Welcome to the world of networking

CISCO Certification System

© 2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

Cisco Career Certification

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Cisco Career Tracks

ƒ CCDA
ƒ CCDP

ƒ CCNA
ƒ CCNP

ƒ CCSP
ƒ CCIP (Cisco Certified Internetwork Professional)

ƒ .........

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Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert

ƒ CCIE Certification - Routing & Switching**

ƒ CCIE Certification - Security**

ƒ CCIE Certification - Service Provider**

ƒ CCIE Certification – Storage**

ƒ CCIE Certification - Voice**

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Cisco Qualified Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Access Routing & LAN Switching
Sales Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Access Routing & LAN Switching
Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Cable Communications Sales
Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Cable Communications Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Call Manager Express Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Content Networking Sales Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Content Networking Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Firewall Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco IDS Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Design Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Express Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Operations Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco IP Telephony Support Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Multiservice Switching Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Network Management Sales
Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Network Management Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Optical Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Design
Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Sales Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Storage Networking Support
Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Unity Design Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Unity Support Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco VPN/Security Sales Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco VPN Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Design Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Support Specialist
ƒ CQS- Cisco Wireless LAN Sales Specialist
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Today’s topics

ƒ General model of communication

ƒ OSI model and its layers’ functions in details
ƒ Encapsulation terminology in OSI
ƒ TCP/IP model
ƒ Other TCP/IP related aspects

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THE OSI MODEL

GENERAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

© 2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

Networking History

ƒ Standalone Device.
ƒ Duplication of equipments and resources.
ƒ Inability to communicate efficiently.
ƒ Lack of networking management.
ƒ LAN.
ƒ Connects devices that are close together.
ƒ WAN.
ƒ Interconnects LANs across a large area.

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Communication characteristics

ƒ Addresses
ƒ What are the source and the destination of a
communication process?
ƒ Media
ƒ Where does the communication take place?
ƒ Protocols
ƒ How to make the communication process effectively?

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Protocol
ƒ Protocol is a set of rules, or an agreement, that
determines the format and transmission of data
that make communication on a network more
efficient.

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Communication process

Packets

Protocols

Source Destination
Address Medium Address

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Communication: Human conversation

ƒ Address
ƒ Hello Mr.A, I am B
ƒ Media
ƒ Atmosphere
ƒ Protocol
ƒ Language
ƒ Speed
ƒ Handshaking

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Data Communication
ƒ Address
ƒ Source address, Destination address
ƒ Media
ƒ Cable, Fiber, Atmosphere
ƒ Protocol
ƒ Format
ƒ Procedure

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LAN Media: Coaxial Cable

ƒ 10Base2
ƒ 10Base5

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LAN Media: UTP & STP

ƒ 10BaseT
ƒ 100BaseTX

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LAN Media: Fiber Optic

ƒ 100BaseFX
ƒ 1000BaseLX

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OSI MODEL

© 2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

Evolution of networking standards
SNA

Standard

• Interconnection
Proprietary
• Development
• Simplification

TCP/IP DECNET
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OSI model development

ƒ Researched and developed by the ISO - International

Organization for Standardizations (or International Standards
Organizations )
ƒ 1977: establish a subcommittee to develop a
communications architecture.
ƒ 1984: publish ISO-7498, the Open System
Interconnection (OSI) reference model.

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OSI model

ƒ The OSI model:

model a framework within which networking
standards can be developed.
ƒ It provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured
greater compatibility and interoperability between the various
types of network technologies that were produced by the
many companies around the world.

Proprietary vs. Open

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A layered model

ƒ The communications functions are partitioned into a

hierarchical set of layers.
ƒ Each layer performs a related subset of the
functions required to communicate.
ƒ Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more
primitive functions and provides services to the next
higher layer.
ÆThe OSI Model defines a set of layers and the services
performed by each layer

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Why a layered model?

ƒ Reduces complexity.
ƒ Standardizes interfaces.
ƒ Facilitates modular engineering.
ƒ Ensures interoperable technology.
ƒ Accelerates evolution.
ƒ Simplifies teaching and learning.

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7 layers of the OSI reference model

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The physical layer

ƒ Transmission of an unstructured bit stream over

a physical link between end systems.
ƒ Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional
specifications
ƒ Physical data rate
ƒ Distances
ƒ Physical connector

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The data-link layer

ƒ Provides for the reliable transfer of data cross a

physical link.
ƒ Frames
ƒ Physical address
ƒ Network topology
ƒ Line discipline
ƒ Synchronization
ƒ Error control
ƒ Flow control

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The network layer

ƒ Provides connectivity and path selection between

two host systems that may be located on
geographically separated networks.
ƒ Packets
ƒ Virtual circuits
ƒ Route, routing table, routing protocol
ƒ Logical address
ƒ Fragmentation

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The transport layer

ƒ Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data over

networks.
ƒ Segments, data stream, datagram
ƒ Connection oriented and connectionless
ƒ End-to-end flow control
ƒ Error detection and recovery
ƒ Segmentation & reassembly

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The session layer

ƒ Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between

two communicating hosts.
ƒ Sessions
ƒ Dialog
ƒ Conversations
ƒ Data exchange

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The presentation layer

ƒ Ensures that the information that the application layer of

one system sends out is readable by the application layer
of another system.
ƒ Format of data
ƒ Data structure
ƒ Data conversion
ƒ Data compression
ƒ Data encryption

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The application layer

ƒ Is the OSI layer that is closest to the user; it provides

network services to the user’s applications.
ƒ File transfer
ƒ Electronic mail
ƒ Terminal access
ƒ Word processing
ƒ Intended communication partners

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Encapsulation example: Air-mail

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Encapsulation example: E-mail

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Encapsulation

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Layer-to-layer communications

Provide services

Request services

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Peer-to-peer communications

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Protocols

ƒ Is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs

how computers exchange information over a network
medium.
ƒ Implements the functions of one or more of the OSI
layers.
ƒ A communication protocol is concerned with exchanging
data between two peer layers.
ƒ Protocol Data Units (PDUs) : Block of data that a protocol
exchange.

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TCP/IP MODEL

© 2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

TCP/IP model development

ƒ The late-60s The Defense Advance Research Projects

Agency (DARPA) originally developed Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to
interconnect various defense department computer
networks.
ƒ The Internet, an International Wide Area Network, uses
TCP/IP to connect networks across the world.

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4 layers of the TCP/IP model

ƒ Layer 4: Application
ƒ Layer 3: Transport
ƒ Layer 2: Internet
ƒ Layer 1: Network access

It is important to note that some of the

layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model.
Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
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The network access layer

ƒ Concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet

requires to actually make the physical link. All the details
in the OSI physical and data link layers.
ƒ Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional
specifications.
ƒ Data rate, Distances, Physical connector.
ƒ Frames, physical addressing.
ƒ Synchronization, flow control, error control.

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The internet layer

ƒ Send source packets from any network on the

internetwork and have them arrive at the destination
independent of the path and networks they took to get
there.
ƒ Packets, Logical addressing.
ƒ Internet Protocol (IP).
ƒ Route , routing table, routing protocol.

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The transport layer

ƒ The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service

issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction.
ƒ Segments, data stream, datagram.
ƒ Connection oriented and connectionless.
ƒ Transmission control protocol (TCP).
ƒ User datagram protocol (UDP).
ƒ End-to-end flow control.
ƒ Error detection and recovery.

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The application layer

ƒ Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation,

encoding, and dialog control.
ƒ The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into
one layer, and assures this data is properly packaged
for the next layer.
ƒ FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ...
ƒ Format of data, data structure, encode …
ƒ Dialog control, session management …

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TCP/IP protocol stack

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Comparing TCP/IP with OSI

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Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

Similarities:
ƒ Both have layers.
ƒ Both have application layers, though they include very
different services.
ƒ Both have comparable transport and network layers
ƒ Networking professionals need to know both.

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Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

Differences:
ƒ TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues
into its application layer.
ƒ TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into
one layer.
ƒ TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers.
ƒ Typically networks aren't built on the OSI protocol, even
though the OSI model is used as a guide.

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Focus of the CCNA curriculum

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Requirements for Internet connection

ƒ A physical connection is made by connecting a specialized

expansion card such as a modem or a network interface card
(NIC) from a computer (PC) to a network.
ƒ The logical connection uses standards called protocols.
ƒ The application that interprets the data and displays the
information in an understandable form is the last part of the
connection.
ƒ Web browser
ƒ File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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Network interface card

When selecting a NIC, consider the following factors:

ƒ Protocols – Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI
ƒ Types of media – Twisted-pair, coaxial, wireless, or
fiber-optic
ƒ Type of system bus – PCI or ISA
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NIC and modem installation

ƒ A modem, or modulator-
demodulator, is a device that
provides the computer with
connectivity to a telephone line.
ƒ PCMCIA wired and wireless NICs.
ƒ Desktop systems may use an
internal or external NIC.

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Overview of high-speed and dial-up connectivity

ƒ Inevitably the high-speed services used in the corporate environment,

such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem access, moved
to the consumer market.
ƒ These services no longer required expensive equipment or a second
phone line.
ƒ These are "always on" services that provide instant access and do not
require a connection to be established for each session.
ƒ This gives greater reliability and flexibility, and has led to the ease of
Internet connection sharing by small office and home networks.
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TCP/IP description and configuration

ƒ Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP) is a set of protocols or rules developed to
allow cooperating computers to share resources
across a network.

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TCP/IP description and configuration

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TCP/IP description and configuration

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Verify IP Configuration: Win 9x

1 2

3 4

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Verify IP Configuration: Win XP, NT, 2000

ƒ ipconfig
ƒ ipconfig /all
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Verify IP Configuration: MAC OS

ƒ From the Apple menu, open your Control Panel, and select the TCP/IP
option. (older MacOS versions use the MacTCP control panel.)
ƒ Click on the "Info" button in the TCP/IP configuration dialog.
ƒ The configuration dialog shown to the right will be displayed. Look at
the address listed next to the line "This Macintosh"
ƒ In this example, the IP address is 192.168.10.30
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Verify IP Configuration: Linux/Unix

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Testing connectivity with ping

ƒ The ping command works by sending multiple IP packets to a

specified destination. Each packet sent is a request for a reply.
ƒ The ping command is used to test the NIC transmit/receive
function, the TCP/IP configuration, and network connectivity.

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Web browser and plug-ins

plug-in applications
ƒ These applications work in conjunction with the browser to launch the
program required to view the following special files:
ƒ Flash – plays multimedia files, which was created by Macromedia
Flash
ƒ Quicktime – plays video files, which was created by Apple
ƒ Real Player – plays audio files
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Binary presentation of data

ƒ The American Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII) is the most commonly used code
for representing alpha-numeric data in a computer.

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Bits and bytes

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Base 2 number system

ƒ 101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) +
(1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22 (16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0)

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Boolean or binary logic

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Summary

ƒ The layered communication model

ƒ OSI reference model
ƒ TCP/IP networking model
ƒ Networking devices

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 Stop here!

It’s time for questioning.

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