Exergy analysis of a steam power plant in

Jordan
Introduction:
The general energy supply and environmental situation requires an improved
utilization of energy sources. Complexity of power generating units has been
increased considerably. There is increasing demand of strictly guaranteed
performance, which requires thermodynamic calculation of high accuracy. Pakistan
is facing the worst form of energy crises now days. Exergy analysis is a useful tool
for more efficient use of energy because it enables the locations type and true
magnitude of wastes and losses to be determined. Exergy is the energy that is
available to use. After the surrounding and system reaches equilibrium the exergy is
zero. Exergetic analysis is a useful tool for more efficient use of energy because it
enables the locations type and true magnitude of wastes and losses to be determined.
An exergy analysis usually aimed to determine the maximum performance of the
system and identify the sites of exergy destruction. Exergy analysis of a complex
system can be performed by analyzing the main sites of exergy destruction shows
the direction for potential improvements

Objective:
The objective of this project is to Exergy Analysis of a steam power plant in Jordan
. The objective of this work is to analyze Al-Hussein power plant from an energy
and exergy perspective. Sites of primary exergy destruction will be determined. The
effect of varying the reference environment state (dead state) on the exergy analysis
will also be investigated

Power plant description:

The power plant has a total installed power capacity of
396 MW. It is located 560 m above sea level in the city of Zarqa, at north east of
Jordan 30 km of Amman. It started to produce power in the middle seventies. The
power house consists of seven steam turbines units (3 * 33 + 4 * 66)MW and two
gas turbines (1 *14 + 1 *19)MW at 100% load. The power plant uses heavy fuel oil,
which is obtained from a nearby oil refinery. The annual fuel consumption in the
year 2006 is 504,030 tons. Properties for the heavy fuel oil.
The schematic diagram of one 66MW unit is shown in Fig. 1.
This unit employs regenerative feed water heating system. Feed water heating is
carried out in two stages of high pressure heaters (HPH1,HPH2) and two stages of
low pressure heaters (LPH4,LPH5) along with one deaerating heat exchanger. Steam
is superheated to 793 K and 9.12 MPa in the steam generator and fed to the turbine.
The turbine exhaust stream is sent to an air-cooled condenser and the condensate to
the condensate return tank (CRT). Then the cycle starts over again. The operating
conditions of the power plant are summarized in Table 2.

Fig. (1)
Table 1.
Properities of heavy fuel oil used in AL Hussein power plant.
Property Value
0
Density at 15 C 0.9705 g/Ml
Total sulfur 3.76 wt%
Flash point 1170 C
Kinematic viscosity @ 1000 C 35.52cSt
Pour point +70C
Ash content 0.036wt%
Water and sediment 0.14 v%
Gross calorific value 42943.81 kj/kg
Net calorific value 40504.58 kj/kg

Table 2. Operating Conditions of power plant

Operating Condition Value
Mass flow rate of fuel 5.50 kg/s
Inlet gas volumetric flow rate to 188 ,790 Nm3/h
burners
Stack gas temperature 411.15 K
Feed water inlet temperature to boiler 494.15 K
Steam flow rater 275 ton /h
Steam temperature 793 .15 K
Steam pressure 9.12 Mpa
Power output 56 MW

Power input to FDC/fan 88Kw

Number of fans 18
Mass flow rate of cooling air 23,900 ton /h
Combined pump /motor efficiency 0.95
Table 3.
 Component Heat loss (kW) Percent ratio
Condenser 133,597 65.97
Net power 53,321 26.33
Boiler 12,632 6.24
Piping 1665 0.82
Heaters 856 0.42
Turbine 452 0.22
total 202,523 100

Exergy:

Exergy is a measure of the maximum capacity of a system to perform useful work

as it proceeds to a specified final state in equilibrium with its surroundings. Exergy
is generally not conserved as energy but destructed in the system. Exergy destruction
is the measure of irreversibility that is the source of performance loss. Therefore, an
exergy analysis assessing the magnitude of exergy destruction identifies the
location, the magnitude and the source of thermodynamic inefficiencies in a
thermal system. Irreversibilitys such as mixing, chemical reactions, heat transfer
through a finite temperature difference, unrestrained expansion, non quasi
equilibrium compression or expansion always generate entropy, and anything that
generates entropy always destroys exergy.

Exergy analysis Calculations:

Exergy is a measure of the maximum capacity of a system to perform useful work
as it proceeds to a specified final state in equilibrium with its surroundings. Exergy
is generally not conserved as energy but destructed in the system. Exergy destruction
is the measure of irreversibility that is the source of performance loss. Therefore, an
exergy analysis assessing the magnitude of exergy
destruction identifies the location, the magnitude and the source of thermodynamic
inefficiencies in a thermal system.
Mass, energy, and exergy balances for any control volume at steady state with
negligible potential and kinetic energy changes can be expressed, respectively, by
m I= m e
Q . W . = m. ehe - m .i hi
X. heat - W . = + (m e. e) - (mi. i) + I.
Where the net exergy transfer by heat Q at the temperature T equals
X. heat = (1- T0/T) Q.
Specific flow exergy also equals:
= (h-h0) To (s-so)
Therefore,the total exergy of a flow is expressed as:
Ex = X. = m. = m. ((h-h0) To (s-so))
For a steady state operation, and choosing each component in Fig. 1.as a control
volume, the exergy destruction rate and the exergy efficiency are defined as shown
in Table 3. The exergy efficiency of the power cycle may be defined in several ways,
however, the used definition
will not only allow the irreversibility of heat transfer to the steam in the boiler to be
included, but also the exergy destruction associated with fuel combustion and exergy
lost with exhaust gasesc
from the furnace.
the fuel specific exergy is calculated as: Wfuel = f * LHV, where f = 1.06, is the
exergy factor based on the lower heating value. In addition, the pump input power
was calculated as
Wpump = m. (he,s hi )/ combined, where combined= 0.95, is the combined
pump/motor efficiency.
Exergy analysis of the power plant when To = 298.15 K, Po = 101.3 kPa
Node T (C) P (MPa) m (kg/s) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg (kJ/kg) Ex
K) (MW)
1 618.55 2.4231 17.80 3118.1 6.8419 1082.748 5.354
2 547.85 1.3244 14.92 2986.9 6.8835 939.145 3.892
3 463.65 0.5690 16.40 2831.4 6.9511 763.490 3.478
4 394.35 0.2060 13.96 2707 7.1173 590.238 2.289
5 360.45 0.0628 6.39 2655.2 7.5169 418.597 0.743
6 343.15 0.0272 204.90 2626.9 7.8193 300.136 17.083
7 339.95 0.0270 204.90 279.66 0.91588 11.151 0.635
8 339.75 0.0270 226.00 278.82 0.9134 11.045 0.693
9 341.15 1.3734 226.0 285.79 0.9299 13.113 0.823
10 337.60 0.0245 21.10 269.81 0.8868 9.959 0.058
11 356.15 0.0536 226.00 347.61 1.1111 20.896 1.312
12 362.45 0.0687 13.96 374.09 1.1848 25.403 0.099
13 390.15 0.1815 226.00 491.08 1.4954 49.787 3.126
14 428.15 0.6867 275.00 635.88 1.8922 94.281 7.202
15 430.15 12.2630 275.00 669.49 1.8991 107.834 8.237
16 436.15 0.6671 32.70 688.52 1.9725 104.980 0.954
17 461.45 10.7910 275.00 804.43 2.2056 151.391 11.565
18 466.15 2.3544 17.80 821.28 2.2626 151.246 0.748
19 494.15 10.3010 275.00 950.46 2.5124 205.949 15.732
20 793.15 9.1233 275.00 3436.3 6.7168 1438.247 109.866
Input 298.15 0.1013 23,900 424.54 3.8814 0.000 0.000
air
Output 318.15 0.1013 23,900 444.68 3.9468 0.647 4.294
air
Dead 298.15 0.1013 ----- 104.92 0.3672 0.00 --
state

Boiler:
Exergy destruction rate:
= (h-h0) To (s-so) h19 = 950.46 , h0 = 104.92 , S19 = 2.5124 , T0 = 298.15 k ,S0 = 0.3672

Inlet = 19 = (950.46 104.92) 298(2.5124 0.3672 )

 = 206.271KJ/kg
Similarly for oulet node 20
20 = (h20-h0) To (s20-so)
= (3436.3 104.92 ) 298 (6.7168- 0.3672)
= 1438.246KJ/kg
I.boiler = X. fuel + X. in - X. out
X. in = X. 19 = 15.732 MW X. out = X. 20 = 109.866 MW
X. fuel = m* fuel , fuel = f * LHV
f = 1.06 , m= 5kg/s , LHV = 40504.58 kg/sec
fuel = f * LHV = 1.06 * 40504.58 = 42934.85 kJ/kg
X. fuel = m* fuel = 5 * 42934.85 = 214.674 MW
I.boiler = 214.674 + 15.732 - 109.866 = 120.54 MW

Exergy Efficiency:
II,Boiler = X. out - X. in / X. fuel
II,Boiler = 109.866 15.732 / 214.674 = 0.43849 = 43.89 %

Pumps:
I.pump = X. in - X. out + W. pump
II,Pump = 1 I . pump / W. pump
Heaters
I.heaters = X. in - X. out
II = 1 - I . heaters / X. in

Turbine
I.turbine = X. in - X. out - W. el
X. out = X. 1 + X. 2 + X. 3 + X. 4 + X. 5 + X. 6
= 5.354 + 3.892 + 3.472 + 2.289 +0.743 + 17.083
= 32.833 MW

X. in = X. 20 = 109.866 MW
Q . W . = m. ehe - m .i hi
For inlet, m20 = 275 ton/h =275/0.252 = 1091.26 kg/s
m .i hi = m 20 * h20 = 1091.26 * 3436.3 =3749896.7 =3.75 * 106
For outlet
m. ehe = m. 1h1 + m. 2h2+ m. 3h3 + m. 4h4 + m. 5h5 + m. 6h6
= (0.22 + 0.1768 +0.18426 + 0.14995 + 0.067328 + 2.135919) * 106
= 2.934257 * 106
Heat loss Q =452 kw
W . = m .i hi - m. ehe + Q .
= 3.75 * 106 - 2.934257 * 106 + 452
=815,743kw
I.turbine = X. in - X. out - W. el
=109.866 - 32.833 MW - 815,743kw = 20.407

II,turbine = 1- I . turbine / X. in - X. out = 1 20.407 / 109.866 -32.833 = 73.5

Condenser
I.condenser = X. in - X. out + W. f
II,Condenser = X. out / X. in + W. f
Cycle
I . cycle = all componets I .
II,cycle = W. net,out / X. fuel

Table 5:
Exergy destruction and Exergy efficiency of the power plant components when T o =298.15 K , PO
=101.3 kpa
Exergy destruction Percent exergy Percent exergy
(MW) destruction efficiency
Boiler 120.540 76.74 43.8
Turbine 20.407 12.99 73.5
Condenser 13.738 8.75 26.4
Boiler pumps 0.220 0.14 82.5