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Parameters of one of the most frequently used autotransformers in Poland, the symbol
of which is RTdx125/200 are as follows : winding apparent power SrH=160 MVA,
SrT=50 MVA; nominal ratio 230/120/10,5 kV/kV/kV; short-circuit voltage uKHL=10%,
uKHT=33,5%, uKLT=20,8%; power losses are neglected.
The parameters of the equivalent circuit can be determined using the formulas
presented in the previous lecture.
Impedances referred to the primary side are given by the following expressions
2 2 2
u K HL U rH u K HT U rH u K LT U rL
Z HL = ; Z HT = ; Z LT =
100 Sr 100 Sr 100 Sr
Z HL = Z H + Z L
Z HT = Z H + Z T
Z LT = Z L + Z T
Considering the above-mentioned equations as a set of three equations with three
unknown variables, the values of the corresponding variables are determinad e as
follows: Z H = 0,5 (Z HL + Z HT Z LT )
Z L = 0,5 (Z HL + Z LT Z HT )
Z T = 0,5 (Z HT + Z LT Z HL )
2
u KHL + u KHT u KLT U rH 10 + 33,5 20,8 230 2
X Hm = = = 37,5
2 100 Sr 2 100 160
2
u KLT + u KHL u KHT U rH 20,8 + 10 33,3 230 2
X Lm = = = 4,5
2 100 Sr 2 100 160
2
u KHT + u KLT u KHL U rH 33,5 + 20,8 10 230 2
X Tm = = = 73,2
2 100 Sr 2 100 160
The positive sequence circuit of the autotransformer is shown in the figure below. Core
losses and magnetization losses are not presented. In short-circuit calculations these
losses are usually neglected, the values of the equivalent passive elements are not
calculated.
a) b)
37,5 -4,5
220 kV 110 kV
73,2
10 kV
As it was derived for the positive sequence transformer model a T-type circuit is used
for the zero sequence transformer model. Only the impedances are different.
There are two essential characteristics of transformers which decide about the
zero sequence impedance values :
1. The construction of the transformer core influences the magnetising
impedance (Z0m)
The sum of the three currents IL1 + IL2 + IL3 = 3I0 correspond to the zero sequence
component (0) of the fluxes A, B, C multiplied by three (30 )
This sum is not equal to zero IL1 + IL2 + IL3 = 3I0 0 if 30 0 .
A part of fluxes generated in the coils of a three column transformer (a) passes through
the external isolation (oil, air, transformer tank) because could not pass through the
coils (leakage flux).
a) b)
Yy configuration with one earthed neutral point. The earthing current (zero
sequence current) flows through the earthing wire at the earthed -Y side. There is
no path for the zero sequence current at the non-earthed Y side.
As for the previous case if the transformer is a four or five column core the
impedance Z 0 Z 1 is quite high and can be neglected.
I0 I0 H Z Z L H L
I0 I0
H Z 0 Z 0T
L
However considering the currents flowing in the inverse direction, the zero
sequence impedance measured is equal to the open-circuit impedance though the
transformer is short-circuited (magnetising impedance). (Fig. a).
a) b)
I0 I 0Z
I0 I 0Z
I0 I 0Z
c)
Z0 0,5Z T Z 0Z=0,1 ZT
Z0
I0 I 0Z
I0 I 0Z
c)
Z0 0,5Z T Z 0Z=0,1 ZT
Z0
I0 I 0Z
I0 I 0Z
c)
Z0 0,5Z T Z 0Z=0,1 ZT
Z0
Three winding autotransformers and transformers. They are usually Yyd connected,
and the wye point is earthed. Their equivalent circuit are modelled the same way as it was
for two winding transformers.
a) b) c)
H L H ZH ZL L H ZH ZL L
ZT
Z 0 Z 0T
T T