Section 3

Q.Canal water dispute was the most important initial problem faced by Pakistan from 1947-48.Do you agree or
disagree?Explain your answer.
Pakistan faced many problems after partition.Among them was canal water dispute.
Pakistan was a fertile land but had dry climate with low rainfall and thus depended on irrigation for
watering its crops.Irrigation was done by a network of rivers and canals which were controlled by a series of
headworks.However,these headworks were located in India after partition.India often interfered with water
supply from their headworks which went into Pakistan which had a negative effect on Pakistan,s agriculture and
economy.
Pakistan also faced geographical problems after partition.Pakistan was divided into two wings:East and west
Pakistan which were separated from each other by thousands of kilometers.Even though the people in these
lands were Muslims they had a lot of cultural differences and little else in common.
Pakistan also faced political problems.It lacked a proper government and administration system.There was
also a lack of office equipment,political officials and government departments.It was difficult to govern east and
west Pakistan as a single country.Political officials were few and there was lack of experience,
There were also many economic problems.Pakistan was a poor country with little industry and a short
population.Most of the areas were undeveloped as they were not linked with Central India where most of the
industrialization had taken place.Pakistan mainly depended on agriculture for supporting its economy but it was
not enough to fulfill the needs of the country itself.
Pakistan also faced social problems.The population was made up of different kinds of people who had many
differences from each other except their religion.These differences made it difficult for these people to get along
with each other.It was also a reason why most of people from far off regions refused to join Pakistan.
Accession of three princely states also created problems.Junagarh state officially chose to join Pakistan but
Indian army occupied it by force.Hyderabad wanted to remain independent or join Pakistan because the ruler
was a muslim but Indian army invaded and annexed it.The annexation of muslim majority Kashmir created a big
problem.The ruler Hari Singh joined India against the wishes of the people.It resulted in a war between Pak and
India and the matter is still unsolved.
The division of financial and military assets was done ufairly between two countries with Inida getting a much
larger share than was necessary.Pakistan was not paid the promised amount which created economic
problems.Pakistan was also given few military assets.There was severe lack of military equipment and
experienced military officers.
The refugee problem was also a big one.There were a large number of communal riots all over India.Hindu
and sikh militants were massacring the muslim population.All the unrest forced muslims to leave their homes
and join Pkistan.However,refugees were so large in number that it was difficult to accommodate them as
Pakistan had no resources to fulfill their needs.
Hence,refugee and accommodation crisis was the most important problem Pakistan had to face after partition.
Q.The low rate of literacy was the most important social problem facing Pakistan between 1947 and 1999.DO
you agree or disagree?Explain your answer.
Pakistan faced numerous problems after partition.
The low rate of literacy was a social problem of immense concern.Successive government have done little to
promote education.As a result ,the rate of literacy uptil 1999 is only 45% which is shocking as more than half
people are illiterate.The main reason is lack of funds set aside for improving education.No more than 2% of
budget is set aside for education and most of it is wasted on salaries.Primary education is more neglected than
secondary.Drop out rates at schools are high.People in villages dont feel the need of education and think of it as
wastage of time and money.Such a low literacy rate has resulted in economic problem and thus,should be
addressed quickly.
The first and most pressing social problem that Pak faced was refugee problem.During partition,millions of
people arrived in homeless,penniless and jobless state.It was hard for Pak to accommodate such large number
of people as it was lacking sufficient resources and planning.Yet the Pakistani government made temporary
housing arrangements for them and they eventually got settled in Pakistan soon afterwards.
Another social problem was problem of different population groups in country each with their
culture,traditions,language and lifestyle.Pakistan consisted of Punjabis,Sindhis,Pathans,Balochis and
Bengalis.Besides being Muslims,these diverse groups had lot of differences with each other which led to disunity
and proviniclaism.To solve this problem,Urdu was introduced as official language and one Unit scheme as
implemented.
Language was also a problem that Pak faced in its early years especially in East Pakistan.East Pakistanis
resented Urdu as the official language and this resulted in violent riots in 1951.To solve this,Bengali was also
made official language in 1956 constitution.This language issue contributed to the eventual separation of
eastern wing in 1971.
The fast rate population growth was also another social problem faced by Pakistan.As Pakistan is a poor
country.It is insufficient in resources to accommodate such a large population and this overburdens the
economy resulting in stunted economic growth.Although several family planning ave led successful compaigs
and the birth rate has decreased since independence.It is still a problem that requires special attention.
The problem of poor health was another social problem that country faced since independence.There has
always been a lack of proper medical infrastructure facilities as well as doctors and nurses due to poor allocation
and management of funds.A small portion of budget is spent on health sector and most of it is consumed on
bureaucracy themselves due to corruption.Significant improvements have been made in health care since
independence but still they have not been sufficient to meet needs of growing population.Thus,it must be
addressed.
Hence,low rate of literacy is indeed most important social problem that Pak faced from 1947 to 1999 as a high
literacy rate is vital for building up a ood economy in the case of any country
Q.How successfully did Pakistan and India handle the Kashmir issue between 1947 and 1999?Explain your
answer.
Pakistan and India tried to solve Kashmir issue after independence but were unsuccessful.
The main dispute over Kashmir first arose in 1947 when the Hindu maharaja of Kahmir,Hari Singh tried to win
independence so delayed joining either Pakistan or India after partition in 1947.The Kahmir,s muslim
majority,however wanted to accede to Pakistan.They rose in rebellion against Maharaja which forced him to
accept Indian help in return for acceding to India.Pakistan could not accept this and sent troops to help Muslims
and this resulted in 1948 war over Kashmir.Neither side was strong enough for a long war so matter was
referred to UNO and ceasefire was arranged in 1949.Kashmir was divided between Pakistan and India with India
retaining largest portion which angered Paistan..It was agreed that a referendum would be held once the
situation becomes normal but no such referendum has taken place till now.
The Kashmir issue continued to be a strong bone of contention between two countries.Negotiations
continued in the 1950s but little progress was made.In 1954 and 1955,India tried to integrate Indian-ocupied
Kashmir into India.The provoked protests from Pakistan and then UN,after Pakistan appealed to United Nations
security council.In 1957,the UN security council was so concerned that India might try to occupy Kashmir again
that it issued a declaration reconfirming that the whole of Kashmir was a disputed territory and its future could
only be settled through a plebiscite,supervised by UN.No plebiscite has been arranged since and matter
continued to spoil Pak-India relations.
Another war on Kashmir was again fought on Kashmir in 1965.The Indian defeated in 1962 war against China
and resolvement of Rann of Kutch dispute through military effort had encouraged Pak that it could win Kashmir
through war.In 1965,armed guerillas were infiltrated into Indian-occupied Kashmir and to constant local rebels
and start uprisings.Pak army was then sent in to assist them.However,the uprisings received little support and
Indian forces launched counter attacks on Lahore and Sialkot which were repulsed through a lot of heroic
effort.A full fledge war broke out and a ceasefire was arranged after 3 weeks.In January 1966,the soviet union
arranged a ceasefire conference at Tashkent and an agreement was reached that all disputes would be solved
peacefully.
In July 1972,the simla agreement was signed between PM Bhutto and PM Indira Gandhi.90000 priosners of
war were released by Indians on Bhutto,s acceptance that future talks on Kashmir would be between Pak and
india only
However,peace in Kashmir was short-lived as again a war broke out when India captured Siachen glacier and
blocked Karakoram highway in 1984.Pakistan,with the help of China defeated Indian forces and reestablished
control.In 1985,India brought its forces on border of Kashmir in anger due to Khalistan issue and the
assassination of Mrs Gandhi.However,this threat was averted due to Zia,s clear cricket diplomacy.
In 1999,war again erupted in Kashmir when muslim kashmiri guerillas crossed line of control and captured
Indian occupied towns of Kurgil and Drass.The Pak government denied any involvement but later admitted that
Pakistani paramilitary forces were involved.India launched several counter attacks and eventually Pakistani
forces were driven back leaving the Kashmir issue which is still unresolved.
Thus,Pak and India were not at all successful in handling Kashmir issue from 1947-99 as it still remains
unsolved.
Q.Political factors were more important than any other factor in creation of Bangladesh/dismemberment of
Pakistan in 1971.Do u agree or disagree?Explain your answer.
In 1971.Pak was dismembered and independent state of Bangladesh was created due to several reasons.
The political factors indeed proved decisive in creation of Bangladesh but there were also other reasons.
There was a lot of economic disparity between east and west Pakistan especially during Ayub,s
rule.WestPakistan was much more developed than east.Reforms by Ayub only seemed to benefit west
Pakistan.The Bengalis also accused west Pakistan of utilizing the resources and wealth of east Pakistan from the
export of jute.East Pakistan was the largest producer and exporter of jute.The Bengalis thought that jute
earnings were only used in development of west Pakistan.Resentment grew with time and separatist feelings
began to develop among them.East Pak was also poorer than west Pak.Most of the foreign aid was also invested
in East Pakistan.
Political factors were the main cause of dismemberment.In 1970 elections,Mujib-ur-Rehman,s awami league
won overall majority votes in east Pakistan.The elections were held without One Unit scheme or rule of
parity.Mujib-ur-Rehman had won elections due to six points which called for a loose federation with west s
wconverted currencies.Only defence and foreign policy affairs were in hands of central govt.These six points
were not acceptable to West Pak as it meant separation of eastern wing.Mujib-ur-Rehman was later arrested
and military operation was stunted in East Pak.This led to violent massacres,rioting and civil war.However,many
other political reasons were linked with this event.Prime ministers and governor generals were usually from
west Pak even though Bengalis were a majority in constituent assembly.Senior positions in the army and civil
services were also filled by west Pakistanis.The constitution was also not acceptable to the Bengalis.
There were also social and cultural differences between the two wings.Both wings had their own distict
culture,heritage,traditions,heroes and literacy backgrounds.East Pak comprised up of Bengalis only whereas
West Pakistan comprised up of different groups such as Punjabis,Balochis,Sindhis and Pathans.The only common
thing was religion.Bengal had its own language,Bengali.The Bengalis were severely offended by declaration of
Urdu as the national language and protested against it.It was not until 1962 constitution that Bengali was also
made official language alon with Urdu.The west Pakistanis also considered themselves to be superior to East
Pakistanis especially west Pakistani civil servants who had an arrogant behaviour towards them.This caused
more resentment.
Geographical reason should also be considered.East Pak and west had a distance of about 1600 km between
them.Communication between two wings was thus slow.It was hard to send aid to East Pak in emergencies such
as in 1970 cyclone.
Hindu role in creation of Bangladesh is also vital.India took full advantage of tense situation between east and
west Pakistan.The hindus in East Pakistan instigated them to fight against west Pakistan for their freedom.India
also equipped them with weapons.Thus,Bengali rebel group,Mukhti Bahini was formed.This led to third Indo-
Pak war in 1971.
Thus,political factors were most important reasons for the dismemberment of Pakistan as they had triggered
a series of event which led to dismemberment.
Q.How successful was Pakistani govt in islamization from 1947 to 1999?
The Pak govt introduced a series of Islamic lawas from 1947 to 99
Islamic principles were first introduced in the objective resolution of 1949 which was to form basis of future
constitution of Pak.Islamic provisions included principles of democracy,freedom,equality,tolerance and social
justice as laid down by islam.The resolution was amended and later presented on 22 dec 1952 with more Islamic
provisions such as the head of the state must be a muslim and he would choose a committee of specialists to
ensure all legislation conformed to Islamic law.Further Islamic provisions were added in the later constitution of
1956,1962 and 1973.
The 1956 constitution stated that the head of the state must be a muslim,the advisory council shall be set up
to guide the people to order their lives in accordance with Islamic principle.No law detrimental to islam shall be
ancted.A commission shall be set up by the head of the state which will examine present laws and suggest
methods to bring them in conformity with the Islamic principles of life.
 The 1962 constitution stated that the Islamic advisory council consisted of 12 persons shall be set up to advise
the govt,sovereignty of god was reaffirmed in the preamble of constitution.It shall be set up for three years.It
shall give suggestions to mold the laws in accordance with Islamic principles.The president of Pak shall be a
muslim by faith and belief.
The 1973 constitution stated that Islam would be the state religion and it would be compulsory for president
and prime minister to be a muslim by faith and belief and to profess state in finality of prophethood,clear and
concise definition of a muslimshall be laid down in the constitution.Govt will take all possible steps to impart
education of islamiyat(and holy quran),islamic advisory council shall be set up to recommend ways and means in
order to bring the existing law of country in conformity with Islamic principles.It was emphasized in the
constitution that all steps will be taken to introduce interest free banking in the country in the light of islam.
Then followed a period of islamization under general Zia in which he introduced a no. of Islamic laws such as
federal shariat govt was set up in 1979 to decide about existing laws being Islamic or not.It comprised up of
chairmen,judges and ulema.Hudood and Qazf ordinances were introduced in 1977.Islamic punishments for
theft,adultery,drinking and slander against innocent women were imposed such as cutting hands and flogging in
public,prostitution and consumption of alcohol was prohibited.Blasphemy law was introduced which stated the
punishment of blasphemy.Zakat and ushr ordinances were introduced in 1980 which imposed a 2.5% tax on
bank savings over a certain amount.Zakat committees were set up at various levels to distribute zakat among
the poor.5% tax was also imposed on agricultural income.A council of ideology was also set up to advise govt in
establishing a legal system according to islam.Islamiyat and pak studies were made compulsory in schools.
Then came nawaz,s period of islamization from 1988 to 1999.He passed the shariat bill in may 1991 making
quran and sunnah the law of the land as long as it didnt challenge exisiting system of govt.In 1999,he introduced
15th amendment which made shariah the supreme law of Pak and gave prime minister the right to rule by
decree in the name of Islamic law.This was the last major legislation from 1947 to 1999.
However,islamization was not fully successful as all the Islamic laws in the constitutions of 1956,1962 and 1973
were not fully implemented.The Islamic committees formed were purely advisory and could not affect any
law.Qadianis also opposed the 1973 constitution as better definition of muslim head of state eliminated them
from islam.Zia,s reforms also faced much criticism.Islamic principles were mainly to introduces to gain
popularity.
Hence,Islamization from 1947 to 1999 was not fully successful due to half-hearted implementation of Islamic
principles.
Q.Which of the following contributed most to Pakistan,s domestic policies.
1.Liaquat Ali Khan 2.Malik Ghulam Muhammad 3.Iskander Mirza
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
After gaining independence in 1947,Pak was administered under a no. of governments with varying
domestic policies and reforms.
Liaquat Ali Khan was the first prime minister of Pakistan.He had also been a trusted companion of
Jinnah.Liaquat,s first priority was to draft a constitution that would be unanimously accepted.For this
purpose,the constituent assembly set up a basic principle commitee to decide the principles on which the new
constitution should be based.Its findings were contained in a document called the objectives resolution which
was passed on 12th march 1949.It declared that principles of democracy would prevail with a full guarantee of
fundamental human rights.Muslims would be able to live in accordance with injunctions of islam.The rights of
minorities would be safeguarded and the judiciary would be independent.This resolution formed the basis of
draft constitution which was presented to constituent assembly on 28 th September 1950.It recommended
bicameral legislature with equal powers.The president was to be elected by joint session of two houses.Urdu
was suggested as the national language of Pak.This report was criticized by all sides and thus,dropped.Several
other important measures were taken.The public and representative Officers Disqualification Act was
introduced o eliminate corruption.Liaquat also signed the Liaquat-Gandhi pact with Indian prime
minister,Jawaharlal Nehru which granted safety to minorities in both countries and introduced a visa system for
refugees.In Jan 1948,a ceasefire was arranged in Kashmir between India and Pakistan by United Nations
Organization.Liaquat also established good relations with USA.He visited America in 1950 and arranged for a
Pakistan embassy to be built in USA.
Malik Ghulam Muhammad was the 3rd governor general of Pakistan who had risen from amongst the civil
service.In 1950, a planning commission was set up to oversee economic development in Pak.In 1951,it launched
a six year plan for Pak covering various economic activities and developmental project.In 1953,a planning board
was set up to review the development that had taken place and this produced a draft.Five year plan in 1956 to
follow on from six year plan.From 1951 to 1953there was a drought in Pakistan that resulted in severe food
shortage.The USA donated a million tons of wheat in April 1953 to help Pakistan overcome the food crisis.On
22dec 1953 ,a revised report of the Basic Principles committee was presented to constituent assembly.It was
also criticized by all sides and thus discarded.Ghulam Muhammad blamed Nazimuddin,s govt for food shortage
problem and dismissed him and his cabinet in April 1953.Nazimuddin was replaced by Mohammad Ali Bogra
who was the acting ambassador to USA.He brought huge amounts of foreign aid into Pakistan and had set up
the planning board for 5 year plan.He also made Pak a member of Central Treaty Organization.There was
growing rivalry between Bogra and GHulam Mohammad.In sep 1954,while Ghulam Muhammad was out of
country,Bogra persuaded the assembly to pass laws restricting the powers of Governor General.Several laws
were passed and PRODA was repealed.However,Ghulam Mohammad struck back when Bogra left the country
during the following week.He declared a state of emergency and dissolved the assembly.He chose a new
cabinet,containing 5 members that were not from assembly and reappointed Bogra as prime minister.Elections
for a new constituent assembly were held in June 1955 and a new assembly was electedIn August,Ghulam
Mohammad fell ill and resigned.He was replaced by Iskander Mirza.
Major General Iskander Mirza became acting Governor general after Ghulam Mohammad,s resignation.He
dismissed Bogra and appointed Chaudri Mohammad Ali as prime minister.He was given the task of drafting a
new constitution quickly.In March 1956,Pakistan,s first constitution was enforced.It was a parliamentary form of
govt consisiting of national assembly and two provincial assemblies from both East and West Pak.It declared Pak
to be an Islamic republic.Bengali was accepted alon with Urdu as the national language.In Oct 1956,Mirza
implemented the One Unit scheme unifying all provinces of west Pakistan into a single province to prevent East
Pak from gaining a majority in the assembly by creating two equal wings.The scheme was rejected andhighly
criticized by East Pak.Mirza,s govt also started industrialization and rural development programs.Karachi airport
was completed in 1955 and modernization of railway continued.The telephone system was also expanded.The
govt,s provision in health and educational services were also published.Mirza faced a lot of political stability in
his last years and had to dismiss numerous prime ministers and their govts.Mohammad Ali was replaced by
Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy in sep 1956.He proved to be a problem and kept his job for only a year.He was
replaced by Ibrahim Ismail Chudrigar in Oct 1957.His govt was awfully divided so he too was dismissed and
replaced by Feroze Khan Noon whose govt was even more divided and made decision-making impossible.Mirza
was hence,forced to implement martial law in 1958.
Hence,Liaquat contributed most to Pakistan,s domestic policies as he had led a stable govt and had
successfully implemented many reforms in the country.
Q.Which of the following contributed most to Pakistan,s domestic policies.
1.Liaquat Ali Khan 2.Ayub Khan 3.Zia-ul-haq
Same paragraph of Liaquat as in the previous question
Ayub Khan came to power in 1958 by imposing martial law.He drafted 1962 constitution in which he introduced
the concept of basic democracies.It was presidential form of govt with the president as the executive head of
state.Indirect elections through basic democrats were held to elect him.Basic democrats,besides serving as an
electoral college for president,were also given the responsibility for development of local projects.Urdu and
Bengali were chosen as national languages in this constitution.Reforms were introduced in both agriculture and
industry to promote economic growth.Agricultural reforms bring about a green revolution in the country.They
mainly consisted ofmodernization and land reforms.On the industrial side,numerous industries were set up and
incentives were provided for private investors.As a result of these reforms,Pakistan,s economy got boost and
the GDP increased.Reforms were also introduced in health and education sector.Family planning programs were
started and a no. of schools and colleges were set upFamily laws and registration of marriages were introduced
along with setting up of courts at lower levels.The new capital,Islamabad also came into being.
Zia-ul-haq too come to power by imposing martial law on the country.He improved relations with
Balochistan and by declaring an amnesty and starting developmental projects in the province.He disbanded the
unpopular FSF and limited the power of court.Elections were held in 1985 feb and a tame and obedient national
assembly was elected.The Muslim League was formed from the elected members with Mohammad Khan
Junejo,the PM as its head.Martial law was lifted in Dec 1985 and the 1973 constitution was restored but
amendments were passed which gave the govt complete control of govt.Zia was thus,unsuccessful in political
affairs as he led an autocratic govt with the administration and civil service in the hands of the military who had
little experience.The assemblies had no legislative powers and remained dormant throughout his reign.The
judiciary power was also weakened.It was for these reasons that various political parties opposed him and
formed MRD.

Hence,Zia was most successful in his economic affairs as his economic reforms had the best outcomes than most
of his other domestic reforms.
Q.Zia-ul-haq,s foreign policy was more successful than his domestic reforms.Do u agree or disagree?Explain.
Zia came to power in 1977 and followed a uniform domestic and foreign policy during his rule from 1977-88.
Zia was quite successful in establishing good relations with other countries especially USA.Realations
between Pak and US improved overnight after the soviet union invaded Afghanistan in Dec 1979 as Pak was
USA,s only ally in the region.This also led to huge aid being poured into Pak which improved country,s economic
position.Relations with China were also maintained.China helped Pak in building Karakoram highway,setting up
the steel complex at Taxilla as well as in nuclear research.Tensions between India and Pak were also calmed
down by Zia through his clever cricket diplomacy.Realtions with muslim countries were also improved.Pak
supplied both military and civil manpower to many muslim countries especially in middle east.Relations with
USSR,however,were strained due to the war in Afghanistan.So,overall,Zia led a quite successful foreign policy.
On the other hand,Zia,s domestic policy was not quite successful.He led an autocratic govt. with the civil
service and the administration in the hands of military.The national and provincial assemblies had no such
powers and were purely advisory.The power of courts was restricted.Various Islamic reforms were introduced in
the country that were implemented half-heartedly.Punishments for various crimes were prescribed but no such
punishments were awarded.Interest free banking was introduced but no banks followed this
policy.Furthermore, the zakat and ushr Ordinances also failed to collect taxes.Shias were soon exempted from
Zakat tax.Ushr ordinance was not at all enforced.The shariat council also failed to implement Islamic principles
in legal system.Thus,Zia,s islamization had no such impact on Pakistani society.However,some of his domestic
reforms also proved to be successful.The FSF was disbanded as it had been used unjustly by Bhutto to suppress
political opponens.Many industries were denai=tionalized and laws were passed preventing industries from
being nationalized in future.Industries that remain nationalizedwere improved to get more production.As a
result,Industrial progress picked up slowly and the confidence of investors was restored.
Thus,Zia,s foreign policy was way more successful than his domestic reforms as his foreign policy had much
better outcomes than most of his domestic reforms that failed to achieve anything.
Q.Economic reforms were the most important Zia,s domestic policies between 1977 and 88.Do u agree or not?
Zia came to power in 1977 and introduced a series of reforms in the country during his rule from 1977 to 1988
After the soviet invasion of Afghanistan in Dec 1979,Zia,s government received huge amounts of foreign aid
from western capitalist countries,particularly USA.Zia utilized this aid by increasing the defence budget and
reforming the army into an effective military force that he was able to send military assistance to other
countries.During Zia,s rule,50000 Pakistanis were working abroad and sending huge remittances into Pak that
boosted its economy.Zia also introduced a no. of economic reforms.He denationalized most of the companies
that Bhutto,s govt had nationalized.Laws were passed preventing industries from being nationalized in future
except under exceptional circumstances.The few industries that remain nationalized were reformed to make
them more productive.
Zia also introduced a variety and administrative reforms in the country.Zia declared an amnesty in Balochistan
to end Balochi rebellion.He also tried to improve relations with Balochi tribes by starting a no. of developmental
projects in the province.He also disbanded FSF in November 1977 as it had been unjustly used by Bhutto to
suppress political opponents.Several laws were also passed restricting the power of the courts.Military courts
were established to try offenders according to martial law.The civil service was also brought under military
control.Zia held a referendumin the country in Dec1984 on whether islamization should continue.He won
majority of votes and continued his rule.Elections were held in Feb 1985 for provincial and national assemblies
on non-party basis.A tame and obedient national assembly was elected with Mohammad Khan Junejo as prime
minister.Zia helped form the Muslim League from the elected assembly members with JUnejo as its
head.Martial law was lifted in Dec1985.The 1973 constitution was restored but amendments were passed which
gave the president complete control of govt.
 Zia,s govt was especially keen in introducing Islamic reforms in the country.A federal shariat court was
established in 1979 to decide whether existing laws were sufficiently Islamic.The hudood ordinance was
enforced on the country in 1977 which prescribed different punishments for various crimes such as
gambling,drinking,theft and adultery.Punishments for disrespecting the prophets and laws concerning women
were also introduced.A council of Islamic ideology was set up to suggest ways in which the legal framework of
Pak could be brought closer to Islamic ideology.The zakat and ushr Ordinances were also introduced to impose
taxes on wealth and agricultural income.Islamiyat and pak studies were made compulsory subjects in schools
and colleges.Candidates,taking civil service examination were awarded extra marks if they had memorized
Quran.The Arabic language was also promoted by govt.These reforms were effectively implemented
transforming Pak into a complete Islamic state by 1980s.
Hence,Islamic reforms were the most important of Zia,s domestic policies as Zia was mainly concerned about
making Pak a proper Islamic state.
Q.Constitutional reforms were the most important of Ayub Khan,s domestic policies during the decade of
progress between 1958 and 1969.Do you agree or disagree?Give reasons to support your answers.
Ayub Khan came to power in 1958 by imposing martial law.He introduced a variety of reforms during his
military rule from 1958 to 69.
Ayub introduced a no. of constitutional/political reforms by drafting a new constitution ie the 1962
constitution which implemented a controlled type of democracy.It was a presidential form of govt which
introduced the concept of basic democracies.All powers were given to president who was the executive head of
state.Indirect elections through Basic Democracies members were held to elect him.Elections were to be held on
administrative levels (village,tehsil,districts and division) to elect the elected bodies.(BD members).All elected
members were called Basic Democracies.They were responsible for development of local projects like
health,water,sanitation,educational schemes etc.However,the most important authority given to them was to
work as an electoral college for the selection of president of Pak.Furthermore,Urdu and Bengali were chosen as
national languages in this constitution.Basic human rights were not stated in this constitution and the words
Islamic Republic were committed which raised a lot of criticism for Ayub.The constitution was designed to
strengthen presidential powers only.The new capital,Islamabad was also built during his rule.
Ayub also introduced agricultural reforms in the country which are also known to have brought a Green
Revolution.They are divided into two parts.The first part consistes of modernization in which
mechanization,modern methods and modern machinery were introduced to ensure greater yields.This reform
speeded up various processes of cultivation y introducing HYV seeds,chemical fertilizers,machinery and sprays of
insecticides and pesticides.Pak also signed Indus Water Treaty in 1960 to solve the problem of water
shortage.The second part comprised of land reforms.They were introduced to redistribute land holdings
evenly.Fragmented land holdings were consolidated to a fixed lower limit of land ownership.1000 acres for
unirrigated and 500 acres for irrigated land.
Reforms were also introduced during Ayub,s reign in the health and education sectors.Primary and secondary
health care was improved by opening new hospitals.Family planning programs were introduced to control the
high rate of population growth.Ayub wanted to improve living standards of public.He opened up a number of
schools and educational institutes to effectively utilize the human resource of a country and to increase human
capital.New family laws and registration of marriages were also introduced.Polygamy was discouraged.Legal
reforms were also introduced under which Ayub had set up panchiyat courts at village level and jirga courts at
tribal level in order to provide speedy justice.New capital of Islamabad came into being.
Reforms were also introduced in industrial sector.Numerous industries were set up because of the availability
of capital from various sources such as sale of surplus agricultural goods,jute earnings from East
Pak,introduction of various saving schemes such as prize bonds and above all,in the form of foreign aid.A variety
of incentives were introduced for private investor in order to encourage them to invest in industrial sector. He
reorganized the Pakistan industrial and development of cooperation and banks were set up.Tax holidays were
introduced and incentives were given on import of capital goods and export of consumer goods especially raw
cotton and cotton products in the form of bonus vouchers.Industrial estates were set up for first time in Pak.Pak
also became a member of Regional Cooperation for development.Strict labour laws were introduced and labour
colonies were established.As a result,pak,s economy got a boost and GDP had increased.A lot of people got
employed.Pak,s export increased and and its economy was now 3 times more than India.
 Hence,industrial reforms were most important of Ayub,s domestic policies as industrialization had begun to
take place and Pakistan,s economy was getting better day by day as a result of these reforms.
Q.How successful was Zulfiqar Bhutto as PM of Pakistan?Explain your answer.
Zulfiqar held the office of prime minister from 1971 to 1977 and introduced a series of reforms in the country.
Bhutto,s govt was eager to introduce reforms in education in order to improve low literacy rate of the
country which was just 25%.Most of the private sector schools were nationalized and a uniform syllabus was
introduced in all institutes.New schools were set up and free education was provided which was compulsory for
all.However,these reforms were unsuccessful as only 13% of the budget was allocated for primary
education.People in rural areas didnt feel the need for education because they wanted their children to do
work instead in order to earn money.Overcrowding in schools,inexperienced and insufficient led to a drop in
standards of education.Plus,education is a slow process and takes a lot of time that is why even after 5 years,the
literacy rate improved by only 1%
Bhutto also introduced social and health reforms in the country in order to improve healthcare and
living standards.Rural health centres in rural areas and basic health units in urban areas were set up to provide
widespread healthcare.Fresh doctors(who were admitted by merit) had to work the first year wherever the govt
posted them.They were posted mainly in rural areas.New hospitals and medical colleges were established.The
sale of medicines under brand names was also banned in order to reduce their prices.Family planning and
vaccination programs were also started in order to control population growth and decrease mortality rate.These
reforms did improve health care in Pak but there was always a shortage of doctors and nurses.The removal of
brand names from medicines resulted in low income of chemists and many international drug companies were
forced to close down their operations in Pak as they could not make a profit.
Bhutto also introduced industrial reforms in order to reduce the high inflation rate of 25% and to
promote economic growth.Many major industries were nationalized brought under govt control with the aims
of creating funds for other development schemes,improving living conditions of worker and permitting them to
make unions,reducing the disparity created by ayub,s reforms,controlling industrial output and channeling
investment into industrialization as well as increasing popularity of PPP in urban areas.However,this
nationalization policy proved unsuccessful.The govt lost the confidence of the private sector and industrial
growthslowed down in the early years.
Several reforms were also introduced in agriculture in order to make it more productive and increasing
agricultural output.The two main reforms introduced were land ceilings and security of tenents.Land ceilings of
500 acres on unirrigated land holdings and 250 acres on irrigated land holdings were introduced.Surplus land
had to be sold to farmers.Tenent cultivators were to purchase land from owners of major land holdings.Their
security of tenure was granted to tenents through the promise that they would not get evicted without a
genuine reason.However,these reforms proved unsuccessful as they were undermined by the cunning big land
owners who were also members of National Assembly.They anticipated such reforms and used clever ways to
counter them.On the introduction of land ceilings,many of them transferred some of their land holdings to
trusted family member.Some of them transferred land to trusted tenents and then leased it back on long-term
leases.There was a mass eviction of tenents to prevent them from gaining the security of tenure.The tenents
could not challenge the authority of land owners if they didnt want to sell their land neither could they raise
finances to buy the land nor could they fight a legal case against them.Furthermore, many landlords used their
power and influence to persuade govt officials through means of corruption and bribery not to implement these
reforms.
Bhutto also introduced administrative reforms in order to reorganize the civil service of Pak which he thought
was corrupt,inefficient and full of unnecessary rules and regulations.He reorganized civil sevice into a small no.
of levels and unified payscales.He also reformed the requirements of recruiting so that people could be
recruited at any level and would not have to work their way up.However,Bhutto was strongly criticized on this
method as he was accused of appointing his followers on good posts regardless of merit because of
favourition.Many of these followers were incapable which resulted in inefficient administration.
Bhutto also introduced a series of political reforms.He formed Federal Security Force which was a paramilitary
force to assist the police force.He also formed coalition govt with Awami National Party and Jamiat-e-ulema-i-
Islam who were dominant in NWFP and Balochistan.He also reduced his dependence on his army.Bhutto,in his
political reforms is probably best remembered for 1973 constitution which he drafted in order to ensure
parliamentary democracy for all time to come.It was parliamentary form of govt.The PM was the executive head
of state while the president was just a figurehead.Both of them were elected for 5years.The centre was divided
into two houses:the National Assembly which was elected directly for 5 years and the senate which comprised
up of 4 elected provincial assemblies.
Hence,Bhutto was not successful PM of Pak from 1971-77 as most of his reforms failed and achieved nothing.
Q.Educational reforms were most important Bhutto,s domestic policies between 1971 and 1977.Do u agree?
Bhutto came to power in 1971 and introduced a no. of reforms in the country during his tenure from 1971-77.
ALL MATERIAL OF PREVIOUS QUESTION BUT BRIEF THE MATERIAL.CONCLUSION IS DIFFERENT WHICH IS AS
FOLLOWS:
Hence,the constitution of 1973 was most important part of Bhutto,s domestic policies from 1971 to 77 as
Pakistan urgently needed a stable constitution which could last for a long time in order to prevent political
instability.
Q.In which of the following did Bhutto have most success.
1.Reform and control of armed forces 2.Constitutional reforms 3.Education and health reforms
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
Same Simple statement as previous question.
Bhutto wanted to limit powers of army so that it would not intervene to thwart his policies.He established his
control on army by removing imrortant army leaders like air marshall Rahim Khan and General Gul
Hasan,appointing his own leaders like Tikka Khan who was placed in charge of the army in a new post called
Chief of Army Staff.He also set the Federal Security force which was governemtn-controlled military force to
assist the police force.Bhutto was able to keep control of Army until 1977 when he declared Martial law and
called the army to help in suppressing the PNA riots.However,the army soon turned against him and staged a
coup,named Operation Fairplay.Bhutto and all other political leaders were arrested and the army took control
of the country.The army also later put Bhutto on trial and he was eventually sentenced to death in 1978.
THE PARAGRAPH OF POLITICAL REFORMS OF PREVIOUS QUESTION WILL BE WRITTEN HERE BUT WILL START
WITHBhutto is best remembered forTILL THE END OF THAT PARAGRAPH OF LAST QUESTION.
EDUCATION AND HEALTH REFORMS PARAGRAPHS OF LAST QUESTION WILL BE WRITTEN HERE AS IT IS.
Hence,Bhutto was most successful in his constitutional reforms as his 1973 constitution was unanimously
accepted by everyone and it continues to be the existing constitution of Pak even though several amendments
have been made in it.
Q.How successful was Benazir as PM of Pak in the years 1988-90 and 1993-96?
Benazir first came to power in 1988 and ruled Pak in 2terms,first from 1988-90 and second from 1993-96.
When Benazir was elected as PM in 1988,she had a majority in Sindh but not in the other three provinces so
she had to form a coalition. Muhajir Qaumi Movement which gave her a majority in assembly.She tried to make
Pak a democratic country guided by Islamic principles.She took steps to restore political freedom and introduced
some social and health reforms.She ended the ban on trade unions and released political prisoner.She restored
student unions.She also took first steps towards spreading electricity across rural Pakistan.
She failed to fulfill many of her promises.No new laws were introduced to improve welfare services or help
women and the Hudood and Zina ordinances were not repealed.Her govt lost support as it was unable to deliver
on its promised employment and economic development programs.Inflation and unemployment were high.The
rapid increase in country,s population overburden education and health facilities.The govt also failed to deal
with country,s drug abuse problem.She was eventually dismissed in 1990 by president Ghulam Ishaq on the
allegations of incompetence and corruption
Benazir,s second term as PM began in1993 after nawaz sharif,s dismissal.Her govt was keen to improve
social services and conditions of women in Pak.She announced plans to establish women,s police stations,courts
and women development banks.But she did not introduce any legislation to implement these measures.
Benazir,s govt failed to act effectively because of continuous opposition of Nawaz Sharif and PML N who
carried out massive protests and demonstrations against her.She also had disputes in her family particularly
against her brother Mir Murataza and her mother,Nusrat Bhutto.She was eventually again dismissed by
president Leghari on the accusations of misgovernment and corruption in 1996.
Q.How successful was Nawaz Sharif as PM of Pak in the years 1990-93 and 1996-99?
Nawaz first came to power in 1990 and ruled country in two terms;first from 1990-93 and other from 1996 to
1999.
 Nawaz sharif,s first reign started in 1990.He introduced a number of economic reforms shortly after taking
power.He announced that his govt would carry out a national reconstruction program to industrialize Pak.He
followed a policy of privatizing the industries that had been nationalized under Zulfiqar Bhutto.Thus, a number
of important industries,such as shipping,electricity supply,airlines and telecommunications were opened up to
the private sector.He introduced several large scale projects to stimulate economy,such Barotha Hydro Power
project and the Gwadar miniport in Balochistan.He introduced yellow cab scheme to solve the problem of
unemployment by importing numerous taxis and providing cheap loans to buy them.This provided employment
to many young men but came at a cost as few of the loans were repaid.One of Sharif,s major projects was the
motorway project.The motorway was built to provide a fast transportation network to newly independent
Central Asian Republics that needed access to sea ports.Although Pakistan,s first motorway,the M2 was
completed in Nov 1997 but the project suffered from continuous delays especially after Musharraf called a
temporary stop to the program in 1999.Nawaz,s economic policies were undermined by lack of capital for
investment.Foreign capital increased when he loosened foreign exchange restrictions and opened Pakistan,s
stock market to foreign capital but govt still faced a shortage of funds for investments.The amount of aid from
the USA also dropped significantly after soviet withdraw from Afghanistan in 1988.Financial support from US
almost dried up when Pak started developing nuclear weapons as the US wanted to exert pressure on Pak to
end the program.The reduction in overseas aid,high-govt spending and a decrease in remittances from overseas
workers in the Middle East placed severe pressure on Pak,s finances.They were further harmed when one of the
major banks operating in Pak,the Bank of Credit and Commerce International(BCCI) collapsed in 1991..Sharif
also lost support because of the cooperative societies scandal.Cooperative societies accepted deposits from
members and gave loans to members for purposes that are beneficial for the society and its members.However,
mismanagement of these societies led to a collapse in which millions of Pakistanis lost money.It was soon
discovered that these societies had granted large loans to Sharif,s family business,the Ittefaq group.Although
Ittefaq hurriedly repaid the loans,the PM,s reputation was severely damaged.The govt also had to face the
problem of drug,trafficking and illegal arms as a result of soviet-Afghan war..
The govt had to deal with rampant crime,terrorism and drug addiction.The police along with military,tried to
maintain law and order but were unsuccessful.The govt passed the twelfth amendment to the constitution
which provided Speedy Trial Courts to dispense summary justice.This action criticized as it suppressed
fundamental rights.Nawaz,as a strong supporter of Islam,passed the shariat bill in May 1991,making the Quran
and SUnnah the law of the land as long as it did not challenge the existing system of govt.However,the law
proved unpopular as firstly,many among the opposition were against the role of Islam in govt and secondly,it
was not properly enforced.Nawaz,s first term ended in 1993 when Ishaq Khan dismissed his govt on allegations
of cooruption and mismanagement of the economy.
Nawaz,s second term began in 1997 when he was again elected as PM of Pak.One of his first acts was to pass
the 13th amendment which repealed the 8th amendment that authorized the president to dismiss PM and
national assembly.This measure was supported by all political parties as 8 th amendment had led to continuous
severe political instability` in the country.Sharif also passed the anti-difection bill that prevented politicians
from switching parties as such a practice invited inducements to persuade politicians to change parties or even
to prevent them changing and many posts in govt or cheap loans had been granted as a result of this
practice.Sharif arrested journalists who wrote critical articles against him.Unexpected tax inspections of the
affair of the newspaper editors were carried out.In 1997,Sharif had to defend himself in the supreme court on
accusation of corruption.He was involved in a dispute with Sajjad Ali Shah,chief justice of Pak,who persistently
criticized Sharif.Sharif,s supporters stormed the building and proceedings had to be suspended.
In 1998,Pakistan carried out a series of nuclear tests in Balochistan.These tests proved to be popular amongst
the people who were proud of country,s show of strength and the way it was standing up to India.However,they
brought widespread international criticism on Pak and placed economic sanctions on the country.The Pak
economy was close to collapse and Nawaz had to raise the price of fuel and negotiate bank loans to keep the
govt from bankruptey.He also introduced a state of emergency curtailing civil rights.Sharif tried to strengthen
his position by passing fifteenth amendment which shariah the supreme law of Pak and gave PM the right to
rule by decree in the name of Islamic law.He didnt ask the senate to ratify the measure as he was uncertain
about the depth of his support.Sharif,s rule was increasingly being criticized and criticism reached its peak when
Pakistani supported Kashmir forces failed and were driven back by Indian forces.Sharif,s govt denied any
involvement but evidence showed that his forces were involved.Sharif,s 2 nd term finally finished after he was
overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf and exiled to Saudi Arabia in 1999.
Hence,Sharif was unsuccessful as PM of Pakistan in both terms as his govt faced a lot of criticism and political
instability in each term which made governing the country extremely difficult.
Q.How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Bangladesh from 1971 to 1999?
Pak tried to establish good relations with Bangladesh even after events of 1971.
After 1971 war,relations remained strained between the two countries as Pak viewed Bangladesh as a rebel
nation,breaking away from West Pak with the help of its bitter rival,India.The civil war in East Pak had sown the
seeds of attempts to improve relations between two countries.
There was a problem of reallocationg assets that had been shared.Bangladesh claimed that it had the right to
many of the assets of West Pak.There was also a problem of refugees who wanted to settle in each
country.Though it was not on as huge scale as 1947 but still posed a problem.
However,realations soon took off in a better direction when in 1974, the PM of Bangladesh,Mujib was invited
to a meeting of the organization of Islamic Countries in Lahore.This meeting was vital as for the first time,Pak
recognized Bangladesh as an independent state.The two countries agreed to view each other as muslim friends
and try to resolve their differences.
In 1974,Bhutto visited Bangladesh and the division of assets was discussed.Bangladesh asked for half of the
assets that Pakistan had owned in 1971 but Bhutto rejected it as unrealistic.Mujib of Bangladesh also insisted
that Pakistan take all non-Bengalis from Bangladesh whether they wished to leave or not.Bhutto also rejected
this as unreasonable.The two countries had agreed to establish friendly relations but there were many
fundamentals which divided them.
IN 1975,Mujib died and Khondekar Mushtaq took over as PM.He didnt withdraw the claims over assets and
repatriation but recognized that they should act as barriers to better realtions.The two countries exchanged
ambassadors and reached an agreement to cooperate on trade,tourism and media.By 1986, tradegood moving
between the two countries reached a value of $40 million.
In 1985 and 1988,Bangladesh was hit by such severe weather that foreign aid was urgently needed.Pak was
the first to contribute on both occasions.
In Dec 1990,the SAARC Summit conference was held in Islamabad.Bangladesh along with other south asian
countries were invited to the conference.
In may 1991,PM Nawaz visited Bangladesh.Aid was provided to tackle the consequences of the cyclone that hit
Bangladesh.Cyclone victims were provided medicines,goods and 3 helicopters were also gifted to PM Khaleda
Zia.
Both PMs Nawaz and Khaleda Zia exchanged visits between 1991 and 92 that improved ties between two
countries.In 1991,the 6th OIC Summit was held and both Pakistan and Bangladesh attended it.In 1995,The 8 th
SAARC Summit was held in new Delhi and was also attended by both countries.PM of Bangladesh Khaleda Zia
was the chairperson of SAARC.Agreements were made to improve relations.In 1995,Khaleda Zia visited
Pak.Agreements were made to cooperate in agriculture and investment.In 1996,the 6 th meeting of Pak-
Bangladesh joint economic commission was held in Islamabad.In 1997,Pakistan and Bangladesh attended 9 th
SAARC,Summit conference held in the Maldives.In 1998,a trade conference was held in Dhaka to promote trade
between Pak,Bangladesh and India.
Hence,Pakistan was successful in its relationship with Bangladesh as even though realtions were strained in
the beginning,they continued to improve and showed an upward trend since then.
Q.How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India from 1947 to 1999?
Pak tried to establish good relations with the neighbor,India though rivalry and distrust between the
countries proved otherwise.
After partition,the two countries faced numerous problems.There was a problem of accommodation of
refugees who were descending upon each country in large numbers.This problem was peacefully resolved by
both countries through the signing of Liaquat-Nehru report in 1950 which granted safety to minorities in each
country(in order to prevent them from migrating) and also introduced a visa system for refugees.There was also
a dispute over princely states which were given the option of joining either country.India forcefully annexed
several states that acceded to PAKistan.The greatest dispute rose over Kashmir.War broke out between two
countries over the control of this state.A ceasefire was later called by UN dividing Kashmir unequally between
the two countries with India retaining the larger half with capital Srinagar.Such unequal division angered
Pak.India also deliberately withheld Pak,s due share of financial and military assets.50 million rupees of the
agreed share wasnt paid at all and military supplies received were obslite.India also blocked the water of rivers
through its headwork s which threatened Pak,s agro-based economy.This water blockage continued until the
Indus Water Treaty signed in 1960.
Pak also fought several wars against India that severely strained relations between the two
countries.The 1948 and 1965 were over Kashmir and 1971 war was fought for the control of East Pak.Pak
suffered huge losses in these wars both in terms of money and lives.
In July 1972,PMs Bhutto and Indira Gandhi signed the Simla Agreement.90000 Pakistan,s prisoners of wars
were freed by India on Bhutto,s acceptance that talks on Kashmir would only be held in bilateral lines.
Relations continued in the wrong direction when in 1974,both Pak and India started developing nuclear
weapons against each other.Thus,relations remained strained in the 1970s but improved a little during Zia,s rule
as Kashmir issue was kept aside for time being.
Relations worsened in 1980s when sikh uprisings occurred against Indian forces in Punjab.In Oct 1984,Mrs
Gandhi was assassinated by a sikh and her son,Rajiv took over as PM.He accused Pak of being responsible for
sikh separatist movement and indirectly his mother,s assassination.Relations reached a low point by 1987 when
both countries were close to war.However,Zia calmed down the tensions in India through his clever cricket
diplomacy and war was thus,avoided.
Relations kept deteriorating due to the Kashmir issue and nuclear arsenal development.Both countries had
started developing nuclear and conventional weapons for future warfare.In 1980,USA forced both countries to
sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and end the nuclear arms
race.Hoever,both the countries rejected this treaty and none of them signed it.
In1984 ,India invaded the siachen glacier and blocked off the karakoram highway.Pakistan,together with
Chinese supportdefeated Indian forces and regained control.
An attempt was made in 1989 to improve relations when PM visited Benazir at Islamabad in an effort to
improve ties but tensions continued despite the effort mainly because of nuclear development and Kashmir
issue.
Relations were gravely wounded when both countries strated carrying out nuclear tests in 1998.The UN
passed an unanimous resolution,asking both countries to end their nuclear programs.They were both asked to
sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.In June 1998,both countries declared that they had ended their nuclear
testing.
Despite the settlement of nuclear issue,tensions over Kashmir continued.In 1999,PMs Sharif and Vajpayee
met at Wagah border and issued the Lahore Declaration in which an agreement was made to develop ties.But
the dispute over Kashmir still endured.Pak was angered by the Indian refusal to hold a referendum in the
province according to UN.India,on ther hand, was also agitated over Pakistani suppot for Muslim kashmiris
fighting Indian forces in Kashmir.
Relations reached rockbottom when later that year,muslim kashmiri guerillas croosed the line of control and
captured the Indian occupied twons of Kargil and Dross.Pakistan ,at first denied any involvement but later
admitted that Pakistani para-military troops were involved.India launched several counter attacks and Pakistani
forces were eventually driven back.
Hence,Pak was not at all successful in its relationship with India as India has remained the main antagonist
throughout Pakistan,s history.
Q.How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with USA between 1947 and 1999?Explain your answer.
Pak tried to establish good relations with the USA after gaining independence in 1947.
In the beginning,USA was not interested in Pak and instead wanted to establish an anti-communist alliance
with India.Liaquat Ali Khan was frustrated by reluctance of America in establishing relations so,in 1949 he
accepted an invitation from soviet union.The Americans,after witnessing this act, immediately sent an invitation
to Pak.Liaquat accepted it and visited America in 1950.He arranged for the Pakistan embassy to be built in the
USA.
The Americans continued to persuade India for an alliance but it was reluctant to do so whereas Pak was
ready for an alliance in return for military and economic aid.By 1954,The Americans had decided that
Pakistan,Iran and Turkey would be ideal countries to counter growth of communism.An agreement was signed
and Pak began to receive American aid.
 Between 1954 and 1955,Pak signed three agreements which established it as a pro-west,anti-communist
country.Pak signed mutual defence agreement in 1954.It also became the member of two American sponsored
anti-communist organizations,SEATO in 1954 and CENTO in 1955.Thus,relations were off to a good start.
Ayub tried to establish good relations with USA during the 1960s.He allowed Americans to build air bases in
Pak and remained loyal to them during the highly embarrassing U-2 affair in 1960 when an American spy took
off from Peshawar and was shot down over soviet territory.
However,realtions soon deteriorated when in 1962,The American provided India aid in the 1962 war
against China which deeply offended Pak.Pak complained that it should have been consulted before any aid had
been provided to India and that India should have been forced to accept arbitration over Kashmir issue as a
price.The Americans promised to consult Pak in future.After 1962,better relations with China and soviet union
worsened those with USA.Ayub visited China in 1962 and the soviet union in 1965.These visits displeased the
USA.During the 1965 war with India,USA joined UK on an arms embargo on both countries which was far more
damaging to Pakistan than to India as Pak,s military was US-dependent.In 1971,The USA did not help Pakistan
during Bangladesh crisis and took few measures in the war against India.Relations were soon wounded when
Bhutto came as he was a pro-communist with socialistic ideas and reforms.He even accused the Americans of
organizing opposition against him in 1977.Relations were deeply strained when in 1973,Pak announced that it
was developing nuclear weapons.
Relations reached rock bottom during Zia,s rule after 1977 as the Americans disapproved of military
dictatorships.The US Embassy in Islamabad was also burned down in Nov 1979 that inflicted deepwounds on
relations.The USA accused Zia,s involvement in the attack and recalled its senior officials.All aid programs were
cancelled.
However,relations soon took a turn for the better when soviet union invaded Afghanistan in Dec1979.The
Americans offered substantial economic and military aid in return for Pak,s support for the Afghan rebels
fighting against the soviet union.However,after the soviet withdrew from Afghanistan in 1988,Pak lost its
strategic importance and aid was significantly reduced.
The Americans were particularly concerned by Pak,s nuclear program and in 1980,had tried to get it to sign the
Non-Proliferation treaty.Bhutto tried to convince the US Congress that Pak had no nuclear weapons but would
continue to develop them for self-defense.She said that Pakistan was willing to declare the sub-continent should
be nuclear freeif India did the same.American officials were still not convinced that Pak was nuclear free.In
1985,the Pressler amendment was passed which stated that the USA would only give aid to nuclear free
countries.President George Bush refused to declare Pak as nuclear free and blocked aid to the country.He also
withheld the 28 F-16 fighter jets that Pak had ordered and paid for.In 1992,The USA came close to declaring Pak
as a state sponsor of terrorism and placed economic sanctions on the country.Economic sanctions were also
imposed on allegations of child labour,drug trafficking and illegal arms.Relations continued in the wrong
direction till 1992.
From 1992 onwards,attempts were made to improve relations.President Clinton agreed that the Pressler
amendmenthad been unfair and suggest that if Pak stopped weapon grade uranium,he would agree to the sales
of F16s.In January 1995,defense secretary,William Pervy visited Pakistan and declared that pressler amendment
had been a mistake.Bhutto visited the USA in 1996 and following that visit,the Brown amendment was passed
which authorized the US govt reimburse Pak for the F-16 payments and provide $388 in military equipment.Lady
Hillary Clinton and her daughter Chelsea also visited Pak in 1996.
However,relations again reached a low point when Pak started supporting Taliban in Afghanistan whom the
USA labeled as terrorists.
Hence,Pak,s relations with USA WERE AT TIMES GOOD AND AT TIMES,BAD AS THE PREVAILING
CIRCUMSTANCES AND SITUATION DETERMINED THE RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES.
Q.How successful was Pak in it srelationship with Muslim states from 1947 to 1999?
Pak tried to establish good relations with muslim states after achieving independence.
Relations started off in a good direction.Iran was the first country to recognize Pak as an independent
state.Both countries joined the Baghdad Pact in 1955 which was set up by Iraq and Turkey.This pact was later
evolved into Central Asian Treaty Organization.However,despite regular meetings the group never developed a
permanent for raising troops for mutual defense and quietly dissolved by 1979.
 In 1964,Pakistan,Iran and Turkey set up the regional cooperation for development.This encouraged the
countries to develop closer trade links and help each other with industrial projects such as setting up of mills
and factories.The agreement lapsed in 2979 but was reestablished by Zia in 1985.
During the 1965 war with India,Iran along with Turkey tried to persuade other countries to send aid to Pak but
wasnt successful.Despite this,Pak appreciated the efforts of the two countries.Iran also helped Pak govt in
suppressing an uprising in Balochistan in 1973.
In 1979,there was an Islamic revolution in Iran and Shah was overthrown.Although Pak was one of the first
countries to recognize and support the new govt,relations between two countries were deteriorated.The
new,Islamic govt was suspicious of Pakistan because it had enthusiastically supported the Shah.The new govt
was fiercely anti-American,whereas from 1979,Pak was receiving large amounts of aid from USA.
From 1980,Iran was at war with Iraq and so had little concern for its relationship with Pak.
In 1988,The Geneva Peace Accord was signed between USSR,US,Pakistan ,Iran and Afghanistan.Pak and Iran
both supported USSR,s withdrawal from Afghanistan though Iran was still suspicious of Pak receiving heavy US
aid.Both countries had divergent views on making a stable govt. in Afghanistan.Thus,there was no major break
through in improving relations between 1988 and 1990.
Relations later started improving.In 1991,a memorandum of understanding in Tehran set up the investment
and development bank of ECO.Import tariffs were reduced between Pakistan,Iraq and Turkey.Visits were
exchanged between Pak and Iran in 1991.Dialogues were held on bilateral,Afghan and gulf issues and also the
Kashmir issue.Several agreements were made on economic cooperation.
In Dec 1993,Benazir visited Iran and discussions were held on bilateral,Afghan and Kashmir issues.President
Leghari also visited Iran in an attempt to improve relations.However,relations were soon strained as both
countries had different views on Afghanistan.Pak supported Taliban whereas Iran supported anti-
taliban,northern alliance in Afghanistan.In 1994,Iran abstained from voting on the Kashmir issue in UN Human
Rights Commission .
In march 1995,the third ECO Summit was held in Islamabad.Agreements were made for ECO
airlines,shipping,business,trade and bankings.
After 1996,relations between Iran and Pakistan slightly improved as Iran attended the special OIC Summit
which was regarding the 50th anniversary of Pak,s independence.An ECO Summit was also held in Turkmenistan
in 1997.Agreements were made on ECO road,railway and pipeline projects.However,despite these
improvements,differences continued in Afghanistan over Taliban and the northern alliance.Iran showed little
interest in Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline project.Soon,however,bilateral relations significantly improved after
Nawaz visited Iran during 1997-98 period .An agreement was also signed in 1999 to set up an oil refinery in
Hab,Balochistan.
Hence,even though there were some setbacks,Pak was fully successful in relationship with Muslim states as
numerous agreements were periodically signed between the countries that imposed good relations from time to
time.
Q:How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with china between 1947 and 1999?Explain your answer.
Ans:Pakistan maintained a good relationship with china after gaining independence
Pakistan,at first,was busy in solving its own problems and paid little attention to China.Relations were not so
good at the beginning as Pakistan was receiving aid from the capitalist west and India,Paksitan,s rival, was
having good relations with China at this time.However,relations later improved when china went to war with
India over a border dispute with China in 1962.pakistan settled its own border dispute with china peacefully by
1963 and this improved relations between two countries
In 1963 trade agreements were made and $60 Million interest-free loan was granted to
Pakistan.Support was promised in future wars against India.China also became the largest purchaser of
Pakistani cotton.PIA also began to operate in China and this increased trade and movement between the two
countries
In 1964 China supported Pakistan,s policy and Kashmir and later,Pakistan,in return supported China,s
entry into the UN.
During the 1965 war,China supplied military aid to Pakistan and applied diplomatic pressure on India to
prevent it from attacking Paksitani positions.Chinese support also gave Pakistan better terms in ceasefire.
However in the 1971 war,China could not provide such support as Soviet Union had promised India that no
Chinese support would be provided to Pakistan in this war.
But,relations took a turn for the better ,when in 1972,Bhutto visited china and it was agreed that all previous
loans had become grants.China also agreed to provide military aircrafts and tanks.
In 1978,the Karakoram highway was completed with Chinese assistance and this improved trade and
commerce with China.In 1984 India invaded Siachen and blocked off the Karakoram highway.Pakistan,with
Chinese support, defeated Indian forces and the highway was reopened.China and Pakistan also signed the
Nuclear proliferation treaty in 1986 and support was also provided in developing nuclear technology.In Nov
1989,Prime Minister,Peng visited Pakistan and agreed to provide aid from a 300MW nuclear powerplant at
Chashma(Chasnupp)
Prime minister Nawaz Sharif and President Yan Shangkun exchanged visits from 1990 to 1993.From
1993 to 1997, a number of economic agreements were made between two countries and China continued to
provide military aid,e.g in the manufacture of K-8 jets.From 1997 to 1999,relations continued to improve;China
supported Pakistan in Kashmir issue and aided in the nuclear program.
Hence,Pakistan was quite successful in its relationship with China,as since ,after independence, relations
between 2 countries have shown an upward trend without any decline.
Q:How successful was Paksitan,s relationship with USSR,s between 1947 and 1999?Explain your answer.
Ans:Paksitan tried to establish good relations with the USSR after gaining independence though circumstances
proved otherwise.
In 1949,Liaqat Ali Khan received an invitation from Moscow and decided to visit the Soviet
Union.However,he changed his mind and visited America instead after receiving an immediate invitation from
the USA.By 1950,the Soviet Union was clearly backing India over Kashmir.In 1955,they officially supported
India,s claim over Kashmir and began to provide India military and economic aid.The Soviet Union also pressed
Pakistan for the Afghan claim on Pakhtoonistan in the same year.Relations were deeply wounded when in the
mid 50,s Paksitan joined CENTO and CEATO which were anti-communist organizations.All these events strained
Pakistan-USSR relations.Althought he USSR was generally hostile towards Pakistan,it was keen to improve
relations and even offered aid if the paksitan broke off ties with the USA which it refused to do.
Relations reached rock bottom when in May 1960,a spy plane from the US base in Peshawar was shot
down over the Soviet Union.Pakistan denied any involvement but the Soviet Union refused to accept this.
Relations turned a new leaf when ties with the US deteriorated in the 1960s and 190s.In 1961 The soviets
agreed to begin exploring for oil in Pakistan.Pakistan and the Soviet Union developed close relation when in
1962,India accepted help from the USA in its war with China.When China began to give Pakistan aid in 1963, the
Soviet govt took even more decisive steps to develop good relations with Pakistan.In 1963,it loaned Pakistan 11
Million pounds and shifted to a neutral stance over the Kashmir issue.In April 1965,Ayub Khan paid an official
visit to the Soviet Union and further agreements on trade and oil explorations were reached.In January 1966,the
soviet union hosted a peace conference between India and Pakistan at Tashkent.In 1968,when the Americans
decided to close their airbase at Peshawar,the Soviet Union began to supply arms to Pakistan.
Relations soon worsened as the Soviet Union was unhappy with the fact that the Pakistan was receiving aid
from both USA and China as well as the Soviet Union.The Soviet Union was also annoyed when Pakistan
arranged a china-us agreement in 1971.It implied a special relationship between the USA,China and
Pakistan.Further relations were strained when the Soviet Union signed a treaty of Peace,Friendship and
Cooperation with India,guaranteeing Soviet support in the wars against Pakistan.
In 1972 ,Bhutto visited soviet union and tried to improve relations between the two countries.The
Soviet Union agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan at this meeting.
However,these improved relations were short-lived as the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979
and Pakistan,with American aid, supported the Afghan mujahideen against them.Although Zia visited Moscow
in 1984 to attend Andropor,s funeral,he got a cold reception.Later that year,the soviet began bombing raids on
Pakistan.The Soviet union also disapproved of Pakistan nuclear programme.Hostile relations continued until
soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988
During 1988 to 1999,Soviet withdrew from Afghanistan according to genera Accord 1988.There was
great political instability in Afghanistan at this time.Pakistan supported the Afghan Mujahideen against
Najeebullah,s govt.The USSR accused paksitan of creating troubles in Afghanistan.Afghanistan remained the
main bone of contention between the USSR and Pakistan from 1988 to 1999.Relations soon improved between
the two countries as attempts were made by both to resolve the situation in Afghanistan peacefully.From 1995
to 1997, a number of mutual and economic agreements were made between the two countries.Many high level
visits were also exchanged to both look forward to developing good relations in the future.
Hence,relations between Pakistan and USSR were not that good as improved relations had usually been short-
lived.
Q:How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Great Britain and the Common Wealth between 1947 and
1999?Explain your answer.
Ans:Pakistan remained a very good ally of Britain and was an active member of the Common Wealth after
Independence,in 1947.
Pakistan was agitated by the fact that the British had partitioned India unfairly.After independence,Pakistan
continued on as a British dominion until 1956 when it declared itself as a republic.However,it continued as a
member of Common Wealth which proved beneficial in the form of political and economic support from rich
Common Wealth countries such as Canada which provided a lot of aid for the development of
railways,dams,and other development projects.
Britain and Pakistan worked peacefully together as both members of CENTO(1954) and
SEATO(1955).However,Pakistan criticized Britain over the invasion of the Suez canal in 1956 and Britain
provided no support in the wars against India although it did play a vital role in bringing the 1965 Indo-Pak war
to an end.Britain remained neutral throughout the Bangladesh crisis and abstained from voting in the UN when
a vote was called on whether Bangladesh would be recognized as an Independent country,saying that Pakistan
and Bangladesh should sort out this matter on their own.Pakistan then left the Common Wealth in protest when
Britain recognized Bangladesh as an independent state in 1971.
However,relations later took a turn for the better when Britain fully supported Pakistan during the 1977-88
Afghan war with the Soviet Union and also provided aid for the accommodation of Afghan refugees who
streamed across its border.Britain also remained an important trading partner of Pakistan during the
1980,s.Pakistan returned to Common Wealth in 1989 due to improved relations with the west after the Afghan
wars.
Relations continued to improve in 1990,s.Due to post-independence migration and job opportunities,Britain
holds the position of having the largest Pakistani population outside of Pakistan.British Queen and the head of
the Common Wealth,Elizabeth II,also visited Pakistan in October 1997 which strengthened ties between the two
countries.However,relations were soon deeply wounded when Pakistan was dismissed from the Common
Wealth in 1999 due to a military overthrow of the democratically elected government of Nawaz Sharif.

1998 Nuclear blast missing

Hence,even though there were some ups and downs along the way,Pakistan had a good relationship with Great
Britain and the Common Wealth after Independence.
Q:How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with Afghanistan between 1947 to 1999?Explain your answer.
Ans:Pakistan tried to establish good relations with its neighbour,Afghanistan, after gaining independence in
1947.
However,in the beginning,relations were not that good because of Pukhtoonistan issue of 1947 in which the
Afghans claimed that the Pukhtoons in the NWFP wanted to join Afghanistan in order to form Pukhtoonistan,
even though the NWFP had voted to join Pakistan after they had gained independence in 1947.
The Afghan government voted against Pakistan when it was joining United Nations Organization in Sep 1947.
The Pakistani government,however, was keen to establish good relations.Official talks were called in Karachi to
reach a compromise.The Afghans still demanded the establishment of Pukhtoonistan and asked for the right of
access to sea if the Afghans dropped the demand for Pukhtoonistan but they refused and hence the talks failed.
The Afghans ,instead, signed a treaty and transit treaty with the Soviet Union granting them access to the
sea,making good relations with Pakistan unnecessary.
Relations reached rock bottom in March 1955 when the Afghans attacked and ransacked the Pakistan
embassy in Kabul.Pakistan,in retaliation,closed the border and blocked off all diplomatic ties.
Pakistan again tried to improve relations.In 1956,Sikandar Mirza visited Afghanistan but the Afghan government
was uninterested and continued to show opposition.It refused to join the RCD because Pakistan was a member
and remained neutral in the 1965 Indo-Pak war even though many Afghans supported Pakistan.
Z.A Bhutto,after taking office ,in 1971, improved relations by emphasizing on an Islamic foreign policy.He visited
Kabul shortly after assuming power.In 1973,Sardar Daud became the Prime Minister of Afghanistan.Bhutto
continued to improve relations between the two countries.Access to India through Pakistan was granted to
Afghan traders and generous contributions were made to a fund dealing due to the consequences of the 1976
earthquake in Afghanistan.In 1976,Bhutto and Daud exchanged visits of the encouragements of the Shah of Iran.
Zia-ul-Haq tried to improve relations after coming to power in 1977 but this was short lived as Daud
was later killed when his government was overthrown.But relations turned for the better when the Soviet
Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 as Paksitan supported Afghan Mujahideen by distributing military aid from
the capitalist west,and it also became a sanctuary for Afghan refugees who migrated to Pakistan in great
numbers from their war-torn country.However, this resulted in an increase in drug trafficking and smuggling in
Pakistan.The Soviet Union finally admitted defeat in 1988.
Violence and political instability continued in Afghanistan after the war.This violence spread to Pakistan
resulting in the development of the Kalash-n-kov culture .
Nawaz Sharif tried to restore peace by uniting various fractions but failed.(GoNawazGo)
Finally, Benzair Bhutto,after taking office, supported the Taliban,who seemed to be the strongest group in the
country to restore political stability.However,this resulted in increasing religious fundamentalism and Islamic
military in Afghanistan which threatened stability in Pakistan.
Hence, relations between the two countries in this period in the light of the above events were not usually very
good.