For Nov.

27, 2018
Abdomen 1 Anterior abdominal wall, Inguinal region
Abdominal cavity, Peritoneum, Peritoneal cavity
Digestive System 1 Generalities of the Digestive System

Materials and Resources

Anatomical Chart of the Digestive System
Articulated bones of the trunk
Models of the head and neck and torso
Models of the abdomen and pelvis
Cadavers
Laboratory Guide
Dissecting instruments
Gross Anatomy Textbooks
Gross Anatomy Atlases
Laboratory Technician

Mechanics
I. Study of chart of the Digestive System
Study the digestive system in Anatomical Chart
Identify the parts/organs of the digestive tract
Identify the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine.

II. Study of Models

Parts of the digestive system in models.
Identify the oral cavity
Divisions oral vestibule, oral cavity proper

Identify the palate hard and soft palate. Identify the tongue.

Identify the major salivary glands parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

Identify the pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

Identify the features of the nasopharynx eustachean tube, torus tubarius,

pharyngeal tonsil

Identify the features of the oropharynx palatoglossal fold/arch,

palatopharyngeal arch/fold; palatine tonsils, lingual tonsil

Identify the features of the laryngopharynx behind the larynx, inferior

continuation is the esophagus.
 Identify the esophagus cervical part, thoracic part, esophageal hiatus of the
diaphragm, abdominal part of esophagus.

Identify the stomach and it major parts fundus body and pyloric region, lesser
curvature and greater curvature; cardiac notch and angular notch

Identify the small intestine and its divisions/segments duodenum, jejunum and
ileum.

Identify the large intestine and its divisions/segments cecum and appendix,
colon (ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid), rectum, anal canal and anus.

Identify the accessory glands in the abdomen liver and biliary apparatus and
pancreas.

Identify the components of the biliary apparatus hepatic ducts, gallbladder and
cystic duct, common bile duct.

Identify the parts of the pancreas head, body and tail.

III. Dissection
Observe the shape of the abdomen of your cadaver flat? Scaphoid? Or
globular?

Identify the landmarks of the anterior abdominal wall.Costal arch/margin,

subcostal angle, umbilicus, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine and pubis.

Using chalk, divide the anterior abdominal wall into 4 quadrants and into 9 regions.

Make a vertical skin incision along the midline of the anterior abdominal wall
starting from the costal angle above to the symphysis pubis below and from here,
make a horizontal skin incision (on both sides) as far laterally as the junction
between thigh and abdomen (the inguinal region).

From the costal angle, make a curvilinear skin incision along the costal margin as
far laterally as the level/plane of the mid-axillary line.

Do a blunt dissection to separate the skin from the underlying superficial fascia
from medial to the lateral aspect of the abdomen from the costal margin to the
inguinal region.

Do this on both sides. Observe the superficial fascia. Identify the superficial fatty
layer, the Campers fascia and the deeper membranous layer, the Scarpas fascia.
 Find the superficial veins in the superficial fascia superficial epigastric vein
inferiorly and lateral thoracic vein superiorly (thoracoepigastric vein).

Clear off the superficial fascia. Identify the anterior layer of the rectus sheath.
Identify the linea alba.

Identify the external oblique abdominis muscle. Observe the direction of

muscular fibers that end in an aponeurosis. This aponeurosis inserts chiefly into the
linea alba.

Do this only on one side. Just lateral to the termination of the muscular fibers of
external oblique, make a vertical incision (not too deep as it may cut the next
muscle) of about 3 inches.

Then from the upper and lower ends of this incision, make a horizontal incision
of about 3 inches. Carefully separate from the underlying internal oblique muscle
and reflect laterally.

Observe the direction of fibers of the internal oblique. Make the same incision
on the internal oblique as done in external oblique.

Separate from the underlying transversus abdominis muscle. Observe the

direction of fibers of the transversus abdominis.

Expose the rectus abdominis muscle. Make a horizontal incision along the
subcostal plane cutting the anterior layer of the rectus sheath.

Make a paramedian incision (an inch from the midline) on the anterior layer of
the rectus sheath from the level of the subcostal plane above to the horizontal
incision done below.

Carefully reflect the cut rectus sheath medially and laterally which is adherent
along the tendinous intersections. Detach/separate the whole rectus abdominis (on
one side only) from its underlying posterior rectus sheath

Cut across the belly of the rectus abdominis at the level just above the level of
the umbilicus.

Pull the cut rectus abdominis upward and downward. Identify the superior
epigastric and inferior vessels on the under surface of the rectus abdominis.

Identify the lower end of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath marked by a
curved line, the arcuate line. This is the landmark where inferior epigastric vessels
enter the rectus sheath.
 Exposure of the abdominal viscera. Do on both sides.
Cut the whole thickness of the anterior abdominal wall along the costal margin
from the costal angle (xiphisternal joint) to the plane of mid-axillary line laterally.
Then extend the incision on the lateral abdominal wall down to the iliac crest.

From the upper border of the iliac crest make a short incision medial ward to the
front of the anterior superior iliac spine.

Extend the incision downward to the point midway between the anterior
superior iliac spine and pubis.

Identify the inguinal ligament. Locate the superficial inguinal ring. Expose the
spermatic cord.

Pull the cut anterior abdominal wall downward. Examine the internal surface of
the anterior abdominal wall.

Identify the parietal peritoneum. Identify the cut ligamentum teres superiorly
that ends in the umbilicus.

Umbilical ligaments and folds

Identify the umbilical ligaments covered by the umbilical folds of the
peritoneum.

The median umbilical ligament. It is unpaired. It extends vertically upward to the

umbilicus from the apex of the urinary bladder below. It is the vestige/remnant of
the urachus. It is covered by the median umbilical fold of peritoneum.

The lateral umbilical ligaments. Paired ligaments that also begins in the pelvic
cavity as the distal but obliterated continuation of the umbilical arteries from the
internal iliac arteries. They are covered by the median umbilical folds of peritoneum.

The lateral umbilical folds. Paired peritoneal folds covering the inferior epigastric
vessels.