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University of Melbourne
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Paper No 0177
Accepted Paper Page 1 / 5
Accepted Paper
CIRED Workshop - Rome, 11-12 June 2014
Paper 0177
Accepted Paper
Accepted Paper
CIRED Workshop - Rome, 11-12 June 2014
Paper 0177
the corresponding analysis. Using a similar approach to regression analysis was carried out using the least
that of National Grid, the P, Q and Q/P ratios for the squares approach to fit the weekly Q/P ratios. Fig. 4 and
average of 3 minimum active power demand conditions Fig. 5 show the linear fitting of the calculated Q/P
are assessed for all critical GSPs. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show values during summer weeks for a London area GSP
P, Q and Q/P results for a GSP in the South West of during winter weeks and a GSP in East Midlands
Great Britain during minimum load using yearly and (central Great Britain), respectively. A declining trend
monthly resolution. This GSP exhibits a maximum of seasonal Q/P ratios from 2009 to 2012 is evident in
demand of 470-480 MW, whereas during minimum load both cases.
conditions absorbs 120-230 MW. As it can be seen in
Fig. 2, this GSP exhibits a continuous decline to even Fig. 6 shows the corresponding linear fittings derived
more capacitive yearly Q/P ratios. for winter weeks of years 2009-2012 for all 10 critical
GSPs of a DNO that operates in the south of Great
The monthly analysis presented in Fig. 3 for the same Britain. All examined GSPs, apart from one, present a
GSP in 2012 reveals that reactive power injections declining trend of Q/P ratios during minimum load.
occur in all months during minimum load conditions. P (MW) Q (MVAr) Q/P
However, in this case, Q/P ratios are influenced by
seasonal load levels during minimum demand. 160 0.00
140 -0.02
SEASONAL ANALYSIS 120 -0.04
Since the performance of distribution networks during 100
MW and MVAr
-0.06
minimum load depends on seasonal circumstances, the 80
Q/P
analysis on the critical GSPs is carried out -0.08
60
independently for every season. Weekly resolution is -0.10
used on half-hourly demand data for years 2009-2012. 40
-0.12
Starting from 1st January (week 1), weeks 1-9 and 49-52 20
correspond to winter, weeks 10-22 to spring, weeks 23- 0 -0.14
35 to summer and weeks 36-48 to autumn. 2009 2010 2011 2012 -0.16
-20
Identification of Critical Periods -40 -0.18
The critical periods per season are the weeks that Fig. 2. Yearly analysis results for a GSP in South West of
exhibit the lowest inductive or even capacitive Q/P Great Britain.
ratios during minimum load for years 2009 to 2012.
Having calculated the Q/P ratios for every week, the 4
P (MW) Q (MVAr) Q/P
weeks with lowest Q/P ratios per season are recorded
for every GSP. This process is followed for each of the 250 0.00
years 2009 to 2012 and each of the selected 60 critical -0.02
GSPs. Based on the recorded 4 critical weeks per GSP 200
-0.04
per season, a comparison among all 60 critical GSPs is
carried out for all the years simultaneously. The 3 most
MW and MVAr
150 -0.06
frequent weeks are then identified and shown in Table I.
Q/P
-0.08
100
Taking into account the difference of Q/P ratio values -0.10
from 2009 to 2012 for the identified critical weeks 50 -0.12
included in Table I, it is possible to assess the
corresponding trend in Q/P ratios. Table II summarizes -0.14
0
the proportion of GSPs that during the identified critical -0.16
weeks exhibit in 2012 a lower inductive or even more
-50 -0.18
capacitive Q/P ratio compared to the corresponding of
2009. All weeks have more than 65% of the GSPs with Fig. 3. Monthly analysis results for a GSP in South West
declining Q/P ratios. of Great Britain for year 2012.
Accepted Paper
Accepted Paper
CIRED Workshop - Rome, 11-12 June 2014
Paper 0177
Table II GSPs with reduced Q/P ratios from 2009 to 2012 0.3
Winter Spring/Autumn Summer decreasing Q/P
0.2
week GSPs(%) week GSPs(%) Week GSPs(%)
1 80.0 21 65.0 24 73.3 0.1
50 76.7 22 68.3 25 73.3
0
52 90.0 37 71.7 31 78.3
-0.1
Q/P
0.4 -0.2
linear fitting
calculated Q/P -0.3
0.35
increasing Q/P
-0.4
0.3
-0.5
0.25
Q/P
-0.6
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
winter weeks
0.2
Fig. 6. Linear fitting approximations of Q/P ratios of all 10
0.15 selected GSPs of the same DNO (South of Great Britain).
Results during winter weeks of years 2009-2012.
0.1
Table III . Top 10 weeks of a GSP in London area
0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Criterion Top 10 Weeks
week Min Q/P 24, 28-29, 39-43, 51-52
Fig. 4. Fitting of weekly Q/P ratios of a London area GSP Max Voltage for SGT1 1-6, 12-15
during summer for years 2009-2012. Max Voltage for SGT2 3, 8 ,12, 15-18, 20-22
Max Voltage for SGT3 1-6, 24-29
Max Voltage for SGT4 3, 12-13, 15-18, 20-22
0.1
calculated Q/P Max Voltage for SGT5 3, 12-13, 15-18, 20-22
linear fitting
0.05
CORRELATION WITH VOLTAGE
0
In this section, the correlation between voltage
magnitudes at 132 kV buses of GSPs with the
-0.05
corresponding Q/P ratios during minimum load is
Q/P
Accepted Paper
Accepted Paper
CIRED Workshop - Rome, 11-12 June 2014
Paper 0177
Similar results to Table III and Fig. 7 that indicate no order to understand the factors affecting the reduction in
correlation of minimum Q/P ratios and maximum reactive power demand during minimum load.
voltages have been obtained for the rest of GSPs.
Consequently, the voltage magnitudes at the 132 kV In terms of voltages at the transmission-distribution
busbars cannot be directly correlated with the GSP interface (132kV busbar), no correlation was found
reactive power demand during minimum load. This is between maximum voltages and the corresponding Q/P
consistent with the fact that voltage regulation, by ratios during minimum demand. This is consistent with
means of on-load tap changers at SGTs, is still effective the fact that voltage regulation, by means of on-load tap
(i.e., there is headroom in terms of taps). changers at SGTs, is still effective (i.e., there is
headroom in terms of taps). This, however, could
1.06 significantly change in the near future with even further
SGT3-2009 declines in the Q/P ratios and limited resources to
SGT3-2012
1.05 SGT2-2009 manage voltages in the transmission network.
SGT2-2012
1.04
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
max voltage (pu)
Accepted Paper
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