BIOLOGY

REPORT FILE 2017

BY- SHIVANI BHADORIA

BIOLOGY REPORT FILE 2017
 BIOLOGY REPORT FILE 2017

Drug
Addiction
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INDEX
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Drugs
5. Classification of drugs
6. Some harmful drugs
7. How Drug Addiction Begins?
8. Social Disease
9. Harmful effects of drug
10. Tobacco
11. Effect of Nicotine
12. Components of Tobacco smoke
13. Alcohol
14. Impact of drinking Alcohol
15. Case study
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CERTIFICATE
NAME: SHIVANI BHADORIA
CLASS: XII A
ROLL.NO.-
THIS CERTIFICATE TO BE THE
BONAFIDE WORK OF THE STUDENT
IN THE CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
DURING TE ACADEMIC
YEAR 2017-2018
TEACHER INCHARGE
KANTI MAM
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY
SINCERE GRATITUDE TO MY
CHEMISTRY TEACHER MRS KANTI
SINGH FOR HER VITAL SUPPORT
GUIDANCE AND ENCOURAGMENT
WITHOUT WHICH THIS PROJECT
WOULD NOT HAVE COME FORTH. I
WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY
PARENTS WHO SUPPORTED ME IN
COMPLETING THIS PROJECT
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Introduction
Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a
disorder that is characterized by a destructive pattern of using a
substance that leads to significant problems or distress. Teens
are increasingly engaging in prescription drug abuse,
particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe
pain), and stimulant medications, which treat conditions like
attention deficit disorder and narcolepsy.
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Drugs
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Drugs
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,
diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug.
Drug is also known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs
applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be
habituating or addictive.
A drug, broadly speaking, can be categorized in many ways;
hard or soft, uppers or downers, addictive or non-addictive, most
harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.
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Classification of Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which people become
dependent. These are classifies into four major groups: sedatives
and tranquillizers, opiate narcotics, stimulations and
hallucinogens.
Type of Drug Effect Examples

Depress CNS activity give Barbiturates,

1. Sedatives and
feeling of Calmness, Benzodiazepines.
Tranquillizers
relaxation, drowsiness.

Suppress brain activity and Opium,

2. Opiate Narcotics Morphine,
relaxed pain
Codeine,
Heroin.

Make a person more wakeful, Amphetamines,

3. Stimulants
alert and active, cause Caffeine,
excitement. Cocaine.

Make a person more wakeful, LSQ,

4. Hallucinogens
perceptions. Mescaline,
psilocybin,
Ganja,
chares,
Hashish.
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SOME HARMFUL DRUGS

1. Heroin:
Commonly used as smack Heroin is chemically
diacetylmorphine which is a white, odorless, bitter crystalline
compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine which is
extracted from latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum.
Generally taken by snorting and injection, heroin is a depressant
and slows down body function.

2. Cannabinoids:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the
plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the resin of
the plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana,
hashish, charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and
oral ingestion, these are known for their effects on
cardiovascular system of the body.

3. Cocaine:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to
South America. It interferes with the transport of the neuro-
transmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack
is usually snorted. It has the potent stimulating action on central
nervous system, producing sense of euphoria and increased
energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.
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How drug addiction Begin?

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create
curiosity for having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friends pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by
friends allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to
get relief from frustration and depression.
4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep
awake the whole night to prepare for examination. It is not
desirable as it may cause mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs
open up a new world tempts some young pupils to start taking-
drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with
physicians advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their
elders in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy
their instinct for excitement and adventure.
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Social Disease-
Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly
are social diseases. Young people take to these habits for fun,
show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom, or
as a gesture of defiance against the elders who themselves
indulge in these activities but check the youngsters. Temporary
escape from the life problems and mental relaxation felt on
taking the drugs in the beginning increase peoples interest in
them. Soon they become habitual and find in difficult to leave.
The daily dose to get the desired effect increases with time.
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SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Loss of appetite
Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
Contracted blood vessels
Increased rate of breathing
Dilated pupils
Disturbed sleep patterns
Nausea
Hyperstimulation
Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior
Hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability
Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs
burrowing under the skin
Intense euphoria
Anxiety and paranoia
Depression
Intense drug craving
Panic and psychosis
Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses
(even one time)
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LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear and brain, high
blood pressure, leading to heart attacks, strokes and death
Liver, kidney and lung damage
Respiratory failure
Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected
Malnutrition, weight loss
Auditory and tactile hallucinations
Sexual problems, reproductive damage and infertility (for
both men and women)
Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion
Irritability and mood disturbances
Increased frequency of risky behavior
Delirium or psychosis
Severe depression
Tolerance and addiction (even after just one use)
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Harm caused by Drugs:

Tobacco
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started
smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It
has large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of
tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine,
which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of
the plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to
8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes,
biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a
roll of tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper.
Bidi is tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is
drawn directly from pipe and through water is hubble-bubble.
Smoking may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves
but in the long run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The
quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if
injected intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of
the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed.
Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and
then they cannot give up smoking.
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Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of
heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine
paralyses nerve cells.
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Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains
carbon-monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.

Other Effects:
(i) Smoking affects economy:
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and
fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality:
Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discolored and breath
becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth
look odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others:
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove
even more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid smoking.
When in the company of non smokers. A smoker makes the
nearby people passive smokers through inhaling smoke released
by him.
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Tobacco use in INDIA:

(All values in laks)
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Alcohol
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol,
commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry
the definition of alcohol includes many other compounds.
Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug with a depressant effect.
Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has the
same harmful effects as other kinds of alcohol,
depending on the quantity consumed.

Reasons for drinking:

Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress
control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low self
esteem, positive attitudes towards alcohol, to get rid of
problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from tension and to
gain courage.

Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy availability of

alcohol in the market, party culture, family environment
(Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family support, to keep up
social norms and to show their masculinity.

Biological factors are genetic vulnerability like family history

of alcoholism in parents or near relatives and to get sleep.
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Impact of drinking alcohol:

Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When
one drinks, alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream
through the walls of the stomach and the intestine.
Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout the
body. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver and is changed to
carbon dioxide, water and some calories of energy which gets
converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out of the
body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular, excessive use of
alcohol causes acute and chronic problems related to health,
occupation, family and social relationships.

Health Problems:
Alcohol can damage every system of our body.

Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines): Increased

acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis, and cancer

Liver: Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to

cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure.

Pancreas: Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of pancreas

and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death.
Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent
damage of brain resulting in memory disturbances, other
nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses.
Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased
tendency to heart attacks, enlargement of the heart.
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Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus

causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and body aches.

Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can lead

to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are usually high in
calories.

Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your

immune system weak, thus making your body more susceptible
to infections.

Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts

you at a higher risk of developing cancer

Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy may

cause the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (physical abnormalities,
growth retardation and developmental delay).
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Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a
penetrating odor and burning taste. It is one of the products of
the distillation of fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with
the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal constituent and the
in toxicating principle of wines.
Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and
wine and in relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy,
whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.
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