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INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE EVOLUTION OF EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT DESIGN
IS 1893 PHILOSOPHY OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
V
? Lack of Knowledge
on Earthquake
Yogendra Singh, Professor & Head Demand and Building
Capacity
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Vdes Linear Elastic

Building Response

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STAGE - 2
4

EVOLUTION OF EARTHQUAKE
WHAT IS EARTHQUAKE ? RESISTANT DESIGN

V Elastic Forces
Reduced for
Design by R

Inelastic
Vdes
Response

yield max

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EVOLUTION OF EARTHQUAKE EVOLUTION OF EARTHQUAKE

RESISTANT DESIGN RESISTANT DESIGN

Demand Reduced
S Based on Inelastic
Capacityof building

Performance Point

des
Sd
STAGE - 1
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SEISMIC HAZARD WHICH

EARTHQUAKE TO DESIGN FOR ? RESPONSE SPECTRUM

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EARTHQUAKE PARAMETERS RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Magnitude: Indicator of total energy

released during the rupture
most popular scale is Richter Scale

Intensity: Indicator of the severity of

ground shaking at a site
most popular scales are MMI & MSK

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DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA

GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS

DAMAGE POTENTIAL DEPENDS ON:

Amplitude of ground motion
PGA, PGV, PGD

Frequency content
Duration of earthquake
These parameters depend on magnitude, source
characteristics, path characteristics and local site
conditions
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UNIFORM HAZARD SPECTRUM SEISMIC ZONATION

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PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
PSHA contour maps for India (NDMA 2011)
Contour maps based on PSHA for
various return periods TR and spectral
acceleration values (PGA, Sa)
DESIGN BASIS EARTHQUAKE (DBE):
10% Probability of exceedance in 50 years.
Average return period of 475 years.
TR PGA Sa (0.5s) Sa (1.25s)
475 a
MAXIMUM CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE (MCE):
2,475 a
2% Probability of exceedance in 50 years. 4,975 a
Average return period of 2,500 years. 9,950 a
Considered as the theoretical limit.
TR * PGA Sa (0.2s) Sa (1.0s)

ZMCE = 2 X ZDBE
2,475 a
* as provided in IBC (2% in 50 years)
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SEISMIC MICROZONATION
SEISMIC ZONATION DELHI
MICROZONATION
REPORT
Seismic Microzonation
For a city or small region, taking into account the
local variation in ground shaking level, due to
variation in topography and geotechnical
conditions

Seismic Macrozonation
Based on average value of ground shaking level
for a larger region seismic zone

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SITE SPECIFIC SPECTRA

IMPORTANCE OF DUCTILITY IN
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN

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RISK TARGETED HAZARD MCER

ROLE OF DUCTILITY

FE
Seismic Force

m
R
Y

Elastic

FY

Ductile
Y m
Displacement
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DUCTILITY ROLE OF DUCTILITY

Effective Elastic Limit Ductility results in the reduction of

Actual Resistance
effective earthquake forces on the
structure.
ry
Actual Yield
Point Effective Yield
For long period systems : Equal
Resistance

Level
Useful Limit of
displacement principle:
Displacement
Reduction factor = ductility ratio
um= uy
R
O uy Displacement um
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ROLE OF DUCTILITY RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

8. Ordinary RC shear walls : 3.0
FE 2 9. Ductile shear walls : 4.0
(R+1)
Seismic Force

m
Y 2 10. Ordinary shear walls
with OMRF : 3.0
Elastic
11. Ordinary shear walls
Ductile
with SMRF : 4.0
12. Ductile shear walls
FY with OMRF : 4.5
13. Ductile shear walls
with SMRF : 5.0
Y m
Displacement
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ROLE OF DUCTILITY

For short period systems : Equal

energy principle MAJOR CHANGES IN
Reduction factor is less than the IS 1893 (2006)
ductility ratio

R 2 1
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RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR
1. Ordinary RC Moment resisting frames : 3.0
2. Special RC moment resistant frames : 5.0
3. Steel frames with concentric braces : 4.0
4. Steel frames with eccentric braces : 5.0
5. Un-reinforced masonry buildings : 1.5
RESPONSE SPECTRUM
The response spectra starts with constant acceleration plateau for
0<T<0.1 sec also; earlier it was defined as linear function with
respect to period of vibration.
The velocity controlled range of the design response spectra has
been increased up to a period of vibration of 6.0 sec; earlier this
limit was up to 4.0 sec.

6. Masonry buildings with horizontal Similar to NZS code which suggest plateau for short-periods in cases
RC Bands : 2.5 where static method is applied.
7. Masonry buildings with horizontal
RC Bands and vertical reinforcement : 3.0

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM MINIMUM DESIGN BASE SHEAR

The minimum design base shear as a predefined percentage of the

building weight has been introduced as design criteria. This is
dependent on seismic zone.

Seismic Zone % of seismic weight of the

building
II 0.7
III 1.1
IV 1.6
V 2.4

ASCE 7 also provides an expression for Cs to calculate minimum

design base shear Cs > 0.044SdsI > 0.01.

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM LOAD COMBINATIONS

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PERIOD OF VIBRATION FOR BUILDINGS

VERTICAL COMPONENT
WITH STRUCTURAL WALLS

This formulae has been adopted from EN 1998.

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IMPORTANCE FACTOR

5/12/2017 SYMMETRY OF PLAN

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RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

38 Pounding

PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT

DESIGN

Reduced mass

Symmetry and regularity

Strength & over-strength

Ductility

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Pounding
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EFFECT OF MASONRY INFILLS

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Pounding

DRIFT LIMITS IS 1893 (2016)

Drift at design load
0.4%
Gap between adjacent buildings/building
components
If the floors are at different levels
S=R1d1+R2d2
If the floors are at the same level
S=(R1d1+R2d2)/2

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Strut action of Infills

DRIFT LIMITS EC8

for buildings having non-structural
elements of brittle materials attached to
the structure:
dr 0.005 h
for buildings having ductile non-
structural elements:
dr 0.0075 h
without non-structural elements:
dr 0.010 h
= 0.4 for importance classes III and IV and = 0.5 for importance
classes I and II.
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Strut action of Infills
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IRREGULARITY IN ELEVATION URM Infills

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RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH URM INFILLS

In RC buildings with URM infills, variation of story stiffness and

strength should be investigated along the height of the building
considering in-plane strength and stiffness of infill walls. If it results
in irregularity it should be corrected in Zones III, IV and V.

Modelling guidelines for URM infills has been included.

Equivalent diagonal strut model should be used for modelling of

URM infill walls. Ends of diagonal strut should be considered pin-
jointed.

Failure of URM Infills

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RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH URM INFILLS

URM Infills

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RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH URM INFILLS BUILDINGS WITH OPEN GROUND STOREY

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BUILDINGS WITH OPEN GROUND STOREY TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY

A building is said to be torsionally irregular if maximum

displacement of any floor in the direction of lateral force at one end
is more than 1.5 times its horizontal displacement at the far end in
that direction.

ASCE 7 defines torsional irregularity in terms to the ratio of the

maximum inter-storey drift to average inter-storey drift. If it exceeds
1.20 or 1.40, the building is said to have torsional irregularity or
extreme torsional irregularity, respectively.

EN 1998 defines torsional irregularity in terms of ratio of static

eccentricity to torsional radius. As per EN 1998 torsional irregularity
is said to exist when e/r exceeds 0.30.

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BUILDINGS WITH OPEN GROUND STOREY TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY

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TORSIONAL FLEXIBILITY

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COUPLING IN ORTHOGONAL
DIRECTIONS

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Thank You !

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