5 Site Investigation and Choice of Type of Foundation - F2017

22/03/1439
SITE INVESTIGATION
Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
Purpose of Site Investigation
Site investigation may be done for either new projects, existing

structures, highways, and airfields to obtain information.
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New Projects
Selection of type and depth of foundation.
Determination of bearing capacity of the selected
foundation.
Prediction of settlement of the selected foundation.
The provision against constructional difficulties.
The suitability of the soil and the degree of compaction of
fill under slabs and pavements.
Existing structures
The investigation of the safety of the structure.
The prediction of settlement.
Determination of remedial measures if the
structure is unsafe or will suffer excessive
settlement.
Determination whether or not the structure
and its foundation can carry more floors.
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Planning a Soil Exploration Program
Soil Exploration Program Depend upon:

Type of project.
Size of project.
Cost of construction.
Sensitivity and importance of buildings.
The geotechnical engineer plans his exploration program as
some or all of the following:
Land survey and topographic map.
Borings
Soundings and field testing
Laboratory testing program
Finally, he should study and analyze the data and results he
obtained and right a geotechnical investigation report.
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Land survey and topographic map.

Borings
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Soundings and field testing
Soil Investigation Report
Description of the project

Field work
Laboratory tests
Description of soil formation and groundwater level.
Foundation recommendations
Type and quality of cement.
Construction recommendations
Appendices
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Description of the project
Type of buildings
Number of floors
Structural system
Construction materials
Types of loads
Field work
Number location and depth of borings

Field testing and their number and locations.
Site layout indicating the types, number, and locations
of boreholes and field tests
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Laboratory tests
Classification
Shear strength tests
Settlement tests
Chemical analysis of groundwater and/or soil.
Description of soil formation and groundwater level.
Foundation recommendations
Type of foundations
Depth of foundations
Bearing capacity
Shear strength parameters
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Type and quality of cement.
Construction recommendations
Dewatering systems
Excavation, side slopes, or side support system
Filling and compaction
Foundation isolation
Appendices
All the results

Borings
A boring is a hole in the ground. Its normal size is about 4 (10

cm) diameter and deep in ground to a depth of 10, 15, 20, .. 40
m or more.
Borings are drilled or excavated for the following reasons:
To obtain samples of soil (disturbed or undisturbed).
To classify and identify subsoil layers.
To determine the ground water level and obtain a sample
from it.
To permit performing field tests.
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Types of Borings
Open pits
Manually driven boring machine

Mechanical drilling machine
Types of Borings
Open pits
Used in dry cemented or slightly cemented soil.
Can reach a depth of about 10 12 m.
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Types of Borings
Open pits
The samples may be distributed or undisturbed.
The undisturbed samples of this type of borings are the
best quality samples of all types of boreholes.
Types of Borings

Used in normal soil.
Below and above GWT
To depths up to 30 35 m
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Types of Borings

Use 6 caissons & 4 samplers.
Caissons may or may not be used.
Types of Borings

Used in highly cemented soil
Hard clay and rock
Large size gravel
Above and below GWT
Up to 100 m depth
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Types of Borings
Types of samplers
Shelby tube sampler (clay)
Cores (rock)
Standard split spoon (sand)
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Types of samplers
Shelby tube sampler (clay)
Types of samplers
Cores (rock)
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Types of samplers
Standard split spoon (sand)
Types of samples
Disturbed samples
Undisturbed samples
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Types of samples
Disturbed samples
Obtained during excavation or during performing the
SPT tests
They are kept in glass/plastic jars or in plastic bags
Used for soil classification and other lab tests which do
not need undisturbed samples
Types of samples
Undisturbed samples
Obtained using Shelby tubes or core barrels
After sampling they should be waxed and kept away
from surrounding air to keep the natural water content
unchanged
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Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
It is a standard test to be performed inside a borehole at

the required depth.
It uses a standard split spoon
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It is used mainly in cohesionless soil to evaluate its density

by measuring the number of blows N that makes one
foot of the standard split spoon penetrates the soil when a
140 Ib (62.5 kg) hammer falls under its own weight from a
height of 76 cm.
This N value is an indirect measure of the relative

density.
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CHOICE OF
TYPE OF FOUNDATIONS
Concept of Choice of Type of Foundations
1. Calculate the stresses from superstructure ss.
ss = stress/floor x No. of floors
Column load = ss x room area
The superstructure loads: Room areas of superstructure:

Building Type Stress / floor Building Type Typical column
Residential 1.0 t/m2 spacing
Office 1.2 t/m2 Residential 4mx4m
School/hospital 1.4 t/m2 Office 5mx5m
Stores 2.0 t/m2 School/hospital 5mx5m
Stores 6mx6m
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2. Search for the layer that has a shear strength (bearing

capacity) that can support the superstructure stresses.
Cohesive soils:
Type SPT qall (kg/cm2) qall (kg/cm2)
Number, N Range Average
Very soft 02 < 0.25 0.15
Soft 24 0.25 0.50 0.37
Medium stiff 48 0.50 1.00 0.75
Stiff 8 15 1.00 2.00 1.50
Very stiff 15 30 2.00 4.00 3.00
Hard > 30 > 4.00 4.00
2. Search for the layer that has a shear strength (bearing

capacity) that can support the superstructure stresses.
Cohesionless soils:
Angle of BC based on
SPT shearing 1 inch
Type
Number, N resistance, settlement,
qall (kg/cm2)
Very loose 04 27 30 0.5
Loose 4 10 30 32 0.5 1.0
Medium dense 10 30 32 36 1.0 2.0
Dense 30 50 36 40 2.0 3.0
Very dense > 50 > 41 3.0 4.0
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3. According to the layer you choose to support the loads, you
can estimate primarily the type of foundations:
Shallow foundation
Deep Foundation
Shallow foundation
Choose shallow foundation if the structure stress is less than the bearing
capacity of the foundation soil based on 1 inch settlement (ss < qall based
on 1 settlement):
Isolated footing ss < 0.7 qall
Raft foundation ss > 0.7 qall
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Deep Foundation
Choose deep foundation if the superstructure stress is less than the bearing
capacity of foundation based on 1 settlement (ss > qall based on 1
settlement).
4. If shallow foundation is chosen, check the bearing

capacity of all soil layers in the influence zone of stresses.
5. If deep foundation is chosen, assume a suitable diameter

and length for the piles to obtain reasonable number to
serve each column.
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22/03/1439

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Purpose of Site Investigation

Site investigation may be done for either new projects, existing

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Purpose of Site Investigation

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Purpose of Site Investigation

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Planning a Soil Exploration Program

Soil Exploration Program Depend upon:

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Planning a Soil Exploration Program

The geotechnical engineer plans his exploration program as

some or all of the following:

Land survey and topographic map.

Soundings and field testing

Laboratory testing program

Finally, he should study and analyze the data and results he

obtained and right a geotechnical investigation report.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Planning a Soil Exploration Program

The geotechnical engineer plans his exploration program as

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Planning a Soil Exploration Program

The geotechnical engineer plans his exploration program as

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Planning a Soil Exploration Program

The geotechnical engineer plans his exploration program as

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Soil Investigation Report

Description of the project

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Soil Investigation Report

Description of the project

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Soil Investigation Report

Number location and depth of borings

of boreholes and field tests

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Soil Investigation Report

Shear strength tests

Chemical analysis of groundwater and/or soil.

Description of soil formation and groundwater level.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Soil Investigation Report

Shear strength parameters

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Soil Investigation Report

Type and quality of cement.

Excavation, side slopes, or side support system

Filling and compaction

All the results

A boring is a hole in the ground. Its normal size is about 4 (10

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Manually driven boring machine

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Manually driven boring machine

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Manually driven boring machine

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017