LAPORAN SEMENTARA

PRAKTIKUM ELEKTRONIKA DAYA 2

PERCOBAAN 8
BATTERY CHARGER

Tanggal : 12 / 13 / 2017
Kelompok : 1 / Grub Atas
Anggota : 1. Welly Putra Ganda (1310151001)
2. Tita Aprillia Pratama (1310151005)
3. Achmad Muzakki (1310151010)
4. Muhammad Ilham Rizaldi (1310151011)
Kelas : 3 D4 Elektro Industri A
Dosen : Ir. Moh. Zaenal Effendi, MT
Assisten Dosen : Bagus, Amd

A. Alat dan Komponen

1. Modul Battery Charger DT 115 K 1 unit
2. Multitester Digital 1 unit
3. Amperemeter Analog 1 unit
4. Baterai 12 Volt 1 unit
5. Stop watch 1 unit

B. Rangkaian Percobaan

CHARGER BATTERY

Gambar 1. Rangkaian Percobaan Battery Charger

 C. Data Hasil Percobaan

Waktu / 270 4.6 14.94

Ich (A) Vch (V)
t (s) 280 4.6 14.95
0 0 0 290 4.58 14.97
5 6.4 13.62 300 4.5 14.98
10 6.4 13.73 310 4.49 15.07
15 6.5 13.78 320 4.4 15.08
20 6.6 13.81 330 4.4 15.09
25 6.65 13.83 340 4.38 15.1
30 6.6 13.84 350 4.37 15.12
35 6.45 13.85 360 4.35 15.14
40 6.3 13.86 370 4.3 15.16
45 6.2 13.87 380 4.3 15.17
50 6.1 13.89 390 4.28 15.18
55 5.9 14.08 400 4.27 15.21
60 5.75 14.29 410 4.25 15.25
65 5.75 14.47 420 4.2 15.26
70 5.5 14.55 430 4.19 15.27
75 5.4 14.56 440 4.19 15.29
80 5.4 14.54 450 4.18 15.3
85 5.4 14.49 460 4.17 15.32
90 5.2 14.42 470 4.15 15.32
100 5.2 14.39 480 4.08 15.34
110 5 14.38 490 4 15.37
120 5 14.42 500 4 15.39
130 5 14.42 510 4 15.41
140 5 14.45 520 4 15.4
150 4.9 14.51 530 3.98 15.43
160 4.8 14.52 540 3.86 15.44
170 4.8 14.63 550 3.9 15.45
180 4.8 14.66 560 3.85 15.47
190 4.8 14.68 570 3.84 15.48
200 4.8 14.7 580 3.81 15.49
210 4.8 14.71 590 3.8 15.51
220 4.7 14.74 600 3.78 15.5
230 4.7 14.77 610 3.77 15.52
240 4.6 14.78 620 3.75 15.53
250 4.6 14.79 630 3.7 15.53
260 4.6 14.8 640 3.69 15.54
650 3.65 15.56 1060 3 16.02
660 3.62 15.55 1070 3 16.03
670 3.61 15.57 1080 2.99 16.06
680 3.6 15.58 1090 2.98 16.09
690 3.59 15.59 1100 2.95 16.1
700 3.58 15.59 1110 2.9 16.11
710 3.55 15.59 1120 2.89 16.11
720 3.5 15.61 1130 2.88 16.12
730 3.48 15.64 1140 2.8 16.13
740 3.46 15.65 1150 2.79 16.13
750 3.45 15.66 1160 2.78 16.14
760 3.42 15.67 1170 2.77 16.14
770 3.41 15.68 1180 2.75 16.15
780 3.4 15.69 1190 2.72 16.16
790 3.4 15.7 1200 2.7 16.16
800 3.4 15.7 1210 2.7 16.26
810 3.4 15.71 1220 2.68 16.27
820 3.39 15.71 1230 2.67 16.28
830 3.38 15.72 1240 2.62 16.29
840 3.37 15.73 1250 2.61 16.3
850 3.36 15.75 1260 2.6 16.3
860 3.35 15.76 1270 2.6 16.32
870 3.3 15.78 1280 2.6 16.33
880 3.28 15.78 1290 2.6 16.33
890 3.27 15.8 1300 2.59 16.34
900 3.25 15.82 1310 2.58 16.35
910 3.24 15.82 1320 2.57 16.35
920 3.22 15.89 1330 2.5 16.36
930 3.21 15.91 1340 2.48 16.36
940 3.21 15.92 1350 2.47 16.38
950 3.2 15.91 1360 2.45 16.39
960 3.2 15.93 1370 2.42 16.39
970 3.19 15.97 1380 2.41 16.39
980 3.18 15.99 1390 2.4 16.39
990 3.17 15.99 1400 2.25 16.39
1000 3.16 15.99 1410 2.5 16.4
1010 3.1 16 1420 2.4 16.4
1020 3.08 16.01 1430 2.4 16.4
1030 3.05 16.01 1440 2.4 16.41
1040 3.01 16.02 1450 2.4 16.41
1050 3 16.04 1460 2.4 16.42
1470 2.4 16.42 1880 2.21 16.57
1480 2.4 16.42 1890 2.21 16.57
1490 2.4 16.42 1900 2.2 16.58
1500 2.4 16.42 1910 2.19 16.6
1510 2.4 16.43 1920 2.18 16.61
1520 2.4 16.45 1930 2.16 16.61
1530 2.4 16.44 1940 2.15 16.62
1540 2.4 16.44 1950 2.1 16.62
1550 2.4 16.44 1960 2.09 16.63
1560 2.4 16.44 1970 2.08 16.62
1570 2.4 16.45 1980 2.07 16.63
1580 2.4 16.46 1990 2.1 16.62
1590 2.4 16.46 2000 2.12 16.63
1600 2.4 16.46 2010 2.16 16.63
1610 2.4 16.46 2020 2.18 16.64
1620 2.4 16.47 2030 2.1 16.66
1630 2.4 16.47 2040 2.1 16.67
1640 2.4 16.48 2050 2.1 16.68
1650 2.4 16.48 2060 2.1 16.67
1660 2.4 16.47 2070 2.1 16.67
1670 2.4 16.48 2080 2.2 16.67
1680 2.4 16.48 2090 2.18 16.67
1690 2.38 16.48 2100 2.19 16.68
1700 2.37 16.48 2110 2.18 16.67
1710 2.37 16.48 2120 2.1 16.68
1720 2.35 16.48 2130 2.15 16.68
1730 2.3 16.48 2140 2.15 16.69
1740 2.3 16.48 2150 2.1 16.69
1750 2.3 16.48 2160 2.1 16.65
1760 2.3 16.48 2170 2.2 16.66
1770 2.3 16.48 2180 2.2 16.67
1780 2.3 16.48 2190 2.18 16.67
1790 2.28 16.49 2200 2.2 16.67
1800 2.27 16.5 2210 2.2 16.67
1810 2.26 16.5 2220 2.2 16.67
1820 2.25 16.51 2230 2.2 16.67
1830 2.24 16.5 2240 2.2 16.68
1840 2.24 16.51 2250 2.2 16.68
1850 2.24 16.52 2260 2.2 16.68
1860 2.22 16.56 2270 2.2 16.69
1870 2.22 16.58 2280 2.2 16.7
2290 2.2 16.71 2700 2 16.69
2300 2.2 16.71 2710 2 16.69
2310 2.2 16.71 2720 2 16.69
2320 1.9 16.71 2730 1.9 16.68
2330 1.95 16.71 2740 1.9 16.67
2340 1.99 16.71 2750 1.98 16.66
2350 2 16.71 2760 1.9 16.65
2360 1.98 16.71 2770 1.98 16.64
2370 1.9 16.71 2780 1.9 16.68
2380 2 16.72 2790 1.9 16.69
2390 2 16.72 2800 1.9 16.7
2400 2 16.73 2810 1.9 16.7
2410 2.05 16.73 2820 1.89 16.7
2420 2.07 16.61 2830 1.89 16.7
2430 2.02 16.62 2840 1.85 16.65
2440 2 16.63 2850 1.82 16.66
2450 2 16.62 2860 1.82 16.65
2460 2 16.63 2870 1.8 16.65
2470 2 16.63 2880 1.9 16.65
2480 2 16.63 2890 1.82 16.65
2490 2 16.61 2900 1.9 16.65
2500 2 16.65 2910 1.85 16.65
2510 2 16.66 2920 1.82 16.64
2520 2 16.67 2930 1.82 16.64
2530 2 16.67 2940 1.82 16.63
2540 2 16.68 2950 1.84 16.64
2550 2 16.68 2960 1.82 16.63
2560 2 16.67 2970 1.82 16.62
2570 2 16.68 2980 1.81 16.62
2580 2 16.68 2990 1.82 16.63
2590 2 16.68 3000 1.85 16.62
2600 1.9 16.68 3010 1.82 16.62
2610 1.9 16.69 3020 1.82 16.64
2620 1.9 16.68 3030 1.9 16.64
2630 1.9 16.68 3040 1.82 16.64
2640 1.9 16.67 3050 1.9 16.65
2650 2 16.68 3060 1.82 16.65
2660 2 16.68 3070 1.9 16.65
2670 2 16.68 3080 1.9 16.64
2680 2 16.68 3090 1.95 16.65
2690 2 16.68 3100 1.95 16.65
3110 1.9 16.65 3520 1.8 16.73
3120 1.9 16.65 3530 1.8 16.72
3130 1.9 16.63 3540 1.82 16.74
3140 1.9 16.63 3550 1.8 16.76
3150 1.9 16.65 3560 1.8 16.76
3160 1.9 16.63 3570 1.8 16.76
3170 1.95 16.64 3580 1.8 16.76
3180 1.9 16.63 3590 1.82 16.76
3190 1.9 16.61 3600 1.8 16.76
3200 1.98 16.62 3610 1.9 16.76
3210 1.8 16.6 3620 1.9 16.76
3220 1.98 16.59 3630 1.8 16.76
3230 1.98 16.58 3640 1.8 16.76
3240 1.98 16.61 3650 1.9 16.76
3250 1.96 16.6 3660 1.8 16.76
3260 1.98 16.6 3670 1.8 16.76
3270 1.9 16.62 3680 1.8 16.79
3280 1.8 16.61 3690 1.82 16.73
3290 1.98 16.61 3700 1.8 16.73
3300 1.99 16.6 3710 1.82 16.75
3310 1.85 16.59 3720 1.8 16.72
3320 1.9 16.6 3730 1.8 16.72
3330 1.98 16.61 3740 1.78 16.73
3340 2.09 16.63 3750 1.8 16.72
3350 2.08 16.62 3760 1.78 16.71
3360 1.9 16.61 3770 1.75 16.73
3370 1.8 16.61 3780 1.8 16.72
3380 1.9 16.6 3790 1.8 16.73
3390 1.8 16.59 3800 1.78 16.73
3400 1.9 16.59 3810 1.8 16.75
3410 1.8 16.59 3820 1.78 16.73
3420 1.85 16.59 3830 1.8 16.74
3430 1.9 16.58 3840 1.7 16.75
3440 1.8 16.59 3850 1.78 16.76
3450 1.98 16.6 3860 1.78 16.75
3460 1.8 16.59 3870 1.75 16.79
3470 1.9 16.59 3880 1.78 16.76
3480 1.9 16.61 3890 1.78 16.75
3490 1.98 16.61 3900 1.75 16.75
3500 1.9 16.62 3910 1.75 16.75
3510 1.8 16.72 3920 1.78 16.76
Source : http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/charging_the_lead_acid_battery

BU-403: Charging Lead Acid

A. Learn how to optimize charging conditions to extend service life.

The lead acid battery uses the constant current constant voltage (CC/CV) charge
method. A regulated current raises the terminal voltage until the upper charge voltage limit
is reached, at which point the current drops due to saturation. The charge time is 1216
hours and up to 3648 hours for large stationary batteries. With higher charge currents and
multi-stage charge methods, the charge time can be reduced to 810 hours; however,
without full topping charge. Lead acid is sluggish and cannot be charged as quickly as
other battery systems. (See BU-202: New Lead Acid Systems.) Lead acid batteries should
be charged in three stages, which are [1] constant-current charge, [2] topping charge and
[3] float charge. The constant-current charge applies the bulk of the charge and takes up
roughly half of the required charge time; the topping charge continues at a lower charge
current and provides saturation, and the float charge compensates for the loss caused by
self-discharge. During the constant-current charge, the battery charges to about 70 percent
in 58 hours; the remaining 30 percent is filled with the slower topping charge that lasts
another 710 hours. The topping charge is essential for the well-being of the battery and
can be compared to a little rest after a good meal. If continually deprived, the battery will
eventually lose the ability to accept a full charge and the performance will decrease due to
sulfation. The float charge in the third stage maintains the battery at full charge. Figure 1
illustrates these three stages.

Figure 1: Charge stages of a lead acid battery.

The battery is fully charged when the current drops to a set low level. The float voltage is
reduced. Float charge compensates for self-discharge that all batteries exhibit.
 The switch from Stage 1 to 2 occurs seamlessly and happens when the battery
reaches the set voltage limit. The current begins to drop as the battery starts to saturate;
full charge is reached when the current decreases to 35 percent of the Ah rating. A battery
with high leakage may never attain this low saturation current, and a plateau timer takes
over to end the charge. The correct setting of the charge voltage limit is critical and ranges
from 2.30V to 2.45V per cell. Setting the voltage threshold is a compromise and battery
experts refer to this as dancing on the head of a needle. On one hand, the battery wants
to be fully charged to get maximum capacity and avoid sulfation on the negative plate; on
the other hand, over-saturation by not switching to float charge causes grid corrosion on
the positive plate. This also leads to gassing and water-loss.

Temperature changes the voltage and this makes dancing on the head of a needle
more difficult. A warmer ambient requires a slightly lower voltage threshold and a colder
temperature prefers a higher setting. Chargers exposed to temperature fluctuations include
temperature sensors to adjust the charge voltage for optimum charge efficiency. The
charge temperature coefficient of a lead acid cell is 3mV/C. Establishing 25C (77F) as
the midpoint, the charge voltage should be reduced by 3mV per cell for every degree
above 25C and increased by 3mV per cell for every degree below 25C. If this is not
possible, it is better to choose a lower voltage for safety reasons. Table 2 compares the
advantages and limitations of various peak voltage settings.

2.30V to 2.35V/cell 2.40V to 2.45V/cell

Advantages Maximum service life; battery Higher and more consistent

stays cool; charge temperature capacity readings; less sulfation.
can exceed 30C (86F).

Limitations Slow charge time; capacity Subject to corrosion and

readings may be inconsistent gassing. Needs water refill. Not
and declining with each cycle. suitable for charging at high
Sulfation may occur without room temperatures, causing
equalizing charge. severe overcharge.

Table 2: Effects of charge voltage on a small lead acid battery.

Cylindrical lead acid cells have higher voltage settings than VRLA and starter batteries.

Once fully charged through saturation, the battery should not dwell at the topping
voltage for more than 48 hours and must be reduced to the float voltage level. This is
especially critical for sealed systems because they are less tolerant to overcharge than the
flooded type. Charging beyond the specified limits turns redundant energy into heat and
the battery begins to gas. The recommended float voltage of most flooded lead acid
batteries is 2.25V to 2.27V/cell. Large stationary batteries at 25C (77F) typically float at
2.25V/cell. Manufacturers recommend lowering the float charge when the ambient
temperature rises above 29C (85F). Figure 3 illustrate the life of a lead acid battery that
is kept at a float voltage of 2.25V to 2.30V/cell and at a temperature of 20C to 25C
(60F to 77F). After 4 years of operation permanent capacity losses become visible,
crossing the 80 percent line. This loss is larger if the battery requires periodic deep
discharges. Elevated heat also reduces battery life.

Figure 3: Capacity loss on standby.

Permanent capacity loss can be minimized with operating at a moderate room temperature
and a float voltage of 2.252.30V/cell. Source: Power-Sonic

Not all chargers feature float charge and very few road vehicles have this provision.
If your charger stays on topping charge and does not drop below 2.30V/cell, remove the
charge after 48 hours of charging. Recharge every 6 months while in storage; AGM every
612 months. These described voltage settings apply to flooded cells and batteries with a
pressure relief valve of about 34kPa (5psi). Cylindrical sealed lead acid, such as the Hawker
Cyclon cell, requires higher voltage settings and the limits should be set to manufacturers
specifications. Failing to apply the recommended voltage will cause a gradual decrease in
capacity due to sulfation. The Hawker Cyclon cell has a pressure relief setting of 345kPa
(50psi). This allows some recombination of the gases generated during charge.

Aging batteries pose a challenge when setting the float charge voltage because each
cell has its own unique condition. Connected in a string, all cells receive the same charge
current and controlling individual cell voltages as each reaches full capacity is almost
impossible. Weak cells may go into overcharge while strong cells remain in a starved state.
A float current that is too high for the faded cell might sulfate the strong neighbor due to
undercharge. Cell-balancing devices are available compensate for the differences in
voltages caused by cell imbalance. Ripple voltage also causes a problem with large
stationary batteries. A voltage peak constitutes an overcharge, causing hydrogen evolution,
while the valley induces a brief discharge that creates a starved state resulting in electrolyte
depletion. Manufacturers limit the ripple on the charge voltage to 5 percent. Much has been
said about pulse charging of lead acid batteries to reduce sulfation. The results are
inconclusive and manufacturers as well as service technicians are divided on the benefit. If
sulfation could be measured and the right amount of pulsing applied, then the remedy could
be beneficial; however giving a cure without knowing the underlying side effects can be
harmful to the battery. Most stationary batteries are kept on float charge and this works
reasonably well. Another method is the hysteresis charge that disconnects the float current
when the battery goes to standby mode. The battery is essentially put in storage and is only
borrowed from time to time to apply a topping-charge to replenish lost energy due to self-
discharge, or when a load is applied. This mode works well for installations that do not
draw a load when on standby.

Lead acid batteries must always be stored in a charged state. A topping charge
should be applied every 6 months to prevent the voltage from dropping below 2.05V/cell
and causing the battery to sulfate. With AGM, these requirements can be relaxed.
Measuring the open circuit voltage (OCV) while in storage provides a reliable indication as
to the state-of-charge of the battery. A cell voltage of 2.10V at room temperature reveals a
charge of about 90 percent. Such a battery is in good condition and needs only a brief full
charge prior to use. (See also BU-903: How to Measure State-of-charge.) Observe the
storage temperature when measuring the open circuit voltage. A cool battery lowers the
voltage slightly and a warm one increases it. Using OCV to estimate state-of-charge works
best when the battery has rested for a few hours, because a charge or discharge agitates the
battery and distorts the voltage. Some buyers do not accept shipments of new batteries if
the OCV at incoming inspection is below 2.10V per cell. A low voltage suggests a partial
charge due to long storage or a high self-discharge caused by a micro-short. Battery users
have found that a pack arriving at a lower than specified voltage has a higher failure rate
than those with higher voltages. Although in-house service can often bring such batteries to
full performance, the time and equipment required adds to operational costs. (Note that the
2.10V/cell acceptance threshold does not apply to all lead acid types equally.)

Under the right temperature and with sufficient charge current, lead acid provides
high charge efficiently. The exception is charging at 40C (104F) and low current, as
Figure 4 demonstrates. In respect of high efficiency, lead acid shares this fine attribute with
Li-ion that is closer to 99%. See BU-409: Charging Lithium-ion and BU-808b: What
Causes Li-ion to Die?
 Figure 4: Charge efficiency of the lead acid battery.

At the right temperature and with sufficient charge current, lead acid provides high
charge efficiency.Source: Power-Sonic

B. Watering

Watering is the single most important step in maintaining a flooded lead acid
battery; a requirement that is all too often neglected. The frequency of watering depends
on usage, charge method and operating temperature. Over-charging also leads to water
consumption. A new battery should be checked every few weeks to estimate the watering
requirement. This assures that the top of the plates are never exposed. A naked plate will
sustain irreversible damage through oxidation, leading to reduced capacity and lower
performance. If low on electrolyte, immediately fill the battery with distilled or de-ionized
water. Tap water may be acceptable in some regions. Do not fill to the correct level before
charging as this could cause an overflow during charging. Always top up to the desired
level after charging. Never add electrolyte as this would upset the specific gravity and
promote corrosion. Watering systems eliminate low electrolyte levels by automatically
adding the right amount of water.
C. Simple Guidelines for Charging Lead Acid Batteries

Charge in a well-ventilated area. Hydrogen gas generated during charging is explosive.

(See BU-703: Health Concerns with Batteries)
Choose the appropriate charge program for flooded, gel and AGM batteries. Check
manufacturers specifications on recommended voltage thresholds.
Recharge lead acid batteries after each use to prevent sulfation. Do not store on low
charge.
The plates of flooded batteries must always be fully submerged in electrolyte. Fill the
battery with distilled or de-ionized water to cover the plates if low. Never add
electrolyte.
Fill water level to designated level after charging. Overfilling when the battery is on
low charge can cause acid spillage during charging.
The formation of gas bubbles in a flooded lead acid indicates that the battery is
reaching full state-of-charge. (Hydrogen appears on negative plate and oxygen on
positive plate).
Lower the float charge voltage if the ambient temperature is higher than
29C (85F)..
Do not allow a lead acid to freeze. An empty battery freezes sooner than one that is
fully charged. Never charge a frozen battery.
Avoid charging at temperatures above 49C (120F).