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Infinite Series
HIGHER RATIO TESTS
[Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test]
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 06-01-2011)
Latest update available at: http://www.freewebs.com/sunilnit/
7. RAABE’S TEST*:
Statement: If un be a positive term series s.t. from and after some particular
u u
term, Lim n n 1 k or Lim n 1 n 1 k ,
n u n 1 n u n
then un (i) converges if k 1 and
(ii) diverges if k 1 .
Remarks: (i) Raabe’s test fails when k 1 .
(ii) This test is very useful when D’Alembert’s ratio test fails.
th nd
* Joseph Ludwing Raabe (15 May, 1801-22 January, 1859) was born in Zuosch. He was the first
Mathematician who proved the various delicate tests of convergence. He is best known for Raabe's ratio
test, an extension of d'Alembert's ratio test, which serves to determine the convergence or divergence of
an infinite series.
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 2
8. LOGARITHMIC TEST:
Statement: If un be a positive term series s.t. from and after some particular
u
term, Lim n log n k ,
n u n 1
(ii) diverges if k 1 .
Remarks: (i) Logarithmic test fails when k 1 .
(ii) This test is very useful when D’Alembert’s ratio test fails.
9. GAUSS’S TEST:
Statement: If u n be a positive term series s.t. from and after some particular term,
un k u k
1 pn or n 1 1 2n ,
u n 1 n n un n n
where k is independent of n, p 1 ,
(ii) diverges if k 1 .
Remark: (i) This test is very useful when Raabe’s test fails.
Imp. Remarks:
un
(i) If Lim involves e, then we can apply Logarithmic test.
n u n 1
un
(ii) If Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s or Gauss’s test.
n u n 1
Now let us examine the behavior of the following infinite series, where we
have use RAABE’S TEST:
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 3
4.7.10.......(3n 1) n
Q.No.1.: Discuss the behaviour of infinite series 1.2.3.......n
x .
un 4.7.......(3n 1) n 1.2....n.(n 1) 1 (n 1) 1
Sol.: Here x n 1
.
u n 1 1.2.......n 4.7....(3n 1).(3n 4) x (3n 4) x
un 1
Lim . Hence, by D’Alembert’s ratio test
n u n 1 3x
1 1
un (i) converges if
3x
1 and (ii) diverges if
3x
1.
1 1
i.e. un (i) converges if x
3
and (ii) diverges if x .
3
1 u
But this test fails if x . Now if Lim n does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
3 n u n 1
1
or Gauss’s test. Now let us try the Raabe’s test. When x , then
3
1
un 1 4 1 4 16 1 4
1 1 1 1 2 ...... 1 2 ......
u n 1 n 3n n 3n 9n 3n 9n
u 1 4 1
Lim n n 1 Lim ..... 1 .
n u n 1 n 3 9n 3
1
By Raabe’s test, the given series diverges when x .
3
1 1
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x
3
and (ii) diverges if x .
3
Q.No.2.: Discuss the behaviour of infinite series
3 3.6 2 3.6.9 3 3.6.9.12 4
1 x x x x ......... .
7 7.10 7.10.13 7.10.13.16
3.6.9.....(3n )
Sol.: Here (by omitting first term) u n xn
7.10.13.......(3n 4)
3.6.9.......(3n )(3n 3)
and u n 1 x n 1 .
7.10.13.......(3n 4)(3n 7)
un 3.6.9.......(3n ) 7.10.13......(3n 4)(3n 7) 1 (3n 7) 1
Now xn .
u n 1 7.10.13........(3n 4) 3.6.9.....(3n ).(3n 3) x n 1 (3n 3) x
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 4
7
1
un 3n 1 1
Lim Lim . .
n u n 1 n 1 x x
1
n
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test:
1 1
un (i) converges if
x
1 and (ii) diverges if 1 .
x
i.e. un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
un
But this test fails if x 1 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
n u n 1
u 4 4 4
Lim n n 1 Lim ..... 1 .
n u n 1 n 3 3n 3
By Raabe’s test, the given series converges when x 1 .
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
x 1.2 2 1.2.3 3
Q.No.3.: Discuss the behaviour of infinite series x x ...... x 0 .
3 3.5 3.5.7
1.2.3....n 1.2.3....n.n 1
Sol.: Here u n x n and so u n 1 x n 1
3.5.7....2n 1 3.5.7....2n 12n 3
3
21
un 1.2.3....n 3.5.7....2n 12n 3 1 2 n 3 1 2n 1
Now xn .
u n 1 3.5.7....2n 1 1.2.3....n.n 1 x n 1 n 1 x 1 1 x
n
3
21
un 2n 1 2
Lim Lim .
n u n 1 n 1 x x
1
n
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 5
2 2
un (i) converges if
x
1 and (ii) diverges if 1 .
x
i.e. un (i) converges if x 2 and (ii) diverges if x 2 .
un
But this test fails if x 2 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
n u n 1
u 1 1 1
Lim n n 1 Lim ..... 1 .
n u n 1 n 2 2n 2
By Raabe’s test, the given series diverges when x 1 .
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x 2 and (ii) diverges if x 2 .
Sol.: Here (by omitting first term) u n 2n 1x n and so u n 1 2n 3x n 1
1 1
1 1
un
2n 1x n
2n 1
Lim
un
Lim 2n 1 1
.
u n 1 2n 3x n 1 3 x n u n 1 n 3 x x
1 1
2n 2n
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
1 1
un (i)converges if
x
1 and (ii) diverges if 1 .
x
i.e. un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
un
But this test fails if x 1 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
n u n 1
u 3
Lim n n 1 Lim 1 ..... 1 1 .
n u n 1 n 2n
By Raabe’s test, the given series diverges when x 1 .
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
or
When x 1 , then u n 2n 1
Now Lim u n Lim 2n 1 0 .
n n
1
1
un n 1 1
Lim Lim . . Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
n u n 1 n 1 x x
1
2n
1 1
un (i)converges if
x
1 and (ii) diverges if 1 .
x
i.e. un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
un
But this test fails if x 1 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe's
n u n 1
test or Gauss’s test. Now let us try the Raabe’s test. When x 1 then
1
un 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2
... 1 2 ...
u n 1 n 2n n 2 n ( 2n ) 2n 4n
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 7
u 1 1 1
Lim n n 1 Lim ..... 1 .
n u n 1 n 2 4n 2
By Raabe’s test, the given series diverges when x 1 .
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
7
1
un 3n 1 1
Lim Lim . .
n u n 1 n 1 x x
1
n
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
1 1
un (i) converges if
x
1 and (ii) diverges if 1 .
x
i.e. un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
un
But this test fails if x 1 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
n u n 1
test or Gauss’s test. Now let us try the Raabe’s test. When x 1 then
1
un 7 1 7 1 1 4 4
1 1 1 1 2 ...... 1 2 ......
u n 1 3n n 3n n n 3n 3n
u 4 4 4
Lim n n 1 Lim ..... 1 .
n u n 1 n 3 3n 3
By Raabe’s test, the given series converges when x 1 .
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 8
x 1 x 3 1.3 x 5 1.3.5 x 7
Q.No.7.: Discuss the behaviour of infinite series . . . ...
1 2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
x 1.
1.3.5.....( 2n 1) x 2 n 1
Sol.: Here (by omitting first term) u n . , n 1.
2.4.6.......( 2n ) 2n 1
1.3.5.......( 2n 1)(2n 1) x 2n 3
and u n 1 . . Now
2.4.6.......( 2n )(2n 2) 2n 3
1 3
1 1
un n 2n 1 1
Lim Lim 2
. 2 2.
n u n 1 n 1 x x
1
2n
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
1 1
un (i)converges if
x 2
1 and (ii) diverges if
x2
1.
un
But this test fails if x 2 1 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe's
n u n 1
test or Gauss’s test. Now let us try the Raabe’s test. When x 2 1 then
2
un 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 ... 2 ... 1 ... 2 ...
u n 1 n 2n 2n n 2n 2n n 2n n
u 3 1 3
Lim n n 1 Lim ... ..... 1 .
n u n 1 n 2 n 2
1
41
un 2n 1 4
Lim Lim 1
. 2
.
n u n 1 n 1 x x2
1
n
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
4 4
un (i)converges if
x 2
1 and (ii) diverges if
x2
1.
un
But this test fails if x 2 4 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
n u n 1
test or Gauss’s test. Now let us try the Raabe’s test. When x 2 4 then
1
un 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2 ...... 1 2 ......
u n 1 2n n 2n n n 2n 2n
u 1 1 1
Lim n n 1 Lim ..... 1 .
n u n 1 n 2 2n 2
b b
1 1
Now
un
b n 1 n 1
Lim
un
Lim
n 1 1
. .
u n 1 a n x 1 a x n u n 1 n 1 a x x
n n
1 1
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test, un (i) converges if
x
1 and (ii) diverges if 1 .
x
i.e. un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
un
But this test fails if x 1 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
n u n 1
u 1
Lim n n 1 Lim b a ..... ..... b a .
n u n 1 n n
By Raabe’s test, the given series converges if b a 1 and diverges if b a 1
and Raabe’s test fails if b a 1 . When b a 1
a 1
We get u n . Take v n .
an n
un a n a
Lim Lim Lim a (a non-zero, finite number) . [ a 0]
n v n n a n 1 n a
1
n
Thus, by comparison test, both the series u n and vn converges or diverges
Now let us examine the behavior of the following infinite series, where we
have use LOGARITHMIC TEST:
22 x 2 33 x 3 44 x 4
Q.No.1.: Discuss the behaviour of infinite series x ......... .
2! 3! 4!
un nnxn (n 1)! nn 1 1
Sol.: Here . .
u n 1 n! n 1n 1 x n 1 n 1n x 1 n x
1
n
un 1
Lim . Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
n u n 1 ex
1 1
un (i) converges if
ex
1 and (ii) diverges if
ex
1.
1 1 1
i.e. un (i) converges if x
e
and (ii) diverges if x . But this test fails if x .
e e
un
Now if Lim involves e, then we can apply Logarithmic test.
n u n 1
u 1
Hence Lim n log n 1.
n u n 1 2
1
By Logarithmic test, the given series diverges when x .
e
1 1
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x
e
and (ii) diverges if x .
e
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 12
Sol.: Here u n
a nx n and u n 1
a n 1x n 1 .
n! n 1!
n
a
nn x
Lim
un
Lim
a nx n n 1! Lim n
1
.
n u n 1 n n! a n 1x n 1 n 1
n
a
n 1 ex
n n 1 x
n n 1
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test
1 1
un (i) converges if
ex
1 and (ii) diverges if
ex
1.
1 1 1
i.e. un (i) converges if x
e
and (ii) diverges if x . But this test fails if x .
e e
un
Now if involves e, then we can apply Logarithmic test. Now let us try Logarithmic
u n 1
test.
n n
1 a ae
1
1 un e n n
When x , n n 1
e n n 1
.
e u n 1 1 1 a 1 ae
1 1 1
n e n 1 n n 1
un ae 1 ae
log log e n log1 n log1 n 1log1
u n 1 n n n 1
ae a 2e 2 1 1 ae a 2e 2
1 n ... n ... n 1 ......
n 1 2n 1
2 2 2
n 2n n 2n
a 2e 2 1 2 2
a e 1
. .
2 2 n 1 n
2
n
u 1
Hence Lim n log n 1.
n u n 1 2
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 13
1
By Logarithmic test, the given series diverges when x .
e
1 1
Hence the given series un (i) converges if x
e
and (ii) diverges if x .
e
x 2! 2 3! 3 4! 4
Q.No.3.: Discuss the behaviour of infinite series 1 x 3 x 4 x .....
2 32 4 5
( x 0 ).
un
But this test fails if x e . Now if Lim involve e, then we can apply Logarithmic test.
n u n 1
1 n 1 n 1 1 1 1
... ... .
2 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 2
n 1 n 1 1 n 1
n n n n
un 1
Lim n log 1.
n u n 1 2
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 14
Now let us examine the behavior of the following infinite series, where we
have use GAUSS’S TEST:
2
1.3.5...(2n 1)
Q.No.1.: Discuss the behaviour of infinite series .
2.4.6...(2n )
or
12 12.32 12.32.52
Examine the behaviour of the series ................... .
22 22.4 2 2 2.42.6 2
2 2
1.3.5....(2n 1) 1.3.5....(2n 1)(2n 1)
Sol.: Here u n and so u n 1 .
2.4.6...(2n ) 2.4.6...(2n )(2n 2)
2
2
un 2n 2
2
2 n
Lim Lim Lim 1.
n u n 1 n 2n 1
n 1
2
n
This shows that D’Alembert’s ratio test fails. Now let us apply Raabe’s test.
u (2n 2) 2 4n 2 3n
Limn n 1 Lim n 2
1 Lim 2
1
n u n 1 n (2n 1) n (2n 1)
This shows that Raabe’s test fails. Now let us apply Gauss’s test.
2 2 2
un 2n 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 5
1 1 1 2 1 2 3 ......
u n 1 2n 1 n 2n n n 2n 4n 2n 16n 4
1 1 1 1
1 4 2 ............ .
n n2 4n
or
2 2 2
u n 1 2n 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5
Also 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 ......
un 2n 2 2n n n 4n n n n n
1 5 1 3 1 7 1 1 1 5 3 7
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 ...... 1 2 2 ......
n 4 n 2 n 4 n n n 4 2 n 4n
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 15
Then by Gauss’s test, which states that, if u n be a positive term series s.t. from and after
un k u k
some particular term 1 pn or n 1 1 2n , where k is independent of n,
u n 1 n n un n n
1
1 1
Now
un
n 1 n . 1 n n . 1 .
u n 1 n n x 1 1 x
n n
1
1 1
un n n 1 1
Lim Lim . .
n u n 1 n x x
1 1
n n
1 1
Hence by D’Alembert’s ratio test, un (i) converges if
x
1 and (ii) diverges if 1 .
x
i.e. un (i) converges if x 1 and (ii) diverges if x 1 .
un
But this test fails if x 1 . Now if Lim does not involve e, then we can apply Raabe’s
n u n 1
test or Gauss’s test. Now let us try the Gauss's test. When x 1 , then
Infinite Series: Raabe’s Test, Logarithmic Test, Gauss’s Test 16
Here k 1
Let’s summarize
Raabe’s Test
Logarithmic Test
Gauss’s Test
NEXT LECTURE
Alternating series
Alternating Series, Absolute Series, Leibnitz’s Rule,
Absolutely convergent series, Conditionally convergent series
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