STRESSES FROM PRESSURE, RADIAL, AND MOMENT LOADS IN

CYLINDER-T0-CYLIN9ER VESSEL BY A FINITE PLATE METHOD

» M — I » I tut te U M awn U W M W I * . *>jitet\

NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT DIVISION
BABCOCK & WILCOX COMPANY
*-"" AKRON, OHIO
* * U M M Sam M tta ( M M S U M 1<»«I
a u w ^ i t i ^ M MMMIIMHH, m m «i
f ti
MMii«fMyMnKi,tifcn,im
M M iW«B4,« IIIMmrH MW « Mt'WWM MX

Authors: S. J. Brown
M. E. Fox

PXSStred by.Babcock and Mtlcox Company under Subcontract

No. 54-7HF-2125S5-BM for Westinghouse Electric Corporation
and the IK S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Contracts 49-18-12-3 and EY-76-C-75-2395 for the Clinch
River Breeder Reactor Plant Project.

August 1977

DISTRIBUTION OFTW* CTI"""^

 t ;i nuuctioii

A structural problem that has received continued intrn-ist and drvclopiwut w r itic

late several decades Is the determination of stresses In two normally intersecti«p cylin-

drical shells) subjected to Internal pressure and external lending. This type of structure

in tnanifent In mnnwnys, handholes, view ports, nozcle-plping attachments, etc. Over the

yenrs moot analytical developments have been orl«nt<ii.*d toward the solution of the Internal

pressure loading condition. This Is probably attributed to the fact th.it It vas Cell that

structural difficulty from external loading could be easily deiilgned out by adjustments in

pipe support or flexibility; many attachments did not receive external loads, and an ana-

lytical treatment of this problem Is considerably more difficult than the Internal pressure

problem.

In nuclear pressure vessels the external loading of the vessel through the attachment

is encountered in thermal interaction, seismic loading, and various postulated rupture or

failure mcchanismu.

Historically, the solution of the internal pressure problem had itc beginnings in a

194? publication of a theoretical solution of stresses about a circular hole in a cyliiitk'i'

by Lurlc (1]. In the following years this particular problem was treated by numerous

authors, Withum (2), F.ringen et >>1 (3, 41, Van Dyke (5), anil tokkcrkerkrr J6J. utils.-itip.

various methods. Vliillc these solutions gave seme indication or hounds on the strokes in

two intersecting cylinders, the Influence of the attachment, vhich is of interest, va% not

Included. The effect of the cylindrical attachment vas theoretically treated by Riodclbach

(7] in 1961, Erlntjen and Suhbi [6], Green and Zerna [9], Hoff [10], Crlnp.cn ct al I n ] ,

Maye cad Gringcn (12], and In 1974. by Edmondson [13, 14). This work contributes sijjnjfj-

eantly to the evaluation of cylinder-to-cyltnder intersections, however. U s disadvantages:

lay In the fact that any effects produced by reinforcement or contouring at the juncture

can only be approximated.

Th*<i problem has boon treated In various numerical ways, however, the most papular arc

the finite elemer.% and numerical shell formulations. These methods cover a variety of

axltynntctrlc geometric and displacement, axlsymmctrtc geometric and asymmetric displace-

ment , and complete 3-D formulations. A dltcusslon of the finite clement technique, vhich

underwent development in the 1950*8, way be found in texts by Callaghcr {15J, Zicnkieuicr

(16), anil nutnerc-v ethers. Some examples of the early numerical shell programs arc

dcvelupcd by Frlcdrich (171, Xalnlns {IB], and Letting! (19].

 , ." ' Tha advantage of both Methods ia tha representation of variable thickness, branch
•;•. _ •: . • points, snd eaaa in handling larga complex components. Tha shell formulations generally
i < 'assume classical type shall simplifications whereas the finite element characterises K M
>\ finite region by a displacement polynomial. The swat versatile numerical method of per-
, ' forming a structural analysis of a cyllnder-to-cyllnder components is by the 3-D finite
element method, since tha «ayaawtrlc geometric and stress nature can fee most accurately
idealised. Its «lsadvantaga is that It's solutions represent the manipulation of a vary
larga system of .algebraic equations, hence la generally more expensive than tha other nu-
, merlcel shell or finite element methods. The axis/Metric ser-^trie aed displacement
assumption for the numerical shell snd finite element methods was tha earliest approach used
to evaluate, cyllnder-to-cyllnder structures and has been the moat popular. It haa ibeen
found :o be a poor approximation of tha stress at a discrete location in tha juncture fro*
internal pressure loading, however, it la adequate In representing some circ-infcrenmlly
averaged stress value. There are various waya in which the host cylinder is usually repre-
sented. There are a hemisphere with twice the radius of the cylinder and a hemisphere with
its radius equal to the cylinder with a doubled internal pressure. A study by Rodabaugh
120' discusses the limitations of »uth approximation Methods, and ineluaes ssat u » » » M n t
I' of tna uaa of the tvxisymmetric geometric and asymmetric loading approximation uclng Kalnlns
'' program. In a paper t>y Brown,(21] this latter approximation, the representation of a
• finite region about tha attchment by a e^llndar-to-plate, is shown to provide results that
; are quite good and considerably cheaper than tha 3-D geometric finite elamtnt method for
0*J3*l s In insutncea where it is desirable to have the full three dimensional geometric
\ aaseaament of atraeaee in the cylinder-to-cylinder attachment, it hat been shown in (21]
j that t.ha finite plate method (FRO is a readily constructed and inexpensive preliminary
! test prior to a 3-0 finite.element ot 'experimental evaluation of tha structure. It waa tha
i relatively good rasulta and simplicity that resulted in-applying the method, TOM, to piping
> loads and (as we shall briefly discuss in this paper) thermal loads.
j Tha firat aignlfleant work uaed to addrea* tha externally loaded cylinder-to-cylinder
>' waa a aariea of papers published in the 1950'• by Bljlasrd I22» 23, 24, 25, 26]. In these
i well known And widely used series of articles, Bijlaard considered the problem of a eylln-
. ! drical shell loaded by distributed momenta and forcea over some finite region of the cylin-
der. Although the interactive effect'of an attachment ia not implicitly accounted for. the
. reeulte have been ahown to be relatively good in the host cylinder adjacent to the attsch-
•' swnt. The durability of Bijlaard'e work U attested to by the fact that It Is still widely
1
w e d to assess rectangular and circuits attachments to cylindrical shells. Improvement*,
swdlflcationa, tabulation followed in papera by Xeapnor (27], aijlaard 128], Wlchman et al
139), Dodge (30], and Sellara (31). In 1963 Hanaberry and Jonea (32] gave a theoretical
treatment of the in plane Moment loading of two intersecting cylinders, where the moment 1*
appllod to the nottle terminus. In the Instance of reinforcement of the Interaeetlon, we
have the acme limitation aa the theoretical praaaura aolutlona; namely, Inability to dea-
i
!
n i b s sccurately the streaaea within the juncture.
In the caae of the numerical aethode cited previously, the 3-D finite element method
is particularly suitable to deaerlba the asymmetric nature of the problem with reinforce-
ment; hotuver, Che computer coat la usually significantly Increased for the aotcle terminus
' subjected to force and moment loading versus a simple internal pressure load. The cost
increase la a result of the increase in the mesh site needed to idealize the nonsyametric
loads and rssulting boundary conditions.
The axleyamatrlc geometric and displacement formulations cannot reasonably approximate
the external Moment and transverse load cases; however, by ualng a Fourier aeries expansion
(or displacement, an asyametric loading vlth an axlsyamctrlc geometric assumption offare a
possible approximation method.

Slseuaaion o£ the Internal Pressure Problem

In reference [Sol ' ' .
' the series solution .
Za(r)-^ me
; m a used to satisfy the equation

1
where ^ ^ s ] is a stress function satisfying the equilibrium and compatibility equations
when conaldering the in plane loading of an annular plate (aee figure 1)
iy uatng the following boundary conditions (aee figure 1) at r»b
j A simple two term expansion' Is chosen which results In a uniform biaxial stress lit
the plot* and la everywhere equivalent to the atresa In tha cylinder aa a approachea sero.
The wknowr. hoop membrane stress6gt at r«a of tht annular pAate ta vrl£ten aa a function

Tr CYLINDER THICKNESS'* P~INTERWL PRESSURE

Ttom Van tyke'a solution of atreasea In a hole in a cylinder (see figure 2)

gf fa WHEREjfr
v« were fcble to obtain with aquation (o)

/ AND ^
These functions at* sraphlcally ahown In fltura 3.
With P .KAJ3 tha outer radius of the plate and the »f*br«ne loads «ay be determined. '
'In a manner similar to the Inplane load paraaeterc, It vas shown for the bending hoop
atress In tha plate at/*"a that

•9t'-r{p.G.9.p)
. For bendini, the equilibrium eqn. takes tha form of (2), where 0 la transvarse dla-
placement.
From Van Dyke'a solution of tha banding atresa at the cutout In the cylinder

and aquation (?) ve obtain

'. P~-F**tjS) AND G=tf%8) <»>

which are plotted in figure 3.
.A comparison of tie maximum atraln in the H-S hostl* [33, 34), which appeared In ref-
erence [21], is repeated In Table 1. Upon calculating^(*&#), tha parametersA,)* t P and
G are determined, k geometric axlsymmetrlc program with Fourier displacement functions
la utilised to Idealise the N-S nottle attached to a finite plate with the calculated leads
at r»b. An Illustration of the H-5 nossle It provided in figure 4.

Te.Me I

JJM US
• »WK.E.tK4t*Midlt|iUlti IITO t.t MI
4 » a FJt. (N-t H Mi tomCft—) 1550 •.« iM
 Forces on a Moir.lc Attachacnt
Zc is of Intereat to determine if the (FPH) csn ba extended to the evaluation of
•tresses in the cylinder-to-cylinder Juncture resulting froa axial force silled at the
nottle teralnus. Of course, we would want to utlllte a coaaon finite eleaent andel used
for pressure losds, such aa the N-5. following a slailar approach presented in [21] for
Internal pressure, --a consider the series solution of Bljlaard 122] for a unlfora pressure
applied over the rortangulac area * C t (see figure 5) where C,*Ct.. In M s paper %.. find
th* solutions of the fora.
. t /5 V C 9 Y /ft ]
<«)
^0 AND Y-R0
t F>axlal Eoice, 1 • length of cylinder
Let's write the values

•Atf
» as* f

Tabulations and pleta of data ofAf*and/tf*nay b« found in ret. fl8, 19!

i - He now deteralne the in plane force per length (R)
• t r«b shown in figure 7.

vh«re

Oh-4.103 <?
= 4.103 <LXJ3Z£{N$-N*)
n
d <j pressure on plate over *r**7fC (figure 6}
• We note titat^ffn i s essentially an adjustment In XtitjS for the area of application of
loading* In the circular plate solution we apply a pressure (q) to a circular area equiva-
lent to the iCf area. The ament/tytat the canter of the circular plate subjected to a unl-
for* pressure at r-o and V**5T~ "*" %L &&Z& at r>b la deterained as

V1
(17)
Using eqn. (12) and (13) we can write

(20)
i •. Equations (20) and (21).are Illustrated la figure «.

•aaentaon a Wossle Attached

In ref. [22],. BlJlaard praaenta the aerlea solution of longitudinal and circuafcrontiai
aoasnta ( M ^ a n d M ^ ) applied on a cylinder. The aoasnts are effectuated by a pressure
distribution over the fttJfCfXZCgon the cylinder (figure 5 ) . In the manner of the
; axial solution, we will use Bljlaard'e aolutlon to di teralne the aaxlaua internal aoaenta
: and forcea (Af* «nd/V«O to be lkposed upon the circular plate. This la done In order to
:' calculate the external loads ori the circular plate. Dp. until thla point we have been deal-
; ing with aclf equilibrating loada applied to the plate. For an external bending aoaent
'. applied to the plate, vet will have equilibrium froa equal and opposite aoaenta via a prcs-
aure distribution overTftf^nd a tranaverae ahear distribution along£77'£>(flgure 9).
. ' For this type of loading, our series solutions will consist of odd hsraonica. To be
;' consistent with the philosophy of an Inexpensive approximation aethod, we will consider only
the caae otC&iiffuhenM*/. The maxima Internal aoaenta and forcea In the cylinder occur
: at Ci or C2 1 depending upon the application ofM^ orA(r. As an exaaple, a longitudinal
i aoaacjc applied on *Cf would reault In •sxlnua awaenta and forcea Mfjjand/|/J) *t£b£Gi.O,O)
1 The s itessec at X*b, Y* t£ are found to be usually negligible or an order of magnitude lower.
• A circumferential external aoaent at the *Cj erea results In the maxima internnl aoaent
: and force.0WA,>IU ) *tX*b,Y*£Ct, The tranaverae ahear G" on the plate (figure 9? is deter-
• alnad aa

where ^ i v a W M l a Illustrated in figure 9. ° °

nay solve •. -

, Ct b)
where^«ijC (longitudinal and clrcuaferentlal}
- Taa aeabrane force A b at f*CIn the circular plate (figure 10) la deteralned by considering
the 1st odd tern of cqn. (1) satisfying eqn. (2) with the condition* {V j"*O

I.
 , {hence
OR Ar*-£yL
an
Equating Ato to/tf< aniNp we awy solve

(2S)

Ex—Pla of Axial Force and ttowint toadlnt

. The analytical and experlacntal evaluation of aodel #3 (see figure 11) teated at Oak Mdge
la compared to an FPM analysis using B*W finite eloaent prograa MAS (363 • The curva-
ia 0.11O
\*0.4, b */. /93/M * F*SOOlb ..Me *800iN-ib.. Xc •Z4.5*j3i*0. //.

• The forces at r-b for each load la calculated as follows:

a) for T
B (radial force) - 629 - 42.712X30 lb/»<?lan
V (vertical force) - 64.4+ 2»COO0 lb/radlan
») for Me
•-,"• R - i6O0tt& Ib/radlan
•)- v . 284 OOH& lb/radian
m
Tfffet *60^int9lb/r«dian
c) for Mt. /
H - 699 GD56 lb/radian
f - S20fi93£?lb/radian
TOf-B - 699Ain& lb/radlan
, The critical atresses in the cylinder adjacent to the nozzle, which vert obtained by atrain

, 3-D plate finite elements idealization, and the FFM *re compared in Table I I .

Table II

l l u . MM. Straw (KSiitnm Apprax. Computer

r MC ML Tim* CDC 7600
bpttimMUl 11.7 . n.e 21.0
11J 30.0 SOOMC
tSJt
mt-rx. 11.4
UA m

• Conclusion
! la this paper a slaple technique (FRO la presented to analyse atreanee in cylinder

! *
• •• ' - I

' to-eylindtr juncture*. Since the appraaeh vacs ahallow ahell fowulatlons (by Van Cj-kc and
Mjluard) and a throe t e w series expansion plate Cowulatlon, the janjc of applicability
ia rouahly Halted **(itfT)HQ,&/ft£p.S and curvature £ 1.
•, It i» fait that tha valua of tha Mthod la Ita accuracy* cconoay, atyi ease in andclint
a atructura which falls within tha rantt of applicability. Anochar appealing feature of the
•atbod is that ita aiapliatie approach ol wparpoaitton of results pewits an aasy rttan-
alon to-lnelu^a additional loads net traatad. For thosa «acbanlcal lcadlnga not dovalopcd,
it ia fait thtt their effect can either ba accounted for by the awchanisM discussed or by
•lapla eelculatlons. CeneraUy, tha stresses resu^cioc item torslonal or transverse shear
ara aaall coaparad to tha loads discussed, however, these shear affects aay be lacJv.ded.
Finally, in tha instance of thental atraaa within tha cyllnder-to-»cyliader structure, it
has baan shown In.an unpublished atudy by Brown that tha fFK yields very food results for
tha xanse of curvatures discussed.

Acfcnowledtjaanta

Illppraclatlon ia alao expreased to J. L. Rechaer of the Kudesr Equlpaent Division of

Xabeocfc i Hllcox for his support. '
I Reference* . .
(1) Luris, *.. I., "Static* of Thin-Walled Elastic Shells" (State Publishing House of
Technical and Theoretical Literature, Moscow, 1947), Transl.
Of Withum, D., "On the Shear Stress in a Cylindrical Shall with * Circular Opening,"
Ingenieur - Archln 26, 435 (1958)
(3) Kline, L. V., Dixon, R. C , Jordan, M. F., and Erijen, A. C , "Strcsse» in Pressurlxed
Cylindrical Shell with Circular Cutout," General Technology Corporation Technical
Report Mo. 3-1 (Aug. 1962). (ace also Report 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5).
(4) Erlngen, A. C , Negtidl, A. X., and Thiel, C. C , "State of Stress in a Circular Cylin-
drical Shell with a Circular Bole," Welding Research Council Bulletin Mo. 102
(Jan. 1965).
(5) Van Dyke, P., "Stresses About a Circular Hole In a Cylindrical Shell," AIAA Journal,
Vol. 3, Ho. 9, 1965, pp 1733 - 1742.
(6) Lekkerkerker, J. G., "Stress Concentration Around Circular Holes In Cylindrical Shells"
Proceedings'of the Eleventh International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin, 1964, pp 283 - 28B.
(7) Reldelbach, W., "The State of Stress at the Perpendicular Intersection of Two Right
Circular Tubes," Ingr. - Arch., Vol. 30, 1961, pp 293 - 316.
(8) Erlngen, A.' C. and Suhubl, E. S., "Stress Distribution at Two Normally Intersecting
Cylindrical Shells," Nuclear Struc. Engineering, 2:253 - 270, 1965.
(9) Green, A. E. and Z«rc», W., "Theoretical Elasticity," Oxford Univ. Press, 1954.
(10) 8off, N. J., "Boundary - Value Problems of the Thin-Walled Circular Cylinder,"
Journal of Applied Mechanics, Dec. 1954, pp 343 - 350.
(ll)'Erlngan, A. C , Naghdl, A. X., Mahaood, S. S., Thlel, C. C., and Arlaan, T., "Stress
Concentrations In Two Normally Intersecting Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Internal
Pressure," Welding Research Council Bulletin Ho. 139, April 1969.
(12) Kaye, R. F. and Eringen, A. C. "Rirther Analysis of Tvo Normally Intersecting Cylin-
drical Sheila Subjected to Internal Pressure," Nuclear Engineering Design, Vol. 12,
1970, pp 457 - 474. . . ' •
(13) Edaondson, A. J., "Stress Analysis of a Radial Noulc Attached to a Cylindrical Shell
Under Internal Pressure," 08NL-TK-4269.
(14) Ibid - ASMS paper Ho. 74-PVP-48, 1974.
(15) Gallagher, R. H., "Finite Element Analysis - Fundamentals," Prentice-Hall Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, Hew Jeraey, 1975.
(16) Zlenklcvicz, 0. C , "The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science," McGraw-Hill,
London, 1971, 07-094138-6.
(17) Friedrich, C. H., "Seal Shell-2, A Computer Program for the Stress Analysis of a Thick
Shell of Revolution with Axlsynnetric Pressures, Temperatures and Distributed Loads,"
HAPD-TK-398. Weatlnghouse Bettis Atonic Power Laboratory, Pitts., Pa., 1963.
(18) Xalnins, A., "Analysis of Shells of Revolution Subjected to Symmetrical and Konsya-
•etrical Loads, ASHE J. of Applied Mechanics, Sept. 1964.
(19) Lcatlngl, 3. F. and Brown, S. J., "Comparison of The Numerical Integration Technique
and The Finite Element Method In The Analyais of Thin-Shell Structure", 2nd SM1KT.
Serlln, 1973.
 loaabauah, E. C., "Applicability of Axlsyaaetrlc Geometry Analytic Methods to Nozzles
I K Cylindrical Shells with Internal Pressure Loading," Battciic Report 117-8,. M M .
subcontract Ho. 3131, Columbus, Ohio. July 1973.

Brown>«. J., "A Finite Plate Method to Sclve Cyllndcr-to-Cyllmder Structures Sub-
jected toS«Mrnal Pressure," ASMS paper Mo. 76-PVP-C, Journal of Pressure Vessel and
Piping.

(22) Bljlsard, i. P., "StresWa From Local Loadlnga in Cylindrical Pressure Vessels," ASKE
paper Mo. 54-PIT-7, Sept. I H i ,

(23) Ujlaart, P. P., "Stresses From Radlsl Loads in Cylindrical Pressure Vessels," Veld-
Ing Journal Research)Supplement 33, 1954.

(24) Bijlaard, P. P., "Stresses From Radial Loads and External Moments in Cylindrical
v Pressure Vessels," Welding Journal, 34, H 5 S .

(25) Bljlaard, P.. P., "Additional Data on Stresses In Cylindrical Shells Voder Local Load-
Ing," Ibid, Mo. SO. May 1959: . ' -.

(26) Bijlaard,' P. P., "On the Effect of Tangential Loads on Cylindrical and Spherical
Shells," PVRC, Welding Research Council.

(27) Kenpner, J., et al "Tables and Curves for Deformations, and Stresses in Circular
- Cylindrical Sheila trader Localised Loadings}" 3. Aero. Se. M.24, 1957.

(28) Bijlaard, P. Pi and Cranch, E. T., "Interpretive Commentary or the. Application of

Theory to Experimental.Results for Streeaes and Deflections Due to Local Loads on
Cylindrical Shells," WRC Bulletin He. 60, 1960.

(29) Vichman, K. R., Hopper, A. C;, and Merahon, J. L., "Local Stresses In Spherical and
Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings," WRC Bulletin 107, 1965.

, 1 (30) Dodge, W. C., "Secondard Stress Indices for Integral Structural Attachments to
Straight Pipe," WRC Bulletin 198, 1974.

(31) Sellara, F., "A Note on the Correlation of Photoelastic and Still Model Data for
; Motzle Connections iii Cylindrical Shells," WRC, PVRC.

(32) Bansberry, J. V. and Jones, S., "A Theoretical Study of the Elastic Brtovlor of Two
Normally Intersecting Cylindrical Shells," ASMS paper Mo. 68 - WA/PVP-1, 196B.

(33) Van Caapen, D. H., Kroon, J. P., Xoopman, X. B. C., and Lstsko, D. G. B., "The
Mottle-to-Flat Plate Approach in the Stress. Concentration Problem of Xozzle-to-Cylin-
der.Intersections', "1st-International Conf. on Struct. Mech. On Xeactor Tech., Vol. 4,
Part G, Berlin, Germany,-Sept. 1971.

(34) Van Campen,- D. B., and Spasa, B. A. C. M.,' "On the Streap Distribution In Mozzle-to-
'' ' Cylinder Connections for Small Diameter Ratios," Nuclear Engineering and Design,
Vol. 21, 1972. - " " "•••

(35) Cwaltney, P.. C., Bolt, S. %., Corum, J. M., Brysch, 3. V., "Theoretical and Experi-
mental Stress Analyals of ORKI, Thin-Shell Cyllnder-to-Cyllnder Model 3," O W L Report
5020, June 1975.

(36) ALAS - Asymmetric Loading Axisymactrlc Solid-Users Manual, The Babcock t Vilcox
. Company Report 91383, Barberton, Ohio (1971).

t*i\Umiis.:* /»**

.r
 OPtlom
1.- Uniform biaxial loading idealisation.
2. Circular cylinder1 with • circular cutout. -
3. Unit* plat* paraaatera for dlMiwion (X), biaxial loading ( 4 ) , vertical
loadinj* (P/p and o/pi varaua tba curvatur* paraawtar (0).
4. K'S notcle
5. Circular cylindar unitonly loaded ever, a rectangular area (2Ci x 2C 2 ).
6. Circular plata uniformly loaded over a circular area (Utc1).
7. Circular plate inpiane load paraa«t«ra for axial force (r).
8. Circular plate transverae load paraaetera for axial force (F).
9. Circular plate tranaverse load paraaeters for aoaents (Me or th.).
10. Circular plata inpiane load parameters for atmenta CHc or H U •
11. Oak Ridge teat aodtl #3.

i ._
J
V

N
u
DIMENSIONS
- INCHES mm
A 27.64 742
B 4.53 115
C 3.54 90
D 2.60 66
E 5.20 132
F 0.20 5
G 0.39 10
H 0.79 20
1 8.66 220
J 1.37 50
K 3.94 100
L 1.97 50
M 0.492 12.5
N 0.168 4.3
 J

'.. I
u...
•J

8"
•1-
•fc. J

00

I
 0
0 .Z
COS

*w
21^-
2|H
II
/ I
fc —V o

•-N
 H - thickness
Model
No .Ma^rDirnerisions
- ^T~T
3 ' 10.0 1.29 0.2 0.168

J. Thickness