
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Question Answer
10.
11.
12.
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Question Answer
10.
11.
12.
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OPERATION
TITLE
PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVE

or Netbeans


METHOD
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Trainees Name:
Date
Satisfactory
CRITERIA Response
YES NO

Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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JOB SHEET 4.2-5
Title
Performance Objective
Supplies
Equipment
Steps/ Procedure:
Procedure in Bed Make Up
Assessment Method:
Demonstration with questioning , Performance Criteria checklist
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PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST
JOB SHEET 4.2-5
Name:
Date
CRITERIA Response
Did you
YES NO

Satisfactory
Not Satisfactory
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COMPETENCY - BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Unit of Competency : Apply Programming Skills in a Second Language

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

Date Document No.

Welcome to the module APPLYING PROGRAMMING SKILLS IN A

Date Document No.

NO UNIT OF COMPETENCIES MODULE TITLE CODE

Date Document No.

Unit of Competency : Apply Programming Skills in a Second Language

Module Title: Applying Programming Skills in a Second Language

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module defines the competency required to

NOMINAL DURATION: 42 hours

Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:

LO1. Apply basic language syntax and layout

Date Document No.

1. Observed basic language syntax rules and best practice based on

2. Used language data types, operators and expressions based on the

3. Used appropriate language syntax for sequence, selection and

1. Used basic programming constructs algorithms based on the

2. Demonstrated ability to create sequential search, insertion and

4. Used of SQL language facilities to access databases based on the

Date Document No.

Date Document No.

11. Perform operation sheet Evaluate your work if it performed

Date Document No.

Topic: Semantics and Syntax

Dissecting my first Java program

public class Hello

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So, we could actually write our code as:

The next three lines indicate a Java comment. A comment is something

A comment is indicated by the delimiters /* and */. Anything within

The next line,

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Java supports three types of comments: C++-style single line comments, C-

Special Javadoc Comments

Java Statements and blocks

A block is one or more statements bounded by an opening and closing curly

For decimal numbers, we have no special notations. We just write a decimal

To use a character literal, enclose the character in single quote delimiters.

To use special characters such as a newline character, a backslash is used

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Direction: Answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge.

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OPERATION : Apply basic language syntax and layout

EQUIPMENT : 1 complete computer set installed with Java SDK

Using Text Editor and Console

Step 1: Start the Text Editor

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During compilation, javac adds a file to the disk called

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Now, try to modify the code generated by NetBeans.

PRECAUTIONS : Take note that Compilers are case sensitive. Do not

ASSESSMENT Performance Check

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Topic: Elements of Programming

Develop a simple valid Java program using the concepts of

Integral byte, short, int & long

Floating Point float and double

Outputting Variable Data

System.out.println() vs. System.out.print()