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Juno iniciador:molde
As bases qumicas da sntese de DNA
A sntese depende:
Presena dos desoxinucleosdeos trifosfatados (dNTPs);
Monmeros de DNA.
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formato de anel.
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Origens de replicao
Stio de ligao de
Seq. ricas em AT protenas iniciadoras
Desvantagem no controle de
bactrias patognicas devido
a transferncia de genes.
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DNA-helicases
Replicao do DNA
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SSBs (ssDNA-binging proteins) interagem com o Sempre a polimerizao deve comear a partir de uma
esqueleto acar-fosfato; extremidade 3OH livre de um oligonucleotdeo pr-
existente (iniciador ou primer)
As bases nitrogenadas permanecem acessveis. Surpreendentemente, o iniciador uma fita de RNA
sintetizada por uma enzima denominada Primase
A Primase uma RNA polimerase
3 5
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Sntese de vrios primers para replicao da fita tardia! A Primase a responsvel pela
sntese dos vrios primers
Consequentemente, a nova molcula ser sintetizada necessrios.
em fragmentos, os fragmentos de Okazaki.
De tempos em tempos, primase
interage com a Helicase e gera
um novo primer.
DNA-helicase 5 Exonuclease:
SSBs (ssDNA-binging Remove o rNTP deixado pela RNAse H.
proteins)
A lacuna gerada ideal para a DNA
Primase Polimerase:
DNA-Polimerase Utiliza a juno iniciador:molde e completa
Grampo deslizante de DNA a lacuna
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As DNA-polimerases so especializadas em
As DNA polimerases diferentes funes na clula
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DNA-Polimerases em Eucariotos
Finalizando
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The Replication of DNA
a replicao
3' 5'
Assim como em procariotos, muitas DNA- combined DNA Pol a/primase product is
between 50 and 100 bp, and the further ex-
3' 5'
eucariotos so:
DNA Pol or
Problemas torsionais
sliding
clamp
DNA Pol /primase:
Iniciao de novas fitas de
DNA. 3' 5'
DNA Pol :
Sntese da fita tardia
3' 5'
DNA Pol :
Sntese da fita-lder.
before releasing from the template. How is the processivity of these enzymes
increased so dramatically at the replication fork?
One key to the high processivity of the DNA polymerases that act at repli-
cation forks is their association with proteins called sliding DNA clamps.
These proteins are composed of multiple identical subunits that assemble
in the shape of a doughnut. The hole in the center of the clamp is large
enough to encircle the DNA double helix and leave room for a layer of one
or two water molecules between the DNA and the protein (Fig. 9-19a) (see
Structural Tutorial 9-2). These properties allow the clamp proteins to slide
along the DNAwithout dissociating from it. Importantly, sliding DNA clamps
also bind tightly to DNA polymerases bound to primer:template junctions
(Fig. 9-19b). The resulting complex between the polymerase and the sliding
clamp moves efficiently along the DNA template during DNA synthesis.
How does the association with the sliding clamp change the processivity
of the DNA polymerase? In the absence of the sliding clamp, a DNA poly-
merase dissociates and diffuses away from the template DNA on average
once every 20 100 bp synthesized. In the presence of the sliding clamp,
the DNA polymerase still disengages its active site from the 30 -OH end
of the DNA frequently, but the association with the sliding clamp prevents
the polymerase from diffusing away from the DNA (Fig. 9-20). By keeping
the DNA polymerase in close proximity to the DNA, the sliding clamp
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Topoisomerase tipo II
After replication of a circular chromosome is complete, the resulting daugh-
ter DNA molecules remain linked together as catenanes (Fig. 9-35; Chapter 4,
separa as molculas de
Fig. 4-23). Catenane is the general term for two circles that are linked (similar
to links in a chain). To segregate these chromosomes into separate daughter
DNA filhas geradas pela
cells, the two circular DNA molecules must be disengaged from each other or
decatenated. This separation is accomplished by the action of type II topo-
replicao.
isomerases. As discussed in Chapter 4, these enzymes have the ability to
break a dsDNA molecule and pass a second dsDNA molecule through this
break. This reaction can easily decatenate the two circular daughter chromo-
somes by breaking one DNA circle and passing the second through the break,
Cromossomos circulares e
allowing their segregation into separate cells. Problemas com os telmeros
Although the importance of this activity for the separation of circular
plasmdeos so separados
chromosomes is most clear, the activity of type II topoisomerases is also crit-
ical to the segregation of large linear molecules. Although there is no inher-
pela ao dessa enzima.
ent topological linkage after the replication of a linear molecule, the large
size of eukaryotic chromosomes necessitates the intricate folding of the
DNA into loops attached to a protein scaffold (see Chapter 8, Fig. 8-32b).
topoisomerase II
These attachments lead to many of the same problems that circular chromo-
somes have after replication when the two daughter linear chromosomes
must be separated. As in the case of circular chromosomes, type II topoiso-
merases allow these linked DNAs to be separated.
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priming protein binds to the lagging-strand template and uses an amino
acid to provide an OH (typically a tyrosine) that replaces the 30 -OH normally
provided by an RNA primer. By priming the last lagging strand, the priming
protein becomes covalently linked to the 50 end of the chromosome. Termi-
nally attached replication proteins of this kind are found at the end of the lin-
ear chromosomes of certain species of bacteria (most bacteria have circular
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Replicao do DNA
Wendell J. Pereira
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