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2) Using elementary row operations on matrices to reduce the augmented matrix to an upper triangu-
lar matrix.
Exercises:
2. The following matrices are the augmented matrices of systems of linear equatioins in variables
x1 , x2 , . . .. Write down the corresponding systems explicitly and solve them.
(a) (c)
1 6 0 0 4 2
1 0 0 5
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 1
2
0 0 0 1 5 2
0 0 1 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
(b) (d)
1 0 0 4 1 1 2 0 3 0 7
0 1 0 2 6 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 2
3. Solve the following linear systems using Gaussian or Gauss-Jordan (back-substitution) elimina-
tion. Write clearly all elementary row operations you used.
(a) (d)
x + y + 2z = 0 x 2y + z 4t = 1
2x + 4y 3z = 1 x + 3y + 7z + 2t = 2
3x + 6y 5z = 0. x 12y 11z 16t = 5.
(e)
(b)
2I1 I2 + 3I3 + 4I4 = 9
2x + 2y + 2z = 0
I1 2I3 + 7I4 = 11
2x + 5y + 2z = 1
3I1 3I2 + I3 + 5I4 = 8
8x + y + 4z = 1.
2I1 + I2 + 4I3 + 4I4 = 10.
(c) (f)
x + 2y t + w = 1 2u v =0
3y + z w = 2 u + 2v w =0
z + 7t = 1. v + 2w z = 0
w + 2z= 5.
1
4. For which values of a will the following system have no solutions? Exactly one solution? In-
nitely many solutions?
x + 2y 3z = 4
3x y + 5z = 2
4x + y + ( a2 14)z = a + 2.
Operations on matrices
Recall:
Exercises:
1. Suppose that A, B, C, D, E are matrices with the following sizes: A : 4 5; B : (4 5); C : 5 2;
D : 4 2; E : 5 5. Determine (if exists) the size of each of the following matrices:
2. Let
3 0 1 5 2 6 1 3
4 1 1 4 2
A = 1 2 , B = ,C = , D = 1 0 1 , E = 1 1 2 .
0 2 3 1 5
1 1 3 2 4 4 1 3
3. Write down the 2 by 2 matrices A and B that have entries aij = i + j and bij = (1)i+ j . Multiply
them to nd AB and BA. Is the product of A and B commutative?
(a) If columns 1 and 3 of B are the same, so are columns 1 and 3 of AB.
(b) If rows 1 and 3 of B are the same, so are rows 1 and 3 of AB.
(c) If rows 1 and 3 of A are the same, so are rows 1 and 3 of AB.
(d) ( AB)2 = A2 B2 .
5. Which of the following matrices are guaranteed to equal ( A + B)2
2
(a) A2 + 2AB + B2 (c) ( A + B)( B + A)
(b) A( A + B) + B( A + B) (d) A2 + AB + BA + B2
8. In each part nd matrices A, X, B which express the given system of linear equations as a single
matrix equation AX = B. Solve these equations.
(a)
x1 3x2 + 5x3 = 7
9x1 x2 + x3 = 1
x1 + 5x2 + 4x3 = 0
(b)
x1 3x3 + x4 =7
5x1 + x2 8x4 =3
2x1 5x2 + 9x3 x4 =0
3x2 x3 + 7x4 = 2
3
Triangular factors and row exchanges
Recall: Reduce solving Ax to solving two triangular systems Lc = b and Ux = c, where A = LU and L
is a lower triangular matrix, and U is a upper triangular matrix.
2. Apply the elimination method to nd the LU decomposition for the following matrices
Inverses of matrices
Recall:
Exercises:
2. Use the Gauss-Jordan method to invert the following matrices then solve the equations Ax = b
for b = (1, 2, 7).
1 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1
A1 = 1 1 1 , A2 = 1 2 1 , A3 = 1 2 2 ,
0 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 3
4
(d) (e) (f)
1 1 2
0 0 1 2 3 2 0 5 5 5
A4 = 0 1 1 , A5 = 4 2 2 0 , A6 = 1 1 1
5 5 10
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 4 1
5 5 10
6. For which three numbers c is this matrix not invertible, and why not?
2 c c
A = c c c
8 7 c