Tablet computer

A tablet computer, commonly shortened to tablet, is a portable PC, typically

with a mobile operating system and LCD touchscreen display processing
circuitry, and a rechargeable battery in a single thin, flat package. Tablets,
being computers, do what other personal computers do, but lack some I/O
capabilities that others have.

Tablets typically have other I/O capabilities that suit them to their usual tasks.
These may include front-facing or rear-facing digital cameras, a microphone,
GPS receiver, flashlight, magnetometer, proximity sensor, barometer,
gyroscope and an accelerometer, so images on screens are displayed upright, Apple's iPad (left) and Amazon's Fire
or to sense velocity. Some have a fingerprint sensor, iris scanner, or face (right) are commercially successful tablets.
recognition. Most tablets use Wi-Fi, and some can also use cellular networks,
for Internet access. Tablets can run various software known asapps; most basic
apps (such as camera, photos, web browser, voice/video calls, emails, text messages, maps, weather, calendar, contacts, notes, app
store, virtual assistant, etc.) come pre-installed with the system. Others may be installed online from an
app store.

The touchscreen display uses gestures by finger or stylus to replace the mouse, trackpad and keyboard of larger computers. On the
sides of the device, speakers, volume buttons (to control the sound emitted by the speakers), a headphone jack, and a USB port will
be present. Devices may have a touchscreen home button (takes user to the starting user interface) at the bottom of the screen, or a
physical home button or multiple buttons may be included below the touchscreen. Some tablets have a vibration feature, which may
be used for a more vibrant experience in games, or for notifications. Tablets may be able to place and receive voice/video telephone
calls using Voice over IP on Wi-Fi or cellular networks. Tablets largely resemble modern smartphones, the only differences being that
tablets are relatively larger than smartphones, with screens 8 inches (20 cm) or larger, measured diagonally,[1][2][3][4] and may not
support access to a cellular network.

Portable computers can be classified according to the presence and physical appearance of keyboards. Slates and booklets do not
have a physical keyboard, and usually accept text and other input by use of a virtual keyboard shown on a touchscreen-enabled
display. Hybrids, convertibles, and 2-in-1s all have physical keyboards (although these are usually concealable or detachable), yet
they typically also make use of virtual keyboards. Some 2-in-1s have processors and operating systems like a full laptop, whilst
having the flexibility of being used as a tablet. Most tablets can use separate keyboards connected using
Bluetooth.

The format was conceptualized in the mid-20th century (Stanley Kubrick depicted fictional tablets in the 1968 science fiction film
2001: A Space Odyssey) and prototyped and developed in the last two decades of that century. In April 2010,[5] Apple released the
iPad, the first mass-market tablet to achieve widespread popularity. Thereafter in the 2010s, tablets rapidly rose in ubiquity and
became a large product category[6] used for personal, educational and workplace applications.

Contents
History
Fictional and prototype tablets
Early tablets
Modern tablets
Types
Slate
Mini tablet
Phablet
 Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1
Gaming tablet
Booklet
Customized business tablet
Hardware
System architecture
Display
Handwriting recognition
Other features
Software
Operating system
Android
iOS
Windows
Ubuntu Touch
Hybrid OS operation
Discontinued operating systems
Application store
Sales
By manufacturer
By operating system
Use
Sleep
See also
References
External links

History
The tablet computer and its associated operating system began with the development
of pen computing.[7] Electrical devices with data input and output on a flat
information display existed as early as 1888 with the telautograph,[8] which used a
sheet of paper as display and a pen attached to electromechanical actuators.
Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined
and created whether asblueprints, prototypes, or commercial products. In addition to
many academic and research systems, several companies released commercial
products in the 1980s, with various input/output types tried out:

Fictional and prototype tablets

Tablet computers appeared in a number of works ofscience fiction in the second half
of the 20th century; all helped to promote and disseminate the concept to a wider
audience.[9] Examples include:

Isaac Asimov described a Calculator Pad in his novelFoundation (1951) 1888 telautograph patent schema
Stanislaw Lem described the Opton in his novelReturn from the Stars
(1961)
Numerous similar devices were depicted inGene Roddenberry's 1966 Star Trek: The Original Series
Arthur C. Clarke's NewsPad[10] was depicted in Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey(1968)
Douglas Adams described a tablet computer inThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxyand the associated comedy of
the same name (1978)
 The sci-fi TV series Star Trek The Next Generationfeatured tablet
computers which were designated asPADDs.[11]
A device more powerful than today's tablets appeared briefly inThe
Mote in God's Eye (1974).[12]
The Star Wars franchise features "datapads", first described in print in
1991's Heir to the Empire and depicted on screen in 1999'sThe
Phantom Menace.
Wireless tablet device portrayed in
Additionally, real-life projects either proposed or created tablet computers, such as: the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey
(1968)
In 1968, computer scientistAlan Kay envisioned a KiddiComp;[13][14] he
developed and described the concept as aDynabook in his proposal, A
personal computer for children of all ages(1972),[15] which outlines
functionality similar to that supplied via alaptop computer, or (in some of its other incarnations) a tablet or slate
computer, with the exception of near eternal battery life. Adults could also use a Dynabook, but thetarget audience
was children.
In 1979, the idea of a touchscreen tablet that could detect an external force applied to one point on the screen was
patented in Japan by a team atHitachi consisting of Masao Hotta, Yoshikazu Miyamoto, Norio Yokozawa and
Yoshimitsu Oshima, who later received a USpatent for their idea.[16]
In 1992, Atari showed developers the Stylus, later renamed ST -Pad. The ST-Pad was based on the TOS/GEM Atari
ST Platform and prototyped earlyhandwriting recognition. Shiraz Shivji's company Momentus demonstrated in the
same time a failed x86MS-DOS based Pen Computer with its ownGUI.[17]
[18] Acorn
In 1994, the European Union initiated the NewsPad project, inspired by Clarke and Kubrick's fictional work.
Computers developed and delivered anARM-based touch screen tablet computer for this program, branding it the
"NewsPad"; the project ended in 1997.[19]

During the November 2000 COMDEX,Microsoft used the term Tablet

PC to describe a prototype handheld device they were
demonstrating.[20][21][22]
In 2001, Ericsson Mobile Communicationsannounced an experimental
product named the DelphiPad, which was developed in cooperation with
the Centre for Wireless Communications inSingapore, with a touch-
sensitive screen, Netscape Navigator as a web browser, and Linux as
its operating system.[23][24]

Risc User: NewsPad Covered in the

Early tablets
October 1996 edition
Following earlier tablet computer products such as the Pencept PenPad,[25][26] and
the CIC Handwriter,[27] in September 1989, GRiD Systems released the first
commercially successful tablet computer, the GRiDPad.[28][29] The GRiDPad was
manufactured by South Korean company Samsung Corporation, modified from the
Samsung PenMaster, a prototype that was not commercially distributed.[30][31] All three
products were based on extended versions of the MS-DOS operating system. In 1992,
IBM announced (in April) and shipped to developers (in October) the 2521 ThinkPad,
which ran the GO Corporation's PenPoint OS. Also based on PenPoint was AT&T's EO
Personal Communicatorfrom 1993, which ran on AT&T's own hardware, including their
own AT&T Hobbit CPU. Apple Computer launched the Apple Newton personal digital
assistant in 1993. It utilised Apple's own new Newton OS, initially running on hardware
manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had specifically
co-developed with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform design were
later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, who went on to manufacture their own
variants.

In 1996, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and stylus
Apple Newton MessagePad,
based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola Dragonball
Apple's first produced tablet,
(68000) CPU. Also in 1996 Fujitsu released the Stylistic 1000 tablet format PC, running
released in 1993.
Microsoft Windows 95, on a 100 MHz AMD486 DX4 CPU, with 8 MB RAM offering

[32]
stylus input, with the option of connecting a conventional Keyboard and mouse. Intel announced a StrongARM[32] processor-based
touchscreen tablet computer in 1999, under the name WebPAD. It was later re-branded as the "Intel Web Tablet".[33] In 2000,
Norwegian company Screen Media AS and the German company Dosch & Amand Gmbh released the " FreePad".[34] It was based
on Linux and used the Opera browser. Internet access was provided by DECT DMAP, only available in Europe and provided up to
10Mbit/s. The device had 16 MB storage, 32 MB of RAM and x86 compatible 166 MHz "Geode"-Microcontroller by National
Semiconductor.[35] The screen was 10.4" or 12.1" and was touch sensitive. It had slots for SIM cards to enable support of television
set-up box. FreePad were sold in Norway and the Middle East; but the company was dissolved in 2003.

In April 2000, Microsoft launched the Pocket PC 2000, utilizing their touch
capable Windows CE 3.0 operating system.[36] The devices were
manufactured by several manufacturers, based on a mix of: x86, MIPS, ARM,
and SuperH hardware. In 2002, Microsoft attempted to define the Microsoft
Tablet PC[37] as a mobile computer for field work in business,[38] though their
devices failed, mainly due to pricing and usability decisions that limited them
to their original purpose - such as the existing devices being too heavy to be
held with one hand for extended periods, and having legacy applications
[39]
created for desktop interfaces and not well adapted to the slate format.

Nokia had plans for an Internet tablet since before 2000. An early model was
test manufactured in 2001, the Nokia M510, which was running on EPOC and
featuring an Opera browser, speakers and a 10-inch 800600 screen, but it was
not released because of fears that the market was not ready for it.[40] In 2005,
Nokia finally released the first of its Internet Tablet range, the Nokia 770. A Fujitsu Siemens Lifebook tablet running
These tablets now ran aDebian based Linux OS calledMaemo. Nokia used the Windows XP, released in 2003
term internet tablet to refer to a portable information appliance that focused on
Internet use and media consumption, in the range between a personal digital
assistant (PDA) and an Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC). They made two mobile phones, the N900 that runs Maemo, and N9 that run
Meego.[41] Before the release of iPad, Axiotron introduced[42] an aftermarket, heavily modified Apple MacBook called Modbook, a
Mac OS X-based tablet computer. The Modbook uses Apple's Inkwell for handwriting and gesture recognition, and uses digitization
hardware from Wacom. To get Mac OS X to talk to the digitizer on the integrated tablet, the Modbook was supplied with
a third-party
driver.[43]

Android was the first of the 2000s-era dominating platforms for tablet computers to reach the market. In 2008, the first plans for
Android-based tablets appeared. The first products were released in 2009. Among them was the Archos 5, a pocket-sized model with
a 5-inch touchscreen, that was first released with a proprietary operating system and later (in 2009) released with Android 1.4. The
Camangi WebStation was released in Q2 2009. The first LTE Android tablet appeared late 2009 and was made by ICD for Verizon.
This unit was called the Ultra, but a version called Vega was released around the same time. Ultra had a 7-inch display while Vega's
was 15 inches. Many more products followed in 2010. Several manufacturers waited for Android Honeycomb, specifically adapted
for use with tablets, which debuted in February 201
1.

Modern tablets
Apple is often credited for defining a new class of consumer device with the iPad,[44] which shaped the commercial market for
tablets in the following years,[45] and was the most successful tablet at the time of its release. iPads and competing devices were
tested by the US military in 2011[46] and cleared for secure use in 2013.[47] Its debut in 2010 pushed tablets into the
mainstream.[48][49] Samsung's Galaxy Tab and others followed, continuing the trends towards the features listed above. In March
2012, PC Magazine reported that 31% of U.S. Internet users owned a tablet, used mainly for viewing published content such as video
and news.[50] The top-selling line of devices was Apple's iPad with 100 million sold between its release in April 2010 and mid-
October 2012,[51] but iPad market share (number of units) dropped to 36% in 2013 with Android tablets climbing to 62%. Android
tablet sales volume was 121 million devices, plus 52 million, between 2012 and 2013 respectively.[52] Individual brands of Android
operating system devices or compatibles follow iPad with Amazon's Kindle Fire with 7 million, and Barnes & Noble's Nook with
5 million.[53][54][55]

As of February 2014, 83% of mobile app developers were targeting tablets,[56] but 93% of developers were targeting smartphones.
By 2014 around 23% of B2B companies were said to have deployed tablets for sales-related activities, according to a survey report
by Corporate Visions.[57] The iPad holds majority use in North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and most of the
Americas. Android tablets are more popular in most of Asia (China and Russia an exception), Africa and Eastern Europe. In 2015
tablet sales did not increase. Apple remained the largest seller but its market share declined below 25%.[58] Samsung vice president
Gary Riding said early in 2016 that tablets were only doing well among those using them for work. Newer models were more
expensive and designed for a keyboard and stylus, which reflected the changing uses.[59] As of early 2016, Android reigns over the
indows take a distant third withthe remaining 9%.[60]
market with 65%. Apple takes the number 2 spot with 26%, and W

In late 2017, the iPad Pro will receive the iOS 11 update, that will add the ability to run multiple windows, drag and drop from one
app to another, and browse a user's files.[61]

Types
Tablets can be loosely grouped into several categories, by physical
size, operating system installed, input/output technology and
usage.[62]

Slate
A slate's size may vary, starting from 6 inches (approximately
15 cm).[63] Some models in the larger than 10-inch category include
the Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2 at 12.2 inches, the Toshiba Excite
at 13.3 inches[64] and the Dell XPS 18 at 18.4 inches.[65] As of Crossover tablet device types from 2014:Microsoft
March 2013, the thinnest tablet on the market was the Sony Xperia Surface Pro 3 laplet, and Sony Xperia Z Ultra
Tablet Z at only 0.27 inches (6.9 mm) thick.[66] On 9 September phablet, shown next to a generic blue-colored
lighter to indicate their size.
2015, Apple released the iPad Pro with a 12.9 inches (33 cm) screen
size, larger than the regular iPad.[67]

Mini tablet
Mini tablets are smaller and lighter than standard slates, with a typical screen
size between 78 inches (1820 cm). The first successful ones were
introduced by Amazon (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook Tablet), and
Samsung (7-inch Galaxy Tab) in 2011, and by Google (the Nexus 7) in 2012.
Comparison of several mini tablet
They work the same as larger tablets, however with lower specifications
computers: Amazon Kindle Fire (left), iPad
when compared to the larger tablets.
Mini (center) and Google Nexus 7 (right)
On September 14, 2012, Amazon released an upgraded version of the Kindle
Fire, called the Kindle Fire HD, with higher resolution and more features
compared with the original Kindle Fire, though it remained 7 inches.[68] In October 2012, Apple released the iPad Mini with a 7.9
inch screen size, about 2 inches smaller than the regular iPad, but less powerful than the then current iPad 3.[69] On July 24, 2013,
Google released an upgraded version of the Nexus 7, with FHD display, dual cameras, stereo speakers, more color accuracy,
performance improvement, built-in wireless charging, and a variant with 4G LTE support for AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon. In
September 2013, Amazon further updated the Fire tablet with theKindle Fire HDX. In November 2013, Apple released theiPad Mini
2, which remained at 7.9 inches and nearly matched the hardware of theiPad Air.
Phablet
Smartphones and tablets are similar devices, the differences being size, with
smartphones typically having smaller screens, and most tablets lacking cellular
network capabilities. Since 2010, crossover touch-screen smartphones with screens
larger than 5-inches have been released. That size is generally considered larger than
a traditional smartphone, creating a hybrid category called a phablet by Forbes[70]
and other publications. Phablet is aportmanteau of phone and tablet.

At the time of the introduction of the first phablets, screens of 5.3 to 5.5 inches
Samsung's Galaxy Note series were
defined them, but as of 2017 screen sizes up to 5.5 inches are considered the first commercially successful
mainstream. Examples of phablets (2017, exceeding 5.5 inches) are the Samsung phablet devices
Galaxy Note series (newer models with 5.7 inch), the LG V10/V20 (5.7 inch), the
Sony Xperia XA Ultra [6 i], the Huawei Mate 9 (5.9 inch), or the Huawei Honor
(MediaPad) X2 (7 inch).

Convertible, hybrid, 2-in-1

Convertibles and hybrids are also crossover devices, featuring traits of both tablets
and laptops. Convertibles have a chassis design allowing to conceal the keyboard,
for example folding it behind the chassis. Hybrids' keyboards can be completely
Microsoft Surface Pro 3, prominent 2-
detached even when the device is running. 2-in-1s can have either the convertible or
in-1 detachable tablet
hybrid form, dubbed 2-in-1 convertibles and 2-in-1 detachables respectively, but
distinct by support of desktop operating system, such as Windows 10. When
traditional tablets are primarily used as a media consumption devices, 2-in-1s
capable of both that and a content creation. For this reason they are often dubbed as
a laptop or desktop replacement computers.[71]

2-in-1s have typical laptopI/O-ports, such as USB 3 and DisplayPort. They may run
a desktop operating system, like Windows 10, and can connect to a number of
traditional PC peripheral devices and external displays. Asus Transformer Pad-series
devices, which run variants of Android OS, are example of hybrids. The iPad Pro
with an optional detachable keyboard and a stylus is a prominent example of a Lenovo Yoga, 2-in-1 convertible with
a keyboard that can be rotated at any
modern hybrid. Microsoft's Surface Pro-series devices and Surface Book exemplify
angle
2-in-1 detachables, whereas Lenovo Yoga-series computers are notable 2-in-1
convertibles.

Gaming tablet
Some tablets are modified by adding physical gamepad buttons such as D-pad and thumb sticks for better gaming experience
combined with the touchscreen and all other features of a typical tablet computer. Most of these tablets are targeted to run native OS
games and emulator games. Nvidia's Shield Tablet, with a 8 inches (200 mm) display, and running Android, is an example. It runs
Android games purchased fromGoogle Play store. PC games can also be streamed to the tablet from computers with some higher end
models of Nvidia-poweredvideo cards. The Nintendo Switch console is a gaming tablet.

Booklet
Booklets are dual-touchscreen tablet computers with a clamshell design that can fold like a laptop. Examples include the Microsoft
Courier, which was discontinued in 2010,[72][73] the Sony Tablet P (which was considered a flop),[74] and the Toshiba Libretto
W100.
Customized business tablet
Customized business tablets are built specifically for a business customer's particular
needs from a hardware and software perspective, and delivered in a business-to-
business transaction. For example, in hardware, a transportation company may find
that the consumer-grade GPS module in an off-the-shelf tablet provides insufficient
accuracy, so a tablet can be customized and embedded with a professional-grade
antenna to provide a better GPS signal. Such tablets may also beruggedized for field
use. For a software example, the same transportation company might remove certain
software functions in the Android system, such as the internet browser, to reduce
costs from unnecessary cellular network data consumption of an employee, and add
custom package management software. Other applications may call for a resistive
touchscreen and other special hardware and software. Asus Transformer Pad hybrid tablet,
powered by Android OS
A table ordering tablet is a touchscreen tablet computer designed for use in casual
restaurants.[75] Such devices allow users to order food and drinks, play games and
pay their bill. Since 2013, restaurant chains including Chili's,[76] Olive Garden[77]
and Red Robin[78] have adopted them. As of 2014, the two most popular brands
were Ziosk and Presto.[79]

Hardware

System architecture Nvidia Shield Tablet, notable gaming

tablet
Two major architectures dominate the tablet market,[80] ARM Holdings' ARM
architecture and Intel's and AMD's x86. Intel's x86, including x86-64 has powered
the "IBM compatible" PC since 1981 and Apple's Macintosh computers since 2006.
The CPUs have been incorporated into tablet PCs over the years and generally offer
greater performance along with the ability to run full versions of Microsoft
Windows, along with Windows desktop and enterprise applications. Non-Windows
based x86 tablets include the JooJoo. Intel announced plans to enter the tablet
market with its Atom in 2010.[81][82] In October 2013, Intel's foundry operation
[83]
announced plans to build FPGA-based quad cores for ARM and x86 processors.

ARM has been the CPU architecture of choice for manufacturers of smartphones
(95% ARM), PDAs, digital cameras (80% ARM), set-top boxes, DSL routers, smart
televisions (70% ARM), storage devices and tablet computers (95% ARM).[84] This
dominance began with the release of the mobile-focused and comparatively power-
efficient 32-bit ARM610 processor originally designed for the Apple Newton in
1993 and ARM3-using Acorn A4 laptop in 1992. The chip was adopted by Psion,
Palm and Nokia for PDAs and later smartphones, camera phones, cameras, etc.
ARM's licensing model supported this success by allowing device manufacturers to Games on a Ziosk table ordering
license, alter and fabricate custom SoC derivatives tailored to their own products. tablet at an Olive Garden restaurant
This has helped manufacturers extend battery life and shrink component count along
with the size of devices.

The multiple licensees ensured that multiple fabricators could supply near-identical products, while encouraging price competition.
This forced unit prices down to a fraction of their x86 equivalents. The architecture has historically had limited support from
Microsoft, with only Windows CE available, but with the 2012 release of Windows 8, Microsoft announced additional support for the
architecture, shipping their own ARM-based tablet computer, branded the Microsoft Surface, as well as an x86-64 Intel Core i5
variant branded as Microsoft Surface Pro.[85][86][87][88] Intel tablet chip sales were 1 million units in 2012, and 12 million units in
2013.[89] Intel chairman Andy Bryant has stated that its 2014 goal is to quadruple its tablet chip sales to 40 million units by the end
of that year,[90] as an investment for 2015.[91]

Display
A key component among tablet computers is touch input on a touchscreen liquid-
crystal display (LCD). This allows the user to navigate easily and type with a virtual
keyboard on the screen or press other icons on the screen to open apps or files. The
first tablet to do this was the GRiDPad by GRiD Systems Corporation; the tablet
featured both a stylus, a pen-like tool to aid with precision in a touchscreen device as
well as an on-screen keyboard.[92] The system must respond to on-screen touches
rather than clicks of a keyboard or mouse. This operation makes precise use of our
eyehand coordination.[93][94][95]
Samsung Galaxy Tab demonstrating
multi-touch
Touchscreens usually come in one of two forms:

Resistive touchscreensare passive and respond to pressure on the

screen. They allow a high level ofprecision, useful in emulating apointer (as is common in tablet computers) but
may require calibration. Because of the high resolution, a stylus or fingernail is often used. Stylus-oriented systems
are less suited to multi-touch.
Capacitive touchscreenstend to be less accurate, but more responsive than resistive devices. Because they require
a conductive material, such as a finger tip, for input, they are not common among stylus-oriented devices, but are
prominent on consumer devices. Most finger-driven capacitive screens do not currently support pressure input
(except for the iPhone 6S and later models), but some tablets use a pressure-sensitive stylus oractive pen.[96]
Some tablets can recognize individual palms, while some professional-grade tablets use pressure-sensitive films,
such as those on graphics tablets. Some capacitive touch-screens can detect the size of the touched area and the
pressure used.[97]
Since mid-2010s, most tablets use capacitive touchscreens with multi-touch, unlike earlier resistive touchscreen devices which users
needed styluses in order to perform inputs.

Handwriting recognition
Some ARM powered tablets, such as the Galaxy Note 10, support a stylus and support handwriting recognition. Wacom and N-trig
digital pens provide approximately 2500 DPI resolution for handwriting, exceeding the resolution of capacitive touch screens by
more than a factor of 10. These pens also support pressure sensitivity, allowing for "variable-width stroke-based" characters, such as
Chinese/Japanese/Korean writing, due to their built-in capability of "pressure sensing". Pressure is also used in digital art applications
such as Autodesk Sketchbook.[98][99] Apps exist on both iOS and Android platforms for handwriting recognition and in 2015 Google
[100]
introduced its own handwriting input with support for 82 languages.

Other features
After 2007, with access to capacitive screens and the success of the iPhone, other features became common, such as multi-touch
features (in which the user can touch the screen in multiple places to trigger actions and other natural user interface features, as well
as flash memory solid state storage and "instant on" warm-booting; external USB and Bluetooth keyboards defined tablets.

Most tablets released since mid-2010 use a version of an ARM processor for longer battery life. The ARM Cortex family is powerful
enough for tasks such asinternet browsing, light production work andmobile games.[101]

Other features are: High-definition, anti-glare display, touchscreen, lower weight and longer battery life than a comparably-sized
laptop, wireless local area and internet connectivity (usually with Wi-Fi standard and optional mobile broadband), Bluetooth for
connecting peripherals and communicating with local devices, ports for wired connections and charging, for example USB ports,
Early devices had IR support and could work as a TVremote controller, docking station,
keyboard and additional connectivity, on-board flash memory, ports for removable
storage, various cloud storage services for backup and syncing data across devices,
Local storage on a LAN

Speech recognition Google introduced voice input in Android 2.1 in 2009

and voice actions in 2.2 in 2010, with up to five languages (now around
40).[102] Siri was introduced as a system-wide personal assistant on the
iPhone 4S in 2011 and now supports nearly 20 languages. In both cases
the voice input is sent to central servers to perform general speech
recognition and therefore requires a network connection for more than
simple commands.
Near field communicationwith other compatible devices includingISO/IEC
Chinese characters like this one
14443 RFID tags.
meaning "person" can be written
by handwriting recognition ( ,
Software Mandarin: rn, Korean: in,
Japanese: jin, nin; hito,
Cantonese: jan4). The character
Operating system has two strokes, the first shown
here in brown, and the second in
Tablets, like conventional PCs, use several different operating systems, though dual- red. The black area represents
booting is relatively rare. Tablet operating systems come in two classes: the starting position of the writing
instrument.
Desktop computer operating system
Mobile operating system
Desktop OS-based tablets are currently thicker and heavier. They require more storage and more cooling and give less battery life.
They can run processor-intensive graphical applications in addition to mobile apps, and have more ports.[103]

Mobile-based tablets are the reverse, and run only mobile apps. They can use battery life conservatively because the processor is
significantly smaller. This allows the battery to last much longer than the common laptop.[104]

At the end of Q1 2013, GlobalWebIndex noted that in two years tablet usage increased by 282 percent, with 156 million Android
tablet users and 122 million iPad users making up 75 percent.[105] By year-end 2013, Gartner found that 121 million (plus 53M in
2012) Android tablets, 70 million (plus 61M in 2012) iOS tablets, and 4 million (plus 1M in 2012) Windows tablets had been sold to
end-users (2013 and 2012 results).[106] In early 2016 Android tablets had 65% of the market, Apple's iOS had 26% of the market and
Windows 10 had 9% of the market.[107]

Android
Android is a Linux-based operating system that Google offers as open source under the Apache license. It is designed primarily for
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android supports low-cost ARM systems and others. Many such systems
were announced in 2010.[108] Vendors such as Motorola[109] and Lenovo[110] delayed deployment of their tablets until after 2011,
when Android was reworked to include more tablet features.[111] Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) and later versions support larger screen
sizes, mainly tablets, and have access to the Google Play service. Android includes operating system, middleware and key
applications. Other vendors sell customized Android tablets, such as Kindle Fire and Nook, which are used to consume mobile
content and provide their own app store, rather than using the larger Google Play system, thereby fragmenting the Android
market.[112] Hardware makers that have shipped Android tablets include Acer, Asus, Lenovo, Samsung, Sony, and Toshiba.
Additionally, Google introduced theNexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets in 2012.[113]

iOS
The iPad runs on iOS, which was created for the iPhone and iPod Touch. Although built on the same underlying Unix
implementation as MacOS, its user interface is radically different. iOS is designed for fingers and has none of the features that
required a stylus on earlier tablets. Apple introduced multi-touch gestures, such as moving two fingers apart or together to zoom in or
out, also known as "pinch to zoom".[114] iOS is built for the ARM architecture.[115]

Windows
Following Windows for Pen Computing for Windows 3.1 in 1991, Microsoft supported tablets running Windows XP under the
Microsoft Tablet PC name.[116] Microsoft Tablet PCs were pen-based, fully functional x86 PCs with handwriting and voice
recognition functionality.[117] Windows XP Tablet PC Edition provided pen support. Tablet support was added to both Home and
Business versions of Windows Vista and Windows 7. Tablets running Windows could use the touchscreen for mouse input, hand
writing recognition and gesture support. Following Tablet PC, Microsoft announced the Ultra-mobile PC initiative in 2006 which
brought Windows tablets to a smaller, touch-centric form factor.[118][119] In 2008, Microsoft showed a prototype of a two-screen
tablet called Microsoft Courier, but cancelled the project.

In 2012, Microsoft releasedWindows 8, which features significant changes to various aspects of the operating system's user interface
and platform which are designed for touch-based devices such as tablets. The operating system also introduced an application store
and a new style of application optimized primarily for use on tablets.[120][121] Microsoft also introduced Windows RT, an edition of
Windows 8 for use on ARM-based devices.[122] The launch of Windows 8 and RT was accompanied by the release of devices with
the two operating systems by various manufacturers (including Microsoft themselves, with the release of Surface), such as slate
tablets, hybrids, and convertibles.[123] Windows RT was discontinued in 2014.[124] Even not, the 2 programs, Microsoft Surface and
Yoga Pro series were not discontinued because ofthe accessories.

Released in July 2015, Windows 10 introduces what Microsoft described as "universal apps"; expanding on Metro-style apps, these
apps can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical codeincluding PCs, tablets,
smartphones, embedded systems, Xbox One, Surface Hub and Windows Holographic. The Windows user interface was revised to
handle transitions between a mouse-oriented interface and a touchscreen-optimized interface based on available input devices
particularly on 2-in-1 PCs; both interfaces include an updated Start menu which incorporates elements of Windows 7's traditional
Start menu with the tiles of Windows 8.

Ubuntu Touch
Ubuntu uses the Unity UI. Canonical hinted that Ubuntu would be available on tablets by 2014.[125] In February 2016 there was a
commercial release of an Ubuntu tablet.[126] TabletKiosk was the first to offer a hybrid digitizer / touch device running openSUSE
Linux.

Hybrid OS operation
Several hardware companies have built hybrid devices with the possibility to work with both the Windows 10 and Android operating
systems.[127]

Discontinued operating systems

BlackBerry Tablet OS
The BlackBerry PlayBook is a tablet computer announced in September 2010 that runs the BlackBerry Tablet OS.[128] The OS is
based on the QNX system that Research in Motion acquired in early 2010. The BlackBerry PlayBook was officially released to US
and Canadian consumers on April 19, 2011. As of 2014, Playbook is not available on sale on any Blackberry websites.

Firefox OS
Firefox OS is an open-source operating system based on Linux and the Firefox web browser, targeting low-end smartphones, tablet
computers and smart TV devices. In 2013, the Mozilla Foundation started a prototype tablet model with Foxconn.[129] Firefox OS
was discontinued in 2016.[130]
WebOS
Hewlett Packard announced that the TouchPad, running WebOS 3.0 on a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon CPU, would be released in
June 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced the discontinuation of the TouchPad, due to sluggish sales.[131] In February 2013, HP
announced they had sold WebOS to LG Electronics.[132]

MeeGo/Maemo/Moblin
Nokia entered the tablet space in May 2005 with the Nokia 770 running Maemo, a
Debian-based Linux distribution custom-made for their Internet tablet line. The
product line continued with the N900. The user interface and application framework
layer, named Hildon, was an early instance of a software platform for generic
computing in a tablet device intended for internet consumption.[133] But Nokia
didn't commit to it as their only platform for their future mobile devices and the
project competed against other in-house platforms and later replaced it with the
Series 60.[134]
The Nokia N800
Following the launch of the Ultra-mobile PC, Intel started the Mobile Internet
Device initiative, which took the same hardware and combined it with a tabletized
Linux configuration. Intel co-developed the lightweight Moblin (mobile Linux) operating system following the successful launch of
the Atom CPU series on netbooks.

MeeGo was a Linux-based operating system developed by Intel and Nokia that supports netbooks and smartphones/tablets. In 2010,
Nokia and Intel combined the Maemo and Moblin projects to form MeeGo. The first tablet using MeeGo is the Neofonie WeTab
launched September 2010 in Germany. The WeTab uses an extended version of the MeeGo operating system called WeTab OS.
WeTab OS adds runtimes for Android and Adobe AIR and provides a proprietary user interface optimized for the WeTab device. On
September 27, 2011 the Linux Foundation announced that MeeGo would be replaced in 2012 byTizen.[135]

Application store
Apps that do not come pre-installed with the system are supplied through online distribution. These sources, known as "app stores",
[136][137]
provide centralized catalogs of software and allow "one click" on-device software purchasing, installation and updates.

Mobile device suppliers may adopt a"walled garden" approach, wherein the supplier controls what software applications ("apps") are
available. Software development kits are restricted to approved software developers. This can be used to reduce the impact of
malware, provide software with an approved content rating, control application quality and exclude competing vendors.[138] Apple,
Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Barnes & Noble all adopted the strategy. B&N originally allowed arbitrary apps to be
installed,[139][140][141] but, in December 2011, excluded third parties.[142][143][144][145][146] Apple and IBM have agreed to
cooperate in cross-selling IBM-developed applications for iPads and iPhones in enterprise-level accounts.[147] Proponents of open
source software say that it violates the spirit of personal control that traditional personal computers have always
provided.[148][149][150]

Sales
Around 2010, tablet use by businesses jumped, as business have started to use them for conferences, events, and trade shows. In
2012, Intel reported that their tablet program improved productivity for about 19,000 of their employees by an average of 57 minutes
a day.[151] In October 2012, display screen shipments for tablets began surpassing shipments for laptop display screens.[152] Tablets
are increasingly used in the construction industry to look at blueprints, field documentation and other relevant information on the
device instead of carrying around large amounts of paper.[153]
As of the beginning of 2014, 44% of US online consumers own tablets,[154] a significant jump from 5% in 2011.[155] Tablet use has
also become increasingly common among children. A 2014 survey found that mobiles were the most frequently used object for play
among American children under the age of 12. Mobiles were used more often in play than video game consoles, board games,
puzzles, play vehicles, blocks and dolls/action figures. Despite this, the majority of parents said that a mobile was "never" or only
"sometimes" a toy.[156] As of 2014, nearly two-thirds of American 2- to 10-year-olds have access to a tablet or e-reader.[157] The
large use of tablets by adults is as a personal internet-connected TV.[158] A 2015 study found that a third of children under five have
their own tablet device.[159] While Android tablets sell more units than iPad, the web browser usage share of iPads is about 65% as
of the middle of 2015.[160]

Unit sales global tablet market

2010[161] 2011[162] 2012[106] 2013[106] 2014[163]

Units (million) 17.6 60.0 116.3 195.4 216.0
Growth (%) - 240.9 93.8 68.0 10.5

By manufacturer

Tablet market share (in percent)[164][165]

Vendor Q3 2016 Q3 2015 Q3 2014 Q3 2013 Q3 2012
Apple 21.5 19.6 22.1 29.7 40.2
Samsung 15.1 16.0 17.4 22.2 12.4
Others 63.4 64.4 60.9 49.1 47.3

Note: Others consists of small vendors with mostly less market share.

By operating system
According to a survey conducted by the Online Publishers Association (OPA) now called Digital Content Next (DCN) in March
2012, it found that 72% of tablet owners had an iPad, while 32% had an Android tablet. By 2012, Android tablet adoption had
increased. 52% of tablet owners owned an iPad, while 51% owned an Android-powered tablet (percentages do not add up to 100%
[166] By end of 2013, Android's market share rose to 61.9%, followed by iOS at
because some tablet owners own more than one type).
36%.[167] By late 2014, Android's market share rose to 72%, followed by iOS at 22.3% and Windows at 5.7%.[168] As of early 2016,
indows has 9% marketshare.[60]
Android has 65% marketshare, Apple has 26% and W

Use

Sleep
The blue wavelength of light from back-lit tablets may impact one's ability to fall asleep when reading at night, through the
suppression of melatonin.[169] Experts at Harvard Medical School suggest limiting tablets for reading use in the evening. Those who
have a delayed body clock, such as teenagers, which makes them prone to stay up late in the evening and sleep later in the morning,
may be at particular risk for increases in sleep deficiencies.[170] A PC app such as F.lux and Android apps such as CF.lumen[171] and
Twilight[172] attempt to decrease the impact on sleep by filtering blue wavelengths from the display. iOS 9.3 includes Night Shift that
[173]
shifts the colors of the device's display to be warmer during the later hours.

See also
Comparison of tablet computers
 Lists of mobile computers
History of tablet computers
Laptop, a small portable computer with a keyboard
Smartbook
Ultra-mobile PC
Mobile device

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External links
Media related to Tablet computers at Wikimedia Commons

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