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A Case Study On
GOITER
SUBMITTED TO:
SUBMITTED BY:
I. INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
A. Background of the study------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
B. Significance of the study ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
C. Relevance of the study ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
V. GENOGRAM --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Goiter is a swelling of the neck or larynx resulting from enlargement of the thyroid
gland (thyromegaly), associated with a thyroid gland that is not functioning properly.
The degree of swelling, and the severity of symptoms produced by the goiter depend
on the individual. Some cases involve a small amount of swelling, and others can
involve considerable swelling that actually constricts the trachea and causes
breathing problems.
Worldwide, the most common cause for goiter is deficiency, The prevalence
of goiter in areas of severe iodine deficiency can be as high as 80%. Populations at
particular risk tend to be remote and live in mountainous areas in South-East Asia,
Latin America and Central Africa. Iodization programs are of proven value in
reducing goiter size and in preventing goiter development and cretinism in children.
Autonomy can develop in nodular goiters leading occasionally to thyrotoxicosis and
iodization programs can also induce thyrotoxicosis, especially in those aged >40
years with nodular goiters
We had found this case to be interesting and challenging on our part as student
nurses since its our first time to encounter it. And we were able to relate to it since
its one of the most common diseases that affect the thyroid gland In the Philippines,
Based on the studies of urinary iodine levels conducted by the Department of
Health, most goiter cases are found in the mountainous provinces and other remote
areas of the country. The Food and Nutrition Research Institute performed a
nutritional survey in 1998 to assess the extent of iodine deficiency among 10,616
school children aged six to 12 years. It was discovered that the country as a whole
had mild iodine deficiency.
II. OBJECTIVES
A. General objectives
B. Specific objectives
Name: Pie
Sex: Female
Age: 39
Status: Married
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Pentecostal
Occupation: Cashier
Persistent symptoms prompted the patient to seek medical assistance and was advised
for ultrasound at January, 2016 which showed 9.6 cm mass at left thyroid.
Last month prior to admission patient has 1 episode of epistaxis and meds was given
(unrecalled name).
Patient was advised by Doc Pen for surgery on 27 October, 2016 and was advised not
to take any supplement meds for 10 days.
Patient had no recent weight loss, (-) hoarseness, decrease in appetite or any other
associated symptoms.
Patient was brought to our institute for scheduling the surgery and for further evaluation
and management.
V. GENOGRAM
40 MI 37 31 25 47 DM 45 40 HTN 36
Cousin
Cousin Cousin
78
78 78
Sister Brother
Cousin
The
78 Cousin
78 patient 78 Cousin
78
45 SMKR 78
Brother Sister
Cousin DM HTN
78 78
78
Cousin
78
78 78 78 Male female
Deceased
VI. GENERAL ASSESSMENT
Past history:
(-) smoking
(-) alcoholic and beverage drinks
No noted hospitalizations in the past.
Health Care Provider:
DOCTOR
Final Diagnosis:
GOITER
General Appearance:
conscious
coherent
Level of sensorium:
cooperative
EENT:
- Anicteric Sclerae
Breast:
-Non tender
Lungs:
-CBS, equal chest expansion
VII. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES AND TASKS
Orientation- client seeks help and the nurse assists the client to understand the
problem and the extent of the need for help.
Identification- the client assumes a posture of dependence, interdependence, or
independence in relation to the nurse (relatedness). The nurses focus is to
assure the person that the nurse understands the interpersonal meaning of the
clients situation.
Exploitation- the client derives full value from what the nurse offers through the
relationship. The client uses available services based on self-interest and needs.
Power shifts from the nurse to the client.
Resolution- in the final phase, old needs and goals are put aside and new ones
adopted. Once older needs are resolved, newer and more mature ones emerge
Nursing intervention related to human care originally referred to as curative factors have
now been translated into clinical caritas processes.
The physiological mode involves the body basic physiological needs and ways of
adapting with regard to fluids and electrolytes, activity and rest, circulation and
oxygen, nutrition and elimination, protection, the senses and neurological and
endocrine function.
The self-concept mode includes two components: physical self, which involves
sensation and body image, and the personal self, which involves self-ideal, self-
consistency, and the moral-ethical self.
The role function mode is determined by the need for social integrity and refers to
the performance of duties based on given position within society.
The interdependence mode involves ones relations with significant others and
support systems that provide help, affection and attention.
IX. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones,
chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs.
These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical
processes of the body), and sexual development and function. The hormones are
released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organs throughout the
body.
Hormones are chemical messengers created by the body. They transfer information
from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of different parts of the body.
The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes).
The pancreas is also a part of this system; it has a role in hormone production as well
as in digestion.
The endocrine system is regulated by feedback in much the same way that a thermostat
regulates the temperature in a room. For the hormones that are regulated by the
pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the form
of a "releasing hormone," which stimulates the pituitary to secrete a "stimulating
hormone" into the circulation. The stimulating hormone then signals the target gland to
secrete its hormone. As the level of this hormone rises in the circulation, the
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut down secretion of the releasing hormone and
the stimulating hormone, which in turn slows the secretion by the target gland. This
system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the
pituitary gland.
The thyroid gland lies in the neck, in front of the upper part of the trachea. Two types of
hormones are produced, which are the iodine containing hormones;
triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid hormones regulate the basal
metabolic rate and are important in the regulation of growth of tissues, particularly
nervous tissue. Release stimulated by TSH from the pituitary. The second type of
hormone produced from the thyroid gland is calcitonin, which regulates blood calcium
levels along with parathyroid hormone and acts to reduce blood calcium by inhibiting its
removal from bone.
T3 and T4 have effects on all body systems and at all stages of life. These include:
Development where thyroid hormones are vital during the fetal period and the first few
months after birth.
Thyroid hormones also promote growth as they enhance amino acid uptake by tissues
and enzymatic systems involved in protein synthesis thus promoting bone growth.
They also help with metabolic actions such as carbohydrate metabolism, as thyroid
hormones stimulate glucose uptake, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis.
In fat metabolism they mobilize lipids from adipose stores and accelerate oxidation of
lipids to produce energy (occurs within mitochondria), as well as increasing the size and
number of mitochondria.
Thyroid hormones also increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) in all tissues except brain,
spleen and gonads. The results in increased heat production, increased oxygen
consumption. This increased metabolic rate also results in increased utilization of
energy substrates causing weight loss.
Some of thyroid hormones cardiovascular actions are to increase cardiac output, heart
rate and contractility. They affect the respiratory system indirectly through increased
BMR causing increased demand for oxygen and increased excretion of carbon dioxide.
In the nervous system thyroid hormones are required for myelination of neurons during
the development. They also enhance the sympathetic nervous system (by increasing
epinephrine receptors).
Hormones: Are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which
carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions.
Thyroxine (T4): The main hormone produced by the thyroid gland, acting to increase
metabolic rate and so regulating growth and development.
Gluconeogenesis: The production of glucose, especially in the liver, from amino acids,
fats, and other substances that are not carbohydrates.
XI. ETIOLOGY
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
If Present Rationale
PRECIPITATING FACTORS
Iodine deficiency is the major cause of goiter worldwide,
Iodine
but this is rarely a cause in more economically developed
deficiency
countries that add iodine to salt.
absorption.
Predisposing Precipitating
Factors: Factors:
Positive Negative
symptoms: symptoms:
- Associative - Alogia
looseness - Blunt affect
- Hallucinations - Apathy
- delusions
If treated: If not treated:
Death
Good prognosis
XIII. SYMPTOMATOLOGY
If Present Rationale
Difficulty in
Swallowing
Thyroid growing around the esophagus is making it
difficult to swallow
A tight feeling in
your throat
This is caused by a swollen thyroid gland that compresses
the walls of the throat
Mean
corpuscular Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is..
26-34
hemoglobin Normal MCH indiactes
(MCH)
Monocytes are..
Monocyte 5% 3-9
Normal monocyte count indicates.
Eosinophils are.
Eosinophil 3% 2-8 Normal eosinophil count indicates
Basophils are
Basophil 0% 0 - 0.5 Normal basophil count indicates..
URINALYSIS 2/23/2017
Chemical Analysis
Urine Flowcytometry
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT:
Adverse Effects: Large doses may aggravate existing GI tract disease (peptic ulcer,
regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis). Severe iron poisoning occurs most often in children,
manifested as vomiting, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, dehydration, followed by
hyperventilation, pallor, cyanosis, cardiovascular collapse.
Nursing Considerations:
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:
Thyroidectomy:
XVI. NURSING CARE PLAN
Subjective: Acute Pain r/t At the end 1. Established rapport. Goal met
injuring of 8 hour Rationale: To get patients cooperation. as
Dili kayo agents shift, evidenced
kokasturya (Surgical patient 2. Monitored VS. by
kay sakit pa incision) will: Rationale: To have baseline data. decreased
as verbalized secondary to pain scale
by the thyroidectomy - report 3. Noted location of surgical procedures. from 6/10
patient decreased Rationale: As this can influence the to 1/10
pain scale amount of postoperative pain
Objective: Rationale: from 5/10 experienced.
Acute pain is to 2/10
- (+) Facial generally 4.Assessed for referred pain, as
grimace. accepted as - (-) facial appropriate
being of grimace Rationale: To help determine possibility
- Pain scale recent onset of underlying condition or organ
of 5/10 and limited dysfunction requiring treatment.
short
VS taken as duration. It 5. Accepted clients description of pain.
follows. usually has a Rationale: Pain is a subjective
T: 36.7 temporal experience and cannot be felt by others.
PR: 87 (follows
RR: 20 immediately 6. Observed non-verbal cues and pain
BP: 120/80 after behaviors and other objective defining, as
surgery/traum noted.
a) and causal Rationale: Observations may not be
(has a known congruent with verbal reports or may be
cause) only indicator present when client is
relationship unable to verbalize.
to injury or
disease. 7.Provided comfort measures
Rationale: To promote non
(medical pharmacological pain management.
surgical
nursing book, 8. Instructed in and encourage case of
brunner and relaxation techniques.
suddarth 13th Rationale: To distract attention and
edition). reduce tension.
1. Instructed the client to take a bath and wear clean clothing everyday
R: To maintain a good hygiene and be well groomed
2. Encouraged client to wash hands before and after meals
R: To prevent acquiring disease and maintain proper hygiene
3. Advise to trim finger and toe nails
Hygiene
R: To maintain cleanliness and accumulation of microorganisms
4. Encouraged to maintain good oral hygiene by frequently brushing
and flossing teeth.
R: To prevent bad breath and tooth decay
General prognosis
The general prognosis is good, this means that patient pie condition can be alleviated,
with the cooperation and strict compliance of the therapeutic orders made by the doctor,
with the support groups of the family, the patient can adapt to the changes in her body
image after her surgery and look at the surgical site without feelings of remorse or
sadness.
Goiter in general can range from mild to moderate in severity, A simple goiter may
disappear on its own, or may become larger. Over time, the thyroid gland may stop
In some cases, a goiter becomes toxic and produces thyroid hormone on its own. This
After the surgery, patient pies condition seemed to have improved greatly and the
Results:
Bad: 0
Fair: 2
Good: 4
Criteria Bad Fair Good Justification
4. Precipitating factors
(eg. Environment, family, The patient has been subjected to
lifestyle, health and
precipitating factors
sanitary practices)
As nurses, our vital role is to provide health care and deliver services in the
hospital to improve the health status of each individual. This nursing care study is
important for us because it in enables to give the proper health teaching to our chosen
client.
We recommended this case to the following persons and institution for the further
improvement of the study.
TO THE FAMILY:
This study for the family of our patient to follow the treatment prescribed such as
to take the medications as on time and right dosage and other recommended measures
by the physicians, encourage having adequate rest to hasten the recovery of the
patient. Through the adherence of fulfillment of the suitable medical management, for
the fast recovery of the patient.
TO THE STUDENT:
We recommended this study for the students as a reference for the future cases,
in order to have some based line data to refer.