1837 Samuel Morse developed the telegraph which leads to long distance

communication
Alexander Graham Bell who wishes to improve the telegraph, in the year 1876 he then
successfully developed the telephone
1877, the first commercial telephone company enters telephone business in
Friedrichsberg close to Berlinusing the Siemens pipe as ringer and telephone devices
build by Siemens.
1887 Heinrich Hertz sent and received wireless waves, using a spark transmitter and a
resonator receiver.
1899 Marconi sent the first international wireless message from Dover, England to
Wimereux, France
1906 Lee De Forest invented the triode vacuum tube and Reginald Fessenden made the
first public broadcast of voice and music.
The world's first radiotelephone service commences public service between Los
Angeles, Calif. and Santa Catalina Island in the year 1920
1930s Mobile transmitters developed
The first telephone call around the world happened in 1935
Majority of police systems converted to FM in the year 1940.
1946 the first interconnection of mobile users to public switched telephone network
(PSTN) is launched
1947 the American government set up the Citizens Band (CB) radio service used
frequencies near 460 MHz.
In 1962 Pagers were introduced.
Telephone is an apparatus for reproducing sound, especially that of the human voice
(speech), at a great distance, by means of electricity; consisting of transmitting and
receiving instruments connected by a line or wire which conveys the electric current.
public telephone network (PTN).The PTN is comprised of several very large corporations
and hundreds of smaller independent companies jointly referred to as Telco.
Ringer Circuit which alerts the receiver of the call, On/Off Hook Circuit is simply the
switch placed across the tip and ring, Equalizer Circuit that is used to regulate the
amplitude and frequency response of the voice signals. Hybrid Circuit function can send
and receive audio signals at the same time, Microphone converts acoustical energy first
to mechanical energy and then to electrical energy, Speaker performs the opposite
sequence, and lastly the Dialing Circuit enables the caller to enter the destination
telephone number.
Basic tel. call proced.
Call Progress Tones and Signals are audible tones that provide an indication of the
status of a telephone call to the user, generated by a central office or a private branch
exchange to the calling party
 Station signaling is the exchange of signaling messages between the subscriber
terminal and the local exchange
Dial tone is a telephony audible signal sent by a telephone exchange or private branch
exchange (PBX) to a terminating device, such as a telephone, when an off-hook
condition is detected
Dual-tone multifrequency tones also known as touch-tone. It is a signal over
telephone lines between telephone equipment and other communications devices and
switching centers generated by pressing an ordinary telephone touch keys
Multi-frequency (MF) is a signaling system that uses a combination of tones for
address (phone number) and supervision signaling
Dial Pulses also known as Loop disconnect dialing, Rotary dialing or Decadic dialing. It
is a signaling technology in telecommunications in which a direct current local loop
circuit is interrupted according to a defined coding system for each signal transmitted,
usually a digit
Station Busy also known as busy tone. It is an audible or visual signal sent from the
switching machine back to the calling station that indicates failure to complete the
requested connection of that particular telephone call or number dialed is off-hook or in
use.
Ringing a telecommunication signal sent from a central office to a subscriber that
causes a bell or other device to alert a telephone subscriber whenever there is an
incoming call.

Ring-back a signal, usually consisting of an audio tone interrupted at a slow rate,

provided to a caller to indicate that the called-party instrument is receiving a ringing
signal.

On-hook also called the idle state or an open loop of a subscriber line or PBX user loop.
Exists when a telephone or other user instrument is not in use, when idle waiting for a call.
Off-hook also called active state or a closed loop (short circuit between the wires) of a
subscriber line or PBX user loop. Exists when a telephone or other user instrument is in
use or during dialing.

Other Nonessential Signaling and Call Progress Tones. There are numerous
additional signals relating to initiating, establishing, completing, and terminating a
telephone call that are nonessential, such as call waiting tones, caller waiting tones, calling
card service tones, comfort tones, hold tones, intrusion tones, stutter dial tone (for voice
mail), and receiver off-hook tones (also called howler tones).
The telephone circuit is mainly composed of one or more facilities interconnected to
provide a transmission path between a source and a destination
There are seven main component parts that make up a traditional local loop:

1. Feeder cable (F1).The largest cable used in a local loop, usually 3600 pair of copper wire
placed underground or in conduit
2. Serving area interface (SAI). A cross-connect point used to distribute the larger feeder
cable into smaller distribution cables.
3. Distribution cable (F2).A smaller version of a feeder cable containing less wire pairs.
4. Subscriber or standard network interface (SNI). A device that serves as the demarcation
point between local telephone company responsibility and subscriber responsibility for
telephone service.
5. Drop wire. The final length of cable pair that terminates at the SNI.
6. Aerial. That portion of the local loop that is strung between poles.
7. Distribution cable and drop-wire cross-connect point. The location where individual
cable pairs within a distribution cable are separated and extended to the subscribers
location on a drop wire.

Transmission Level Point (TLP) is the optimum level of a test tone on a channel at some
point in a communications system but its numerical value does not describe the total
signal power present at that pointit merely defines what the ideal level should be

Transmission parameters apply to dedicated private-line data circuits that utilize the
private sector of the public telephone networkcircuits with bandwidths comparable to
those of standard voice-grade telephone channels that do not utilize the public switched
telephone network.

Private-line circuits are direct connections between two or more locations.

Bandwidth Parameters are the only transmission parameters with limits specified by
the FCC are attenuation distortion and envelope delay distortion.

C-type line conditioning specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion and
envelope delay distortion.

D-type conditioning neither reduces the noise on a circuit nor improves the signal-to-
noise ratio. It simply sets the minimum requirements for signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and
nonlinear distortion.

Facility parameters characterize the potential impairments to a data signal.

The term "C-Message Noise" denotes the frequency weighted average noise within an
idle voice channel

The impulse noise is a category of (acoustic) noise which includes unwanted, almost
instantaneous (thus impulse-like) sharp sounds.

Gain Hits are sudden increase in amplitude that last more than 4 mSec.

Phase hits are sudden momentous changes in the received signal phase (20 degrees)
or frequency lasting longer than 4 mSec.
 Phase noise is the frequency domain representation of rapid, short-term, random
fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, caused by time domain instabilities ("jitter").

Single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters

simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel.

Frequency shift is when the frequency of a signal changes during transmission.

Phase distortion or phase-frequency distortion is distortion, that is, change in the shape
of the waveform, that occurs when a filter's phase response is not linear over the
frequency range of interest,

Two-Wire Voice-Frequency Circuits is a two-wire circuit has two insulated electrical

conductors. One wire is used for transmission of the information. The other wire acts as
the return path to complete the electrical circuit.

Four-Wire Voice-Frequency Circuits is a four-wire circuit has two pairs of conductors.

That is, it has two sets of one-way transmission paths: one path for each direction and a
complementary path to complete the electrical circuit.

Crosstalk is any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of

a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel

Nonlinear crosstalk - If the nonlinear frequency components fall into the passband of
another channel, they are considered crosstalk.

Transmittance Crosstalk - This interference is caused by inadequate control of the

transfer characteristics or transmittance of networks.

Coupling Crosstalk - Due to two or more physically isolated transmission media,

electromagnetic coupling occurs.

The Public Telephone Network

The PTN uses the largest computer network in the world to interconnect millions of
subscribers in such a way that the countless of companies function as a single entity.
Automated Central Office Switches and Exchanges
Automated Switching System is a switching system in which all the operations required to
execute the three phases of Information transfer transactions are automatically executed
in response to signals from a user end-instrument.

Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) is a telephone switch that uses digital electronics
and computerized control to interconnect telephone circuits for the purpose of
establishing telephone calls.

stored program control (SPC), which uses software to control practically all the switching
functions. Stored Program Control (SPC) is a telecommunications technology used for
telephone exchanges controlled by a computer program stored in the memory of the
switching system
 Circuit is simply the path over which voice, data, or video signals propagate.

North American Telephone Numbering Plan (NANP) is a telephone numbering plan that
encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America,
including the Caribbean and the U.S. territories.