AS biology assignment 2 Food and Health

1. The table below refers to some disaccharides, their constituent monomers and their roles in living
organisms. Complete the table by writing in the appropriate word or words in the empty boxes.
Disaccharide Constituent monomers One role in living
organisms

Carbohydrate source in
Lactose
mammalian milk

Glucose + glucose

Form in which sugars

are transported in plants

(Total 5 marks)
2. (
a) Explain what is meant by the primary structure of a protein molecule.
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
.................................................................. ........................................................................................ ................................
(2)
(b) Explain the role of hydrogen bonding in maintaining the structure of a globular protein
............................................................................................................................ ................................................
.................................................................................... ........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ ................................................
(c) Describe how the structure of a fibrous protein, such as collagen, differs from the structure of a
globular protein.
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
...................................................................... ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... ......................................
(3) (Total 8 marks)
4. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
Proteins are composed of long chains of monomers called ..............................................., which are linked together by
........................................................ bonds. These bonds are formed by ..................................................... reactions
between adjacent monomers. The primary structure of a protein is the specific sequence of monomers in a polypeptide
chain and determines the secondary and tertiary protein structure. The secondary structure of a protein may be a coil,
known as an ............................................................... which is held in shape by .............................................................
bonds between different monomers in the chain.
(Total 5 marks)
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6. The table below refers to two disaccharides, sucrose and maltose. If the statement is correct, place a tick
() in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross () in the appropriate box.
Statement Sucrose Maltose
Contains glucose

Is a reducing sugar

Contains glycosidic bonds

Is transported in the phloem

of flowering plants

(Total 4 marks)
7. Read through the following account of the properties of water, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Water has the chemical formula . Water molecules are described
as .. because they have a slight positive charge at one end of the
molecule and a slight negative charge at the other end. As a result, individual molecules form
.. bonds with each other.
Water is an important .. in living organisms because most
biochemical reactions take place in aqueous solution. Water also has a high
.., which means that its temperature remains relatively
stable despite large changes in the temperature of the surrounding environment.
(Total 5 marks)
(b) Tertiary structure of a protein
...................................................................................................................................................................... ....................
............................................................................................................... ...........................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................... .....
(3) (Total 6 marks)
11. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
The tertiary structure of a protein depends on its primary and secondary structure. The primary structure is the
.. of amino acids, which are joined together by .. bonds
to form a chain. This type of bond is formed when a .. reaction takes place between
two amino acids. The chain of amino acids may be folded into an alpha helix, held in shape by
.. bonds. A number of different types of bonds hold the tertiary and quaternary structure
in shape. For example, the two peptide chains in insulin are held together by .. bonds
which form between the
.. of certain amino acids.
(Total 6 marks)
14. The table below refers to the formula and structure of some biological molecules.
Complete the table by writing in the name, the formula or the structure of the molecule where
appropriate in the empty boxes.

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 15. The diagram below shows the structure of two fatty acids.

(a) Give the name of the molecule to which three fatty acids are bonded to form a triglyceride lipid.
..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) (i) Name the type of fatty acid labelled B.
...........................................................................................................................
(c) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of phospholipid molecules in a unit (cell) membrane.
(2)

(Total 6 marks)
18. Carbohydrates are used as a source of energy. Excess carbohydrate can be stored as glycogen in animal
cells.
(a) Give two reasons why glycogen is used as a storage molecule.
1 .............................................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................................

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 (2)
(b) The diagram below shows a molecule of maltose.

(i) Complete the diagrams below to show the two glucose molecules that will result when this maltose
molecule is broken down.

(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction that occurs when maltose breaks down.
...........................................................................................................................
(1) (Total 5 marks)
20. The diagram below shows four molecules of water.

(a) Name the type of bond labelled A on the diagram.

(b) Explain why water molecules are described as dipolar.
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
...................................................................... ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
(c) One of the properties of water is that it has a high specific heat capacity. Explain why this property is
important for organisms that live in water.
........................................................... ............................................................................................................................. ..
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
............................................................................................................................. ............................................................
(Total 5 marks

23. The diagram below shows the structure of a human insulin molecule. Each circle represents
one amino acid.

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 Insulin is a protein that has a tertiary structure and a quaternary structure.
(a) (i) Name two types of bond that help to maintain the tertiary structure.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
(ii) What evidence is there in the diagram that insulin has a quaternary structure?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
24. (a) The statements in the table below refer to three biological molecules.
If a statement is correct place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if a statement is incorrect place a cross ( ) in the
appropriate box. Four boxes have already been completed for you.

(ii) When insulin molecules are formed they fold into a specific shape. Explain why all human insulin
molecules fold into the same shape.
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
(2) (Total 6 marks)
27. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
All amino acids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
...................................................... The primary structure of a protein is formed when amino
acids are joined together by ................................................... bonds. Chains of amino acids
may then form a secondary structure such as a spiral shape called the
..................................................... which is maintained by .........................................................
bonding. The tertiary structure of a protein is maintained by bonding between the
...................................................... of amino acids.
(Total 5 marks)
29. (a) Maltose is a disaccharide formed by a reaction between two alpha () glucose molecules. Complete
the word equation below, which represents this reaction.

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(b) Draw the structure of a molecule of alpha glucose.

(3)
Describe a function of maltose.
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
...................................................................... ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
(2) (Total 6 marks)

31. The table below summarises the structure of some of the main chemical compounds found in living
organisms.
(a) Complete the empty boxes in the table.
Chemical Subunits of
Compound One example of the the chemical Elements
chemical compound contained in
found in living organisms the chemical
Polysaccharide

Enzyme C, H, O, N, S
Protein

Lipid Phospholipid C, H, O

Nucleic acid Nucleotide

(b) State one difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat (lipid).
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
................................................................................................................................... .......................................................
............................................................................ .........................................................................................................(1)
33. The function of a protein depends on its shape.
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(a) (ii) Explain how the primary structure of a protein is important in determining its shape.
............................................................................................................................. .............................................................
...................................................................... ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ............................................................
(b) Explain why most enzymes are specific to only one substrate.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
(2)
34. Read through the following account of the roles of lipids in living organisms, then write on the dotted
lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.
Lipids have many important roles in living organisms. They are found as small droplets
of oil in many cells where they act as an ...............................................................................................
Fats are found deposited beneath the skin of animals where they provide
.......................................................... and ...................................................................................................
In plants, waxes are found on the upper surface of leaves where they act as a
.......................................................... layer.
(Total 4 marks)
35. (a)
(b) Computer-generated models were used to measure the length in nanometres (nm) of a polypeptide containing a
large number of amino acids. Measurements were made of the primary and secondary structure of the polypeptide.
The models were used to measure the length of the polypeptide at 25 C and at 55 C. The results are shown in the
table below.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term secondary structure of a protein.

.............................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... .............................. (2)
(ii) Compare the results obtained at 25 C with those obtained at 55 C.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................(2)
(iii) Suggest why the increase in temperature has this effect on the length of the secondary structure of the
polypeptide.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................................................(2)
(Total 8 marks)

37. The diagram below shows part of a starch molecule.

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(a) (i) Name the type of chemical reaction that joins monosaccharides together to form a
starch molecule.
...........................................................................................................................

Name the type of chemical bond formed during this reaction.

(iii) State what other molecule is produced in this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)Starch and glycogen are both storage molecules in cells.
Explain two ways in which the structure of these molecules makes them suitable for their role as storage
molecules.
1 ....................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
(2)
Describe one structural difference between starch and glycogen.
..........................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................ ............................................................................
(1) (Total 6 marks)
40. Read through the following passage about water, then write on the dotted lines the most
appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom held together by ........................................
bonds. There is an unequal distribution of charge over the molecule. This is called a ........................................ and
results in water being a good ........................................ for many substances such as sodium ions. Bonds called
........................................ bonds form between water molecules. As a result water has a high
.................................................. meaning that a lot of energy is needed to cause a small rise in temperature.
(Total 5 marks)
43. Proteins have a wide range of functions in living organisms. The function of a protein is related to its precise three
dimensional shape, which is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids. The diagram below shows a
model of a typical protein molecule.
Complete the diagram below to give the structure of the amino acid glycine.

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(ii) Explain how a specific sequence of amino acids can form the precise three dimensional shape of a protein
molecule.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
44. (a) The following table contains some statements about the properties of polysaccharides,
lipids and proteins. Complete the table by placing a if a statement is correct and a if it is
incorrect.
Polysaccharides Lipids Proteins
Are polymers

Have ester bonds

Contain carbon, hydrogen,

oxygen and nitrogen

Form components making

up the structure of cell
membranes
(6)
45. Read through the following passage about lipids, then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words
to complete the passage.
Lipids contain the elements hydrogen, carbon and oxygen joined together by ............................................... bonds.
Triglycerides are lipids that consist of three ............................................... molecules joined to a
.............................................. molecule. These molecules are joined together by a chemical process called a
............................................... reaction. Triglycerides that have double bonds between carbon atoms are known
as ............................................... triglycerides.
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(Total 5 marks)
Adipose tissue contains stored triglycerides. Describe the structure of a triglyceride.
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................... ...
..............................................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................(Total 3 marks)
47. (a) The diagram below shows the structure of a triglyceride.

(i) Name Bond A on the diagram.

........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Name the type of reaction that will break down the triglyceride into its constituent parts during digestion by lipase
enzymes.
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(iii) Name two products formed when triglycerides are completely digested.
1 ........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................ (2)
(iv) Some triglycerides have several double bonds (C=C), others have none. Describe one way in which the physical
property of triglycerides which include several double bonds will differ from triglycerides which have no double
bonds.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................................(1)
(b) Lipids in membranes have an additional chemical group attached.
(i) Name the chemical group which is added to the lipids in membranes.
........................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii) Explain how adding this extra chemical group allows the formation of a cell membrane.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................. ............................(2)
(Total 8 marks)
48. The diagram below illustrates part of a glycogen molecule.

(a) State the role of glycogen in the human body.

..................................................................................................................................... (1)
(b) An enzyme is used to break the bonds holding the monomers (glucose molecules) together.

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(i) In the space below draw one of the monomers that would result from this reaction.

(2)
(ii) Explain why this enzyme will not break the bonds in a protein molecule.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................................
(3)
49. (a) Insulin and collagen are both proteins that have a primary structure made up of amino acids joined
together by peptide bonds.
Name the type of reaction that occurs when a peptide bond is broken causing a dipeptide to split into two amino acids.
................................................................................................................... ........
(b) Insulin and collagen both contain the amino acids glycine and serine. The diagram below shows a dipeptide
formed from these two amino acids. Complete the diagram to show the structure of serine when the peptide bond
breaks.

(Total 5 marks)

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