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B.Tech.

EE (Semester-4th)
Subject:-Power System
Subject Code:-BTEE-405

Section:-A
SUPPLY SYSTEM

Topics:- Introduction to Transmission and Distribution systems, Comparison between DC and AC systems for
Transmission and Distribution, comparison of cost of conductors, choice of working voltage for transmission and
distribution, economic size of conductors - Kelvin's law, Radial and mesh distribution networks, Voltage regulation.

Questioners
1. What is electric power supply system ? Draw a single line diagram of a typical a.c power supply
scheme.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of d.c. transmission over a.c. transmission?
3. Discuss the advantages of high transmission voltage.
4. List various systems of transmission of electrical power?
5. Compare the volume of conductor material required for a d.c. 3-wire system and 3-phase, 3-wire
system on the basis of equal maximum potential difference between one conductor and earth. Make
suitable assumptions.
6. Compare the volume of conductor materiel required in d.c. single phase and three-phase a.c. system.
7. State and prove Kelvins law for size of conductor for transmission. Discuss its limitations.
8. How will you determine the economic transmission voltage ?
9. What is the need of primary distribution in an electric supply scheme ?
10. The present trend is towards a.c for generation and distribution and d.c. for transmission. Discuss the
reasons for it.
11. In an overhead system, the basis of comparison is the maximum voltage between conductor and
ground. Why?
12. Kelvins law does not give the exact economical size of conductor. Give reasons in support of your
answer.
13. Explain the difference in feeder & distributor?
14. What is the percentage saving in feeder copper if the line voltage in a 2-wire d.c. system is raised from
200 volts to 400 volts for the same power transmitted over the same distance and having the same
power loss?
15. A single phase a.c. system supplies a load of 200 kW and if this system is converted to 3-phase, 3-wire
a.c. system by running a third similar conductor, calculate the 3-phase load that can now be supplied if
the voltage between the conductors is the same. Assume the power factor and transmission efficiency
to be the same in the two cases.
16. A 50 km long transmission line supplies a load of 5 MVA at 08 p.f. lagging at 33 kV. The efficiency
of transmission is 90%. Calculate the volume of aluminium conductor required for the line when (i)
single phase, 2-wire system is used (ii) 3-phase, 3-wire system is used. The specific resistance of
aluminium is 285 108 m.
17. What is the percentage saving in copper feeder if the line voltage in a 2-wire d.c. system is raised from
220 V to 500 V for the same power transmitted over the same distance and having the same power
loss?
18. A 2-conductor cable 1 km long is required to supply a constant current of 200 A throughout the year.
The cost of cable including installation is Rs. (20 a + 20) per metre where a is the area of X-section
of the conductor in cm2. The cost of energy is 5P per kWh and interest and depreciation charges
amount to 10%. Calculate the most economical conductor size. Assume resistivity of conductor
material to be 173 x 10-6 ohm cm.
19. The cost of a 3-phase overhead transmission line is Rs (25000 a + 2500) per km where a is the area
of X-section of each conductor in cm2. The line is supplying a load of 5 MW at 33kV and 08 p.f.
lagging assumed to be constant throughout the year. Energy costs 4P per kWh and interest and
depreciation total 10% per annum. Find the most economical size of the conductor. Given that specific
resistance of conductor material is 106 cm.
20. A sub-station supplies power at 11 kV, 08 p.f. lagging to a consumer through a single phase
transmission line having total resistance (both go and return) of 0.15 . The voltage drop in the line is
15%. If the same power is to be supplied to the same consumer by two wire d.c. system by a new line
having a total resistance of 005 and if the allowable voltage drop is 25%, calculate the d.c. supply
voltage.
21. In a transmission system, the cost of conductor is proportional to ............... of conductor.
22. The economic transmission voltage is one for which the transmission cost is...............
23. The higher the transmission voltage, the ............... is the conductor material required.
24. The choice of proper transmission voltage is essentially a question of...............
Section:- B
CONDUCTORS AND TRANSMISSION LINE CONSTRUCTION

Topics:- Conductor materials; solid, stranded, ACSR, hollow and bundle conductors. Different types of
supporting structures for overhead lines. Elementary ideas about transmission line construction and
erection. Stringing of conductors, spacing, sag and clearance from ground, overhead line insulators,
concept of string efficiency.

Questioners

1. Name the important components of an overhead transmission line.


2. Discuss the various conductor materials used for overhead lines. What are their relative advantages
and disadvantages ?
3. Discuss the various types of line supports.
4. Why are insulators used with overhead lines ? Discuss the desirable properties of insulators.
5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of (i) pin-type insulators (ii) suspension type insulators.
6. Explain how the electrical breakdown can occur in an insulator.
7. What is a strain insulator and where is it used ? Give a sketch to show its location.
8. Give reasons for unequal potential distribution over a string of suspension insulators.
9. Define and explain string efficiency. Can its value be equal to 100% ?
10. Show that in a string of suspension insulators, the disc nearest to the conductor has the highest voltage
across it.
11. Explain various methods of improving string efficiency.
12. What is corona? What are the factors which affect corona ?
13. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of corona.
14. Explain the following terms with reference to corona :
a. Critical disruptive voltage
b. Visual critical voltage
i. Power loss due to corona
15. Describe the various methods for reducing corona effect in an overhead transmission line.
16. What is a sag in overhead lines ? Discuss the disadvantages of providing too small or too large sag on
a line.
17. Deduce an approximate expression for sag in overhead lines when
a. supports are at equal levels
b. supports are at unequal levels.
18. A transmission tower on a level ground gives a minimum clearance of 8 metres for its lowest
conductor with a sag of 10 m for a span of 300 m. If the same tower is to be used over a slope of 1
in 15, find the minimum ground clearance obtained for the same span, same conductor and same
weather conditions.
19. A string of 5 insulators is connected across a 100 kV line. If the capacitance of each disc to earth
is 01 of the capacitance of the insulator, calculate (i) the distribution of voltage on the insulator
discs and (ii) the string efficiency.

20. Each line of a 3-phase system is suspended by a string of 3 identical insulators of self-capacitance
C farad. The shunt capacitance of connecting metal work of each insulator is 02 C to earth and
01 C to line. Calculate the string efficiency of the system if a guard ring increases the capacitance
to the line of metal work of the lowest insulator to 03 C.

21. An overhead line has a span of 150 m between level supports. The conductor has a cross-sectional
area of 2 cm2. The ultimate strength is 5000 kg/cm2 and safety factor is 5. The specific gravity of
the material is 89 gm/cc. The wind pressure is 15 kg/m. Calculate the height of the conductor
above the ground level at which it should be supported if a minimum clearance of 7 m is to be left
between the ground and the conductor.
22. A string of 4 insulators has a self-capacitance equal to 10 times the pin to earth capacitance. Find
(i) the voltage distribution across various units expressed as a percentage of total voltage across
the string and (ii) string efficiency.
23. A string of four insulators has a self-capacitance equal to 5 times pin to earth capacitance. Find (i)
the voltage distribution across various units as a percentage of total voltage across the string and
(ii) string efficiency.
24. A 3-phase line has conductors 2 cm in diameter spaced equilaterally 1 m apart. If the dielectric
strength of air is 30 kV (max) per cm, find the disruptive critical voltage for the line. Take air
density factor = 0952 and irregularity factor mo = 09.
Section:- C
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS & PERFORMANCE OF
TRANSMISSION LINES

Topics:- Introduction to line parameters, Resistance of transmission line, inductance of single phase two
wire line, concept of G.M.D., Inductance of three phase line, Use of bundled conductor, transposition of
power lines, capacitance of 1-phase and 3-phase lines. effect of earth on capacitance of conductors.
Representation of short transmission line, medium length line (nominal T & II circuits). long length line
by hyperbolic equations and equivalent T & II circuits. Power flow through transmission lines, ABCD
constants, Voltage regulation.

Questioners
1. What do you understand by the constants of an overhead transmission line ?
2. What is skin effect ? Why is it absent in the d.c. system ?
3. Find an expression for the flux linkages
a. due to a single current carrying conductor
b. in parallel current carrying conductors
4. Derive an expression for the loop inductance of a single phase line.
5. Derive an expression for the inductance per phase for a 3-phase overhead transmission line when
a. conductors are symmetrically placed
b. conductors are unsymmetrically placed but the line is completely transposed
6. What do you understand by electric potential ? Derive an expression for electric potential
a. at a charged single conductor
b. at a conductor in a group of charged conductors
7. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a single phase overhead transmission line.
8. Deduce an expression for line to neutral capacitance for a 3-phase overhead transmission line
when the conductors are
a. symmetrically placed
b. unsymmetrically placed but transposed
9. What is the purpose of an overhead transmission line ? How are these lines classified ?
10. Discuss the terms voltage regulation and transmission efficiency as applied to transmission line.
11. Deduce an expression for voltage regulation of a short transmission line, giving the vector
diagram.
12. What is the effect of load power factor on regulation and efficiency of a transmission line ?
13. What do you understand by medium transmission lines ? How capacitance effects are taken into
account in such lines ?
14. Show how regulation and transmission efficiency are determined for medium lines using
a. end condenser method
b. nominal T method
c. nominal method
Illustrate your answer with suitable vector diagrams.
15. 7. What do you understand by long transmission lines ? How capacitance effects are taken into
account in such lines ?
16. Using rigorous method, derive expressions for sending end voltage and current for a long
transmission1ine.
17. What do you understand by generalized circuit constants of a transmission line ? What is their
importance?
18. Evaluate the generalized circuit constants for
a. short transmission line
b. medium line nominal T method
c. medium line nominal method

19. A single phase line has two parallel conductors 2 metres apart. The diameter of each conductor is
12 cm. Calculate the loop inductance per km of the line.

20. Find the inductance per km of a 3-phase transmission line using 124 cm diameter conductors
when these are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of each side 2 m.
21. What is the maximum length in km for a 1-phase transmission line having copper conductor of
0775 cm2 cross-section over which 200 kW at unity power factor and at 3300V are to be
delivered ? The efficiency of transmission is 90%. Take specific resistance as 1.725 cm.

22. A 3-phase line delivers 3600 kW at a p.f. 08 lagging to a load. If the sending end voltage is 33
kV, determine (i) the receiving end voltage (ii) line current (iii) transmission efficiency. The
resistance and reactance of each conductor are 531 and 554 respectively.

23. A 3-phase load of 2000 kVA, 08 p.f. is supplied at 66 kV, 50 Hz by means of a 33 kV


transmission line 20 km long and 33/66 kV step-down transfomer. The resistance and reactance
of each conductor are 04 and 05 per km respectively. The resistance and reactance of
transformer primary are 7.5 and 13.2 , while those of secondary are 0.35 and 0.65
respectively. Find the voltage necessary at the sending end of transmission line when 6.6 kV is
maintained at the receiving end. Determine also the sending end power factor and transmission
efficiency.

24. A single phase overhead transmission line delivers 4000 kW at 11 kV at 08 p.f. lagging. If
resistance and reactance per conductor are 015 and 002 respectively, calculate : (i)
percentage regulation (ii) sending end power factor (iii) line losses
Section:- D
CIRCLE DIAGRAM AND LINE COMPENSATION & UNDERGROUND
CABLES

Topics:- Receiving end circle diagram for long transmission lines based on ABCD constants, equivalent
T circuits, power loci, surge impedance loading, reactive power requirement of system series and shunt
compensation, Synchronous phase modifiers , rating of phase modifiers. Classification of cables based
upon voltage and dielectric material, insulation resistance and capacitance of single core cable, dielectric
stress, Capacitance of 3 core cables, methods of laying, heating effect, Maximum current carrying
capacity, cause of failure, comparison with overhead transmission lines.

Questioners

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