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I. Introduction
mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the
method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.
energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate via many
come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large
pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car
industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil
and natural gas or for operating cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps are
artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile
prosthesis.
Pump Types
Pumps are initially distinguished into types based on their method of operation. The
two primary pumping mechanisms are kinetic (dynamic) and positive displacement.
1. Kinetic Pumps - Kinetic or dynamic pumps include all pumps that use fluid
velocity and the resulting momentum to generate pumping power and move fluid
those which use an impeller to accelerate fluids. Centrifugal pumps are the most
common type of pump used in industry. There are three basic sub-types of
centrifugal pumps:
Axial Flow Pumps are high flow, low pressure pumps which lift fluid in a
Mixed Flow Pumps are medium flow, medium pressure pumps which push
fluid out away from the pump shaft at an angle greater than 90.
Radial Flow Pumps are high pressure, low flow pumps which accelerate
3. Specialty Pumps - There are also a number of special types of dynamic pumps
Cantilever Pumps are centrifugal pumps with long cantilever design used in
Jet Pumps are kinetic pumps with an ejector attached at the discharge outlet,
utilizing the Venturi effect and motive fluid to generate pumping pressure.
Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps that use pressure in combination with
energy to a fluid.
which use fixed volume cavities displaced using a mechanical force to move fluid
through the system. These pumps differ based on whether the motion used to
5. Reciprocating Pumps - Reciprocating pumps use linear rather than rotary motion
to move fluids. They utilize a piston or diaphragm which draws fluid in (upstroke)
and pushes it out (downstroke), using check valves to regulate and direct flow
outer casing. They are low-flow pneumatic devices for sampling applications.
Diaphragm Pumps use a diaphragm that moves back and forth to transport
Peristaltic Pumps use rotating rollers pressed against flexible tubing to create
a pressurized flow.
Piston Pumps and Plunger Pumps use plungers or pistons to push media
Triplex Pumps are plunger pumps configured with three plungers for higher
the rotor of the pump spins in a circular motion, liquid is drawn into and forced out
Gear Pumps use rotating, intermeshing gears to compress fluids and generate
flow.
Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps use two or more rotating vanes to move media
Screw Pumps use one or more screws to transfer fluids or materials along an
axis.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump
http://www.globalspec.com/pfdetail/pumps/types
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. The European Union
(EU) Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by
water. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.
Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in
which the water overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual
flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in
precipitation and snow melt, these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant
unless they flood property or drown domestic animals. Floods can also occur in rivers when the
flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the
waterway. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood
plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers and
other bodies of water, people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is
usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and
industry. Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods can develop in just a few
minutes and without visible signs of rain. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a
Types of floods
Flash floods - This kind occurs within a very short time (2-6 hours, and
sometimes within minutes) and is usually as a result of heavy rain, dam break
can cause it. Flash floods are the most destructive and can be fatal, as people
Rapid on-set floods - Similar to flash floods, this type takes slightly longer to
develop and the flood can last for a day or two only. It is also very destructive,
but does not usually surprise people like Flash floods. With rapid on-set
floods, people can quickly put a few things right and escape before it gets very
bad.
Slow on-set floods - This kind is usually as a result of water bodies over
flooding their banks. They tend to develop slowly and can last for days and
weeks. They usually spread over many kilometers and occur more in flood
plains (fields prone to floods in low-lying areas). The effect of this kind of
snakebites.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood
http://eschooltoday.com/natural-disasters/floods/types-of-floods.html