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INDIANA
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
û
ETYMA LATINA
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
Crown 8vo, ys. 6d.
ETYMA GRAECA:
An Etymological Lexicon of Classical Greek.
RIVINGTONS, LONDON
ETYM A LATIN A
AN ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON OF
CLASSICAL LAT/N
EDWARD ROSS WHARTON, M.A.

FELLOW AND LECTURER OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
e^
RIVINGTONS
WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON
MDCCCXC
0-
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
46SI1
PKEFACE
In Lewis and Short's '
Latin Dictionary ' (1880) the etymo-
logical both fragmentary and uncritical
element is a :
lexicographer cannot fairly be expected to be also an

etymologist. Breal and Bailly's Dictionnaire Etymolo- '
gique Latin' (1885) embraces but two-thirds of the words

used by ordinary classical Latin writers, and the etymo-
logical is avowedly secondary.
element in it Pre-scientific
work like that of Hintner and Zehetmayr, both of whom
published in 1873, is hardly worth mentioning: it was
not till the publication in 1876 of Brugmann's discoveries
that anything was known about vocalic laws. For other —
languages also etymological dictionaries are rare. For
Umbrian we have Bucheler, for Oscan Zvetaieff, for
Greek my 'Etyma Graeca,' for Gothic Feist, for German
Kluge, for Old Slavonic Miklosich, for Armenian Hiibsch-
mann for Irish and Welsh, Old Norse and Anglosaxon,
:
Lithuanian, Zend and Sanskrit, we have no complete

etymological dictionary at all. — It may thus appear,
both that an etymological Latin dictionary was wanted,
and that it was not easy to compile one. Kluge had
Weigand to work on I have had to find my material
:
where I could.
PREFACE
The dictionaries which I have chiefly used are the foil

Latin —Lewis and Short. English— Skeat.
Greek —Liddell and Scott. Old German — Schade.
Gaulish— Stokes (' Celtic Declen- Modern German Klug —
sion '). —
Lithuanian Kurschat.
—
Old Irish Zeuss. —Ulmann.
Lettish
—
Middle Irish Windisch. Prussian—Nesselmann.
—
Modern Irish O'Reilly. Old Slavonic—Miklosicl
—
Welsh Pughe. Armenian—Hubschmann.
—
Gothic Balg. Zend—Justi.
—
Old Norse Vigfussoli. Old Persian — Spiegel.
—
Anglosaxon Leo, Grein. Sanskrit —Bohtlingk.
Excluding (as all writers of etymological diction

have agreed to do) Proper Names, 1 I find that the wr
of the classical period of Latin literature, down to
death of Trajan in a.d. 117, use 26,326 words all of w :
except 4320 sufficiently explain their own formation,

are derivatives or compounds of these 4320 words. In
present work I have treated 3055 of these 4320 wo
being those found in the sixteen Latin authors of the i
rank (fragments in each case excluded) viz., in chro :
logical order, Plautus, Terence, Cicero Caesar Catu]

Lucretius Sallust, Vergil Horace Livy Tibullus Prop
2
tius Ovid, Persius, Tacitus, Juvenal. Setting aside so;
1
Among some words sometimes spelt with a sti
these I reckon
Codes Februa Liburna Pege Surena Triones Venetus
initial, Oiris :
which I have nothing new to offer. On the other hand I have includ
in my work the words ligustrum polluceo puniceus quirito venerw,
being derivatives of Proper Names but successfully concealing th<
real character.
2
I need hardly apologise for omitting the conjectural Mr thyius, tl
misreading matta^ and the ghost-words liroe nico the proper reading
'
' :
—
are Cic. Fin. 2. 23 (from Lucilius) hirsizon (whatever that may cor
ceal), Propert. 4. 7. 49 Ohio, Ov. Fast. 6. 674 lata, Plaut. Poen. 13
collyrae, Plaut. True. 624-625 viceris . . . vicerim. —I have omitted als
Adverbs and Conjunctions of which the sole peculiarity lies in thi
termination (such being sufficiently explained by Stolz .or Victoi
Henry) and loanwords from the Greek of which the originals arc
;
sufficiently treated in Etyma Graeca or (in the case of derivatives)

* '
in Liddell and Scott.
PREFACE
380 words of obscure origin, which cannot as yet be classi-

fied, these 3055 words fall into the following three classes
I. *
inherited ' words, having cognates in other Indoceltic
languages : about 1130.
II. 'manufactured* words, derivatives or compounds of
the words in class I. about 930. :
III. 'imported' words, borrowed from Greek or other

languages about 615. :
,
So much for the scope of the work : next for details of
its arrangement. The sign t preceding a '
head-word ' (i.e.
the first word of an article) denotes that the word is
borrowed from some foreign language. (It is often how-

ever difficult to draw the line Latin derivatives from loan-:
words, e.g. topi arias, are left unmarked.) Loanwords which

are not head-words are marked either by f preceding,
'
'
or by being put in brackets thus after the translation of

:
each head-word I give in brackets the more interesting of

the English words borrowed (often through many stages)
from the Latin word. For details on these English loan-
words I would refer to Skeat's 'Concise Etymological
Dictionary of the English Language where he puts ' :
several words under one head I have given the leading

word and added the sign &c.\ It is of course often *
difficult to decide whether a word is borrowed or not I :
suppose Gothic haban to be borrowed from Latin habeo,

the Teutons originally having no word for 'have* (the
Welsh still have none, and in Latin itself we may say
'est mihi pater' for 'habeo patrem'). When two loan-
words in any language are nearly identical in form the
sign t is put before the first only, e.g. fbalneum balineum,
*t"Tcwr»7$ Sams.
A numeral after a word denotes that the word concurs in
form with another word, or even several other words, of
viii PREFACE
distinct origin : I have thus been obliged to divide praestc

into two words, dringo into three, ruo into four.
Cognates in Umbrian and Osco-Sabellian are given onlj
when they are in themselves instructive. The cognates
from other languages are given in the following order
Greek, Celtic, Teutonic, Balto-Slavic, Armenian, Arian.
I have not thought it necessary to give a cognate from
Welsh when I had given one from Irish, nor from Old
Norse or Anglosaxon or German when I had given one
from Gothic, nor from Lettish or Prussian when I had
—
given one from Lithuanian. When possible, Nouns are
given in the Nominative Singular (a rule embracing words
from Hesychius which he gives in some other case) Verbs :
are given in Zend and Sanskrit in their roots, in Teutonic

and Old Slavonic (unless the translation shows otherwise)
in the Infinitive, in other languages in the First Singular
Present Indicative. Boots, stems, and words found only
as the element of a compound are marked by a dash
first
following; which is itself accented (-) when we know from

Verner's Law (that after a barytone vowel a Tenuis becomes
in Teutonic not an Aspirate but a Media) that such was
the original pitch-accent. (The accent, when marked,
always denotes pitch-accent or 'tone,' not stress-accent.)
Greek disyllabic Prepositions are marked as paroxytone.
Enclitics in Greek have a grave accent, in other languages
a dash preceding. Sanskrit words unaccented in the MSS.
—
are left unaccented. Hypothetical forms are denoted either
by prefixing an asterisk or by putting a letter in brackets
e.g. €kai(F)ov denotes that l\aiov was originally ZXatfov. —
The position of a single letter (or combination of letters) is
denoted by a dash; e.g. "a-" denotes initial a, "-a-"

medial a, "-a" final a. — When a word is given partly in
Eoman partly in Italic type, the part in italics is alone to
be compared with the other words mentioned. —The sign
PREFACE ix
'fr.' may roughly be read as 'from/ more exactly as

'connected with'; it denotes that the two words have the
same root, or are 'Ablauts' of each other.
The translation of a word, where no translation is given,
is the same as that of the next-preceding translated word
translated, i.e., into English (for convenience' sake the

translation is sometimes into Latin or Greek). Parentheses
are not considered as interrupting the sequence of construc-
tion. The abbreviation 'E.' followed by a comma denotes
that the English cognate has just been given as a trans-
lation of some other cognate word: the abbreviation 'E. E.'
denotes not '
Early English
but that the English cognate '
has just been given and that one or more English cognates
follow. A Latin or Greek word quoted simply for the sake
of its form untranslated.
is left When a word is the same —
(as to both form and meaning) in two related languages, I
write it only once e.g. " Zd. Sk. ma~ measure " shows that
:
ma- means to measure '

alike in Zend and Sanskrit.
'
Similarly "Ags. E. fin" denotes that Anglosaxon fin and

English fin are cognate words and of the same meaning.
As a rule a vowel not marked long is to be reckoned
short. But to this rule there are some limitations :
(1) When a vowel in Latin stands before two consonants

I have endeavoured to mark it according to its etymological
quantity, not according to the quantity it may have acquired
from the nature of the consonants ; and where the etymo-
logy is obscure or ambiguous the quantity, if marked, is
not to be taken as a guide to the possible etymology, forma

may go with ferio strike (as rwros form with tvtttid)
'
'
' '
though in deference to authority I have marked the o long

(see note at end of preface)
(2) As to marks of length in other languages than Latin :
I have, following myunmarked the quan-

authorities, left
tities of Umbrian, Oscan, and Welsh vowels. I have
x PREFACE
marked Gothic and Sanskrit e 6, though always long, bu

left unmarked Lithuanian y if e O and Old Slavonic i y u a
which likewise are always long. In Irish and Old Norse 1
mark vowels as long, not with an accent in Anglosaxon ] :
write ea eo (not, as Sweet does, ea eo), and use ae oe foi

the long diphthongs, a 6 for the short. In Lettish I write
e not eh, in Old Slavonic e not g.
A note of interrogation at the end of an article is meant

to apply to the words preceding after the last colon or
semicolon. In the explanation of a Compound, e.g. maid-
festus, the note of interrogation implies that the second half
of the Compound is of obscure origin. —
Where no etymology
at all is given, it is to be understood that none yet proposed
is satisfactory : many of such cases the ordinary (un-
in
scientific) etymology may be found in Lewis and Short.
The following 360 derivations are, so far as I know (it is
difficult in such matters to speak with certainty), my own
abdo anna caelebs cicuta
abdomen arvina caepe clandestinus
abundo as caerimonia coepi
accerso asper caliga colocasium
acervus assula callis coluber
adeo ast cantharus comis
adulor ater capistrum comissor
aequus atrox carbo como
agnitus auster carduus concipilo
aha autem careo condalium
alacer bajulus caries condo
alapa balneum cataractria conquinisco
allex balo catasta corbis
almus boletus census corbita
alucinor boreas cepolendrum cortina
aluta bubulcus cervix cottidie
ambulo bufo ceu crambe
amo bulla cicada crocio
apium cachinnus cicatrix cucumis
apricus cacumen ciconia culex
PREFACE XI
colas fore jejunus minus

cumulus formica jento mirus
cunctus formido juxta miser
cuuiculus fortassis lacertus mitis
de fritillus lacuna monedula
delibero fuligo lambero moretum
demo furca lamina morus
densus furfur lanista mucro
dirus fusus lanius mutus
discipulus gemini laterna nempe
doced genesta lens nihilum
dodrans germanus levis nimbus
doleo glans libo nimis
domicilium gravastellus libum niteo
drapeta grex lignum non
dubius gutta lima norma
dudum guttur lis nota
duplex hapalopsis littera numella
ecce hira liveo nutrio
edepol hospes locuples obliviscor
ehem humanus luridus obturo .
elegans icio luscus omcium

ellum identidem lustrum omentum
emineo ideo mancus opimus
emusitatus igitur mando oportet
enim ilex mane optimus
erga ilia manipulus opto
eruca imitor manubiae paedico
euax immanis marceo paelex
exploro impraesentiarum marsupium palear
fames inanis materia palpo
farfarus incilo medeor panicum
ferula incolumis memor papilio
ficus inferus mensa parra
finis infestus mensus parricida
firmus inquam mentula patior
fistuca invidus meo patro
fistula invitus mereo pectus
flaccus ipse merops perinde
flftmTTTi^ ita merus perperam
focus item mico piget
foedus Adj. itidem minae pignus
fona jam minor pingo
Xll PREFACE
pituita quantus scrinium sudiculum
placeo quidem seria sumo
placusia quoque serperastra suspicio
plaustrum radius sileo tabula
ploro ramus siler taeter
ploxenum renideo sin tamen
pluteus repudium sincerus tantus
polio reus sirempse tardus
poUex rima sirpe territorium
polluceo rivus sisymbrium testa
populor robur sobrius titillo
porrigo rorarii sodalis turgeo
portorium rudis Adj. soleo uligo
praefica rudus sollemnis ulva
praestigiae ruo 1 solvo urtica
prior ruscum specus titer
privus ruta spiro vaco
proinde rutilus sponda varius
promo sacer stilus vehemens
proprius saeculum stimulus venor
protelum . salaputium stipula venter
prox saltern strages verrunco
pudeo saltus strigilis vidulus
pulcher sapa stringo 1 vilis
pulmentum sartago stuprum villa
puppis savium suavium vito
quadra scapulae subtemen vitricus.
I have
as far as possible avoided the use of strange
symbols. In words given (in small capitals) as from the
'
Ursprache,' the sonant liquids are denoted by a dot
'
'
below, and the long sonants are further marked as long:

for the consonants corresponding to i and u I use j and v,
to be pronounced like English y in yet and in wet respec- w
tively the velar' gutturals I write with a v following
:
*
(the sign k-v, see equus, denotes that the k and the v are
distinct elements), the distinction of 'fixt' and 'labialisable'
velars being left to be gathered from a comparison of the
cognate forms or from the notes in Part II. —In Old Umbrian
I write d, not d or r ; in Lithuanian ie, not e ; in Old Sla-
PREFACE xiii
vonic h, not ch. In Armenian, for the aspirates I write

ph, th, kh Hubschmann's 25th letter I use th§, for
; for
his 33rd ths. In Zend I write ae not ae, f not s, q not
hv. For the Hebrew Aleph I give no sign,, for Ayin ', for
*
Sheva ; for He I write h, for Cheth h.
A few points of pronunciation may be noticed
(o) Umbrian 5 or (New Umbrian) I = Eng. s in see ; & = Eng. th in
the:
(0) Welsh au = German ai (Eng. * Aye '), aw = Eng. ow in cow ;
dd = Eng. th in the, 11 = an aspirated I (i.e. h + I, or, when

final, I + h) :
(y) Gothic gg = Eng. ng, q = Eng. qu

(8) Lithuanian y = Eng. i in viachine 11 = u + e and o are pro- ; ;
nounced close' (see p. xv); a and $, are now pronounced as

*
a and & respectively. The falling tone is marked * on a short

*
'
vowel, ' on a long; the 'rising' tone (as in Eng. 'Why?') is

marked " or A A consonant followed by i + another vowel is
.
pronounced soft, like German k in kind as opposed to k in kahn :
sz = Eng. sh, z = Eng. 2, & (Lettish §) = French j (Eng. s in

leisure), c = Eng. ts, cz = Eng. ch.
(e) Old Slavonic y =a (long) or French u $ = French

' modified '
;
in in vin, § = French on Of the consonants, S = Eng.

in bon.
sh, c = Eng. ch, while z z c are pronounced as in Lithuanian.
(0 Armenian \ is a guttural r, r a hard r j = Eng. dz in adze,
'
'
'
' ;
j =3 Eng. j in jet S = Eng. sA, z = Eng. z, ± — French j (see

;
above), c = Eng. ts,t — Eng. ch.
(1) Zend ae
= German ai, ao = German au c = Eng. c&, 5 = Eng. :
sh, j and z are pronounced as in English q = Eng. h + w (as :
in the dialectic Eng. pronunciation of when). The pronuncia-

tion of 4 and hh is unknown.
(0) Sanskrit y as Eng. y in yet c, 9, j, as in Zend (Sanskrit sh has a

;
stronger aspiration than 5). The Unguals (or cerebrals ') \ d '
'
'
th dh n are pronounced with the tip of the tongue turned up

'
and drawn back (Whitney), but are not by us distinguishable

'
from ordinary dentals,
The notes in Part II. on the various cognate languages

embrace only the words quoted in Part I., and of course are
not meant to be exhaustive.
xiv PREFACE
I have to acknowledge many obligations to Professoi

Macdonell, Margoliouth, Nettleship, Ehys, and Sayce; i
Dr. Neubauer, Dr. Whitley Stokes, F. Y. Powell, and m
colleague W. M. Lindsay- and, on points of natural history
to my brother, H. T. Wharton, editor of Sappho \ '
I hope in some future year to complete the subject by ai

analysis of the 1265 sub-classical
'
words found in frag
'
ments of our sixteen authors or in less important author*

of the classical period. But in England even the worsl
etymologist meets little encouragement.
E. K. WHARTON.
Oxfobd, St. DavicCs Day, 1890.
NOTE ON HIDDEN QUANTITIES
It seems that certain combinations of consonants in Latin
lengthened the preceding vowel, others shortened it, others
(which is most perplexing of all) sometimes lengthened
sometimes shortened it, probably in different dialects and, ;
to complicate matters still more, each of our rules has

numerous exceptions. Eor the determination of these
*
hidden ' quantities I have used Seelmann's '
Aussprache
pp. 69-108, Marx's Hulfsbuchlem/ and (for the Eomance
'
languages) Grober's Vulgarlateinische Substrate Eoman-

'
ischer Worter ' in Wolffiin's '

Archiv \ The authorities on
which these writers rely are
(a) the testimony of Latin Grammarians (* Gramm.'), and the old
spellings of i u as
ou ei
(£) the usage of Plautus and Terence, who before Mute + Liquid
allow a vowel to be long only when it was long by nature :
(y) the marks given in Inscriptions (' Inscrr.'), the I carved taller
than usual, the other long vowels accented
(8) the Greek transcription of Latin words (* Gk.'), I u = et ou, e 6 =
i\ a:
(e) the evidence of the Eomance languages (' Rom. '), which repre-
sent 1 vl by iu but I ti by e o, and e 6 by close e o (pronounced i.e.
with the tongue convex) but 6 6 by open e o (pronounced with
the tongue flat).
A. Combinations which lengthen the preceding vowel

(a) ns nf (according to Cicero and the Latin Grammarians), Cic.
cmmevit insanus confecU iwfelix, Inscrr. 1 and Gk. consul, Gramm.
1 The signs * Gramm.' * Inscrr.' Gk.' Rom.' in these pages may be

' *
read 'according to the Latin Grammarians, inscriptions, the Greek

transcription, theRomance languages': i.e. the abbreviation denotes
the source from which we learn the quantity of the vowel.
xvi NOTE ON HIDDEN QUANTITIES
and Kom. Insula, Inscrr. Inferos. Yet one dialect must hsn
allowed the natural quantity, Gk. CSnstantinus (1st century a.d
ctinsul (6th century, beside CdnstaiUinus /), Priscian m&nsi, Ron:
consilium ctinficio Infans.
(0) nqv in and Rom.), ngv apparently in pingui
qulnqice (Inscrr. Gk.
(Rom., Grober 'Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie/ p. 50
note). Yet not in one dialect, Rom. prqplnquus lingua Unguis.
(y) gn (according to Priscian), Inscrr. dlgnus slgnum. Yet not ii
one dialect, Gk. cVgnitus, Gramm. and Rom. dlgnus, Rom. lignum
—
plgnus pugnus slgnum. Apparently also gm (Marx p. 2), Inscrr
and Rom. pigmentum, Gk. segmen.
(8) ct from g + t (Seelmann pp. 78, 90), Inscrr. lectus ('bed ') lictor
Rom. ludor. Yet not in one dialect, Gk. and Rom. Uctus. S( —
x from g + s (Seelmann pp. 78-79, 91) seems to have had s
lengthening effect, Inscrr. maximus, Inscrr. and Gk. vexillum.
B. Combinations which shorten the preceding vowel

(a) nt (Marx p. 1-2), Gramm. c&ntio from coventio, Gk. frdntem mbntem
pdntem vtntus. Yet one dialect allowed the natural quantity,
Gramm. nuntius, (Inscrr. Gk. and Rom. quintus), Inscrr. frontem,
Rom. fontem montem pontem (so Grober in his articles in Wol-
fflin's'Archiv'; in his 'Grundriss' p. 522 he makes the o
short). — So nd,
Rom. har&ndo hirUndo Undecim (from unus), cf.
spUndeo (Lithuanian spUndliu) from (rirK^v, vindex {0iv$t£) from
venum. Yet not in one dialect, Gramm. harundo hirundo, Inscrr.
nondum n&ndinum, Rom. frondem (Grober is ambiguous, as above)
prendo vendo.
(0) 14- any consonant, Gramm. remfclcum (fivfiovkKovv), Rom. corSlla
(from corona) Ultra *llcem (from ilicem: so even with a vowel
between, pulegium), and v&llum whence Anglosaxon veal. Yet
not in one dialect, Inscrr. ultra vallum, Inscrr. and Rom. milk
olla villa, Rom. angulUa favilla mullus stllla trulla: which can-
not be lengthenings, as the Romance languages substantiate
caplllus cucullus (' cuckoo ') llle mJSllis pullus ('dark ') sllla villus,
pulmo pulpa sllva.
(y) Before Mute + Liquid a vowel is generally short, and hence ebrius
n&trix (Plautus) show in the Romance languages a short root-
vowel.
C. Combinations which in one dialect lengthen, in another

shorten, the vowel
NOTE ON HIDDEN QUANTITIES xvii
(a) nc lengthens the vowel in Inscrr. cUndus functus jUnctus sdnctus

and so conjUnx, Gramm. and Rom. Unctus, Rom. ductus tinctus
punctus. Yet one dialect allowed the natural quantity, Rom.
—
pUnctus Unctus (Seelmann p. 90). But it shortens the vowel in
Rom. jikvcus f lovyicos) Uncut, (ovyicla).
(/3) r + another consonant lengthens the vowel in Inscrr. area arvum
hortus qudrtus (arma pernix are marked as barbarisms), Rom.
cortina pertica. Yet not in one dialect, Plaut. Irgo, Gramm. ars
&rx p&rs, Gk. cortina p&rtica, Gk. and Rom. circus fortis virga,
—
Rom. f&rnus sUrcus. But it shortens the vowel in Rom. lardum
(laridum) *Mrdum = luridum) /Urea (which I would derive from
(
fur). Which represents the natural quantity, flrmus (Inscrr.,

Seelmann p. 92, cf. fldus) or flrmus (Rom., cf. fides), we cannot
tell;nor of course where the etymology is unknown, Inscrr.
servus Rom. orea do not prove that the vowel was by nature long,
nor Gk. formica Srbis tirna Rom. stlrps Urceus that it was by
nature short. More perplexing still, our authorities sometimes
differ, Gramm. Gk. and Rom. have forma but Gk. also ftirma,
Inscrr. and Rom. ordo but Gk. (and Irish) tirdo, Inscrr. and Rom.
ornd but Gk. brnd, Inscrr. vlrgo but Rom. vlrgo.
(y) s + any consonant lengthens the vowel in Gramm. hestemus, Gk.
fossa, Rom. hibiscum usque, and cf. Priscian's austrum from
tistrum. Yet not in one dialect, Gk. Rom. f6ssa, Rom. Ittscus
—
mlsceo ntister vaster Vista. But it shortens the vowel in Gk. Sstium
(Inscrr. and Gk. ostium), Rom. flstus (Inscrr. and Gk. festus)
fUscus (Inscrr. fuscus) and perhaps gilstus (cf. yeiw), and I think
in Gramm. dsper lanlsta and Gk. erassus. Where the etymology
is unknown, or consonant with either supposition, we cannot tell
whether the vowel was by nature short or long, Inscrr. manifestus
viscus Inscrr. and Rom. trlstis Gk. sospes Gk. and Rom. custos
Rom. esca fustis Mspidus do not prove that the vowel was by
nature long, nor Gk. rMis Gk. and Rom. crista Rom. fistula fas-
cina -miisca miistela that it was by nature short. Sometimes too
our authorities differ, Gk. has bestia but Rom. (and later Gk.)
bSstia, Gk. crispus but Rom. crlspus, Inscrr. crustum but Rom.
crilstum, Inscrr. and Gk. prlscus but Gk. also prlscus, Rom. has
both plscis and plscis.
ABBEEVIATIONS
Aen. Aeneid. NHG. New High German.
Aeol. Aeolic. NUmbr. New Umbrian.
Aesch. Aeschylus. OE. Old English.
Ags. Anglosaxon. OHG. Old High German.
anal. analogy. Olr. Old Irish.
Ar. Aristophanes. onomatop. onomatopoeic.
Arab. Arabic. ONor. Old Norse.
Arm. Armenian. OPers. Old Persian.
BB. Bezzenberger's Beitrage. opp. as opposed to.
cf. compare. orig. originally.
Dimin, Diminutive. Osc. Oscan.
Diosc- Dioscorides. OSlav. Old Slavonic.
Dor. Doric. OUmbr. Old Umbrian.
E. English. OW. Old Welsh.
EM. Etymologioum Magnum. Part. Participle.
Etrusc. Etruscan. Pers. Persian.
etym. etymology. Plut. Plutarch.
fr. connected with. Polyb. Polybius.
Fr. French. pop. popular.
Geo. Georgics. praeced. preceding word.
Got. Gothic. Pru88. Prussian.
Heb. Hebrew. Aedupl. Reduplication.
Hes. Hesiod. Horn. Roman.
Hesych. Hesychius. Sab. Sabine.
Horn. Homer. sc. scilicet.
Instrum. Instrumental. Schol. Scholiast.
Interj. Interjection. sec. according to.
Ion. Ionic. Sicil. Sicilian.
Ir. Irish. Sk. Sanskrit.
Ital. Italian. sq. following word.
Lett. Lettish. Subst. Substantive.
Lit. Lithuanian. syll. syllable.
Loc. Locative. term. termination.
Metath. Metathesis. Umbr* Umbrian.
MHG. Middle High German. Vb. Verb.
Mir. Middle Irish. W. Welsh.
Neut. Neuter. Zd. Zend,
ABBREVIATIONS xix
Other abbreviations may be seen in Lewis & Short.

* denotes a hypothetical form.
t preceding a word denotes that it is a loan-word t following a
;
Sanskrit word, or meaning of a Sanskrit word, denotes that the word

or meaning is unauthenticated (being found only in Sanskrit gram-
marians, not in literature).
SELECT LIST OF AUTHORITIES
(The numeral above the line indicates the number of the edition.
sq. here denotes and following years '.)
*
Balg, Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language. 1887.

Bartholomew, Handbuch der Alt-Iranischen Dialekte. 1883.
Bedrossian, New Dictionary Armenian-English. 1875-1879.
Bezzenberger's Beitrdge zur Kunde der Indogermanischen Sprachen. 1877
sq.
Bielenstein, Die Lettische Sprache. 1863.
Bohtlingk, Sanskrit- Worterbuch in kurzerer fassung. 1879-1889.
Braune, Alt-Hoch-Deutsche Grammatik. 1886.
Bre'al et Bailly, Dictionnaire etymologique Latin. 1885. .
Brugmann, Griechische Grammatik. 2 1889.

„ Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der Indogerman-
ischen Sprachen. 1886-1889.
Bruppacher, Versuch einer Lautlehre der Oskischen Sprache. 1869.
Corssen, Aussprache Vocalismus und Betonung der Lateinischen Sprache. 2
1868-1870.
Curtius, Grundziige der Griechischen Etymologie. 5 1879.
Delitzsch, Assyrische Studien I. 1874.
Dioscorides, in Kiihn's Medicorum Graecorum Opera vol. 25, 26. 1821.
Douse, Introduction to the Gothic of Ulfilas. 1886.
Ducange, Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis. 1840-1850.
Feist, Grundriss der Gotischen Etymologie. 1888.
Festus, edited by 0. 0. Miiller. 1880.
3
Fick, Vergleichendes Worterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen.
1874-1876.
Fritzner, Ordbog over det Gamle Norske Sprog. 1867.
Georges, Ausfuhrliches Lateinisch-Deutsche Handworterbuch. 1879-
1880.
Graff, Alt-Hoch-Deutsche Sprachschatz. 1834-1846.
Grein, Bibliothek der Angelsachsischen Poesie. 1857-1864.
Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere. 3 1877.
Helfenstein, Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Languages. 1870.
Hesychius, edited by Moriz Schmidt. 1858-1862.
Hiibschmann, Armenische Studien I. 1883.
SELECT LIST OF A UTHORITIES xxi
Hiibschmann, Indogermanisclies Vocal-system. 1886.

„ Umschreibung der Iranischen Sprachen. 1882.
Isidore of Seville, in Lindemann's Corpus Grammaticotum Latinorum
vol. III. 1832.
Jablonski, Opuscula. 1804-1818.
Justi, Handbuch der Zend-sprache. 1864.
Keil, Grammatici Latini. 1857-1880.
Key, Latin-English Dictionary. 1888.
Kluge, Etymologisch.es Worterbuch des Deutschen Sprache. 4 1888.
Kukris Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschnng. 1852 sq.
Kurschat, Grammatik der Littauischen Sprache. 1876.
„ WSrterbuch der Littauischen Sprache. 1883.
Lagarde, Arica. 1851.
Leo, Angelsachsisches Glossar. 1877.
Leskien, Handbuch der Alt-Bulgarischen Sprache. 1871.
Lewis and Short, Latin Dictionary. 1880.
Liddell and Scott, Greek-English Lexicon. 7 1883.
Mahlow, Die Langen Vocale A E O in den Europaischen Sprachen.
1879.
Marx, Hulfsbtichlein fur die Aussprache der Lateinischen Vocale in
positionslangen Silben. 2 1889.
M&moires de la SoeUti de Linguistique de Paris. 1869 sq.
Meyer Grammatik. 2 1886.
G., Griechische
Miklosich, Etymologisches Worterbuch der Slavischen Sprachen. 1886.
„ Lexicon Palaeo-Slovenico-Graeco-Latinum. 1865.
Murray J. A. H., New English Dictionary. 1888 sq.
Nesselmann, Thesaurus Linguae Prussicae. 1878.
Nettleship, Contributions to Latin Lexicography. 1889.
Noreen, Alt-Nordische Grammatik. 1884.
O'Reilly and 0' Donovan, Irish-English Dictionary. 1864.
Osthoff, Zur Geschichte des Perfects in Indogermanischen. 1884.
„ und Brugman, Morphologische Untersuchungen. 1878-1880.
Paul, Principien der Sprachgeschichte. 2 1886.
Pauli, Preussische Studien, in Kuhn's Beitrage VII. 1870.
Peyron, Lexicon Linguae Copticae. 1835.
Phrynichus, edited by Lobeck, 1820.
Pierret, Vocabulaire Hieroglyphique. 1875.
Plautus, edited by Ritschl, Loewe, Gk>etz, and Schoell. 1871 sq.
Pliny, Natural History, edited by Jan. 1857-1880.
Pughe, Welsh Dictionary. 8 1866-1873.
Phys, Hibbert Lectures. 1888.
„ Lectures on Welsh Philology. 2 1879.
Poby, Grammar of the Latin Language. 4 1881-1882.
xxii SELECT LIST OF A UTHORITIES
Saalfeld, Tensaurus Italo-graecus. 1884.

Saussure F. de, Memoire sur le systeme primitif des Voyelles. 1879.
Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language. 1880.
Schade, Alt-Deutsches Worterbuch. 1872-1882.
Schmidt Johannes, Zur Geschichte des Indogermanischen Vocalismus.
1871-1875.
Schneider Engelbert, Dialecti Latinae priscae et Faliscae exempla seleota
I. 1886.
Seelmann, Aussprache des Latein. 1886.
Sievers, Angelsachsische Grammatik. 1882.
Sittl, Lokalen Yerschiedenheiten der Lateinischen Sprache. 1882.
Skeat, Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 1882.
„ Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, 2 1884.
Sophocles, Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine periods. 1870.
Spiegel, Alt-Persischen Keil-inschriften. 1881.
„ Vergleichende Grammatik der Alt-eranischen Sprachen. 1882.
Stokes, Celtic Declension. 1886.
„ Neo-celtic Verb Substantive. 1886.
„ Remarks on the Celtic additions to Curtius' Greek Etymology.
1876.
„ Three Irish Glossaries. 1862.
Stolz,Lateinische Grammatik. 2 1889.
Sweet, Anglosaxon Reader. 1879.
Ulfilas, Heyne's edition of Stamm.
8 1885.
Ulmann, Lettisches Worterbuch. 1872-1880.
Van Eys, Dictionnaire Basque-Francais. 1873.
Vanifak, Fremdworter in Griechischen und Lateinischen. 1878.
„ Griechisch-Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterbuch. 1877.
Varro de Lingua Latina, edited by A. Spengel. 1886.
Vigfusson, Icelandic-English Dictionary. 1874.
Weise, Griechischen Worter im Latein. 1882.
Wharton E. R., Etyma Graeca. 1882.
„ Latin Vocalism (Philological Society). 1888.
„ Loanwords in Latin (do.). 1889.
„* On Latin Consonant-Laws (do.). 1889.
Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar. 2 1889.
Windisch, Irische Texte I. 1880.
„ Kurzgefasste Irische Grammatik. 1879.
Wolfflin, Archiv fur Lateinischen Lexicographic. 1884 sq.
Zenker, Turkisch-Arabisch-Persisches Handworterbuch. 1866-1876.
Zeuss, Grammatica Celtica. 2 1871-1881.
Zvetaieff, Inscriptiones Italiae mediae dialecticae. 1884.
„ Sylloge Inscriptionum Oscarum. 1878.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Note on Hidden Quantities xv
Abbreviations xviii
Select List of Authorities xx
Introduction xxv
Pabt I.
Etymological Lexicon 1
Pabt n.
Comparative Etymology 119
Latin 119
(Genesis of Latin Letters) 128
Umbrian 132
Oscaji 132
Greek 133
Irish 135
Welsh 138
Gothic 139
Old Norse 140
Anglosaxon . '
141
Old High German 142
Lithuanian 144
Lettish 145
Prussian 145
Old Slavonic !46
Armenian 147
Zend 149
Sanskrit lfil
INTRODUCTION
The languages spoken by the nations of Europe, with
isolated exceptions (the ancient Etruscans, the modern
Basques of north Spain, the Magyars, Turks, Esthonians,
Livonians, Ugrians, Finns, and Lapps), and of Asia from
the Caucasus to Ceylon, resemble each other sufficiently
to justify the supposition that they all descend from one
common original or Ursprache

'
the speakers of which,
'
;
issuing from Scandinavia in search of a warmer climate,

separated in various directions. The Teutonic stock re-
mained in Scandinavia or occupied central Europe ; the
Celtic race proceeded to the British Isles, Gaul, and Spain
the Italic to Italy; the Albanian to the east side of the
Adriatic ; the Hellenic to Greece ; the Balto-Slavic to
eastern Europe; the Armenian, probably through Thrace
and Asia Minor, to the district south of the Caucasus ; the
Arian to Persia and India.
The family of languages here described has been denoted
by several names, none quite satisfactory. The quasi-
biblical term 'Japhetic* has died out, though the corre-
sponding term Semitic has survived all the other terms
'
' :
hitherto suggested labour under the defect of insinuating

that the race came originally from India, a view wholly
untenable. Max Miiller's 'Aryan/ from Sanskrit dryas 'a
high-caste man,' has the merit of being short, and of
lending itself to the convenient compound un- Aryan/ but '
is in pronunciation indistinguishable from Arian/ the '
xxvi INTRODUCTION
term applied by the Germans to Zend and Sanskrit : of

the three compound designations, *
Lido-Germanic,' by far
the worst, as excluding the Celtic branch, has been adopted
by the Germans, Bopp's Indo-European is cumbrous and
'
'
not quite accurate,the French

while Indo-Celtic is *
'
logical enough, as giving the two extreme branches of the

family, and might perhaps be adopted in the modified form
'Celtindic'.
Albanian, with a literature dating only from the 17th
century, is of importance to be here noticed
too little :
sufficient will be found in Gustay Meyer's

information on it
*
Albanesische Studien' (1883-1884). The remaining seven
branches of the family may be. thus distributed
(1) Teutonic:
. Gothic, preserved in Ulfilas' translation of the New Testament,
4th century of our era.
Old Norse or Icelandic, with literature from the 12th century.
Anglosaxon or Old English, from the 7th to the 13th century.
Old High German, with glosses from the 8th century Middle do., ;
the language of the Nibelungenlied, 12th century; New do.,

from the 16th century.
(2) Celtic:
Gaulish, a few remains derived from Latin authors or inscriptions.
Old Irish, glosses of the 8th and 9th centuries Middle Irish, the :
earliest MS. a.d. 1100.

Welsh, glosses of the 8th and 9th centuries : the earliest MS. of
the 12th century.
(3) Italic
Latin, the first inscription perhaps 300 B.C.; earliest author
(Plautus) 224 B.C.
Umbrian, preserved in the Eugubine Tables, the first part (* Old
Umbrian,' perhaps 200 B.C.) written in Etruscan characters,
the last (' New Umbrian,' perhaps 100 B.C. from V. b. 7 to the :
end) in Latin.
Osco-Sabellian, inscriptions from about 200 B.C.
(4) Greek, from Homer (b.c 800?).
(5) Balto-Slavic or Lithu-Slavic
Lithuanian, with literature from the 16th century.
Lettish, from the 16th century.
INTRODUCTION xxvii
Prussian or Old Prussian, of the 15th and 16th centuries, now

extinct.
Old Slavonic, Church- Slavonic or Old Bulgarian, frorh a transla-
tion of the Bible by Methodius and Cyrillus, 9th century.
(6) Armenian or Old Armenian, 5th to 11th century.
.
(7) Arian:
Zend or Old Bactrian, the language of the Avesta, the oldest parts
of which are said to date from 1000 B.C.
Old Persian, the language of the Behistun inscriptions, about 500
B.C.
Sanskrit, said to date from 1000 B.C., and divided into two periods,
Vedic and Classical Sanskrit, the latter from about 400 B.C.
The earliest Indian inscriptions date from about 250 B.C.
The Ursprache, if the speakers of it had known how* to
write, would perhaps have had the following alphabet

Vowels i, u, tf e, o, a i, u, F, E,
: , : o, a.
Diphthongs ei, oi, ai eu, ou, au
: : : ei, oi, ai : eu, ou, au.
Sonants if, n, £, B m, n, l, b.
: :
Liquids m, n, l, b. Semivowels J, v.
: — :
Explosives
Labial p, b, ph, bh.
Dental t, d, th, dh.
Palatal k,g, kh, gh.—Velar kv, gv, khv, ghv.
Sibilants : s, z.
The Ursprache must have possessed a '

modified ' or
French u (which I write fi), short and long, written some-
times u, sometimes (apparently later) i it appears : fre-
quently in Latin, see p. 119, less often in Greek (e.g.
{tyros-tyros) and Old Slavonic (see stipula), and in Sanskrit

in ul il as representing sonant l. —The
Arian languages
sometimes have i where other languages have a, see pater ;
but the i may be due to foreign influence, and hardly
necessitates the theory of an indefinite vowel (which '
'
Brugmann writes as an inverted e), in sound between a

—
and e. Diphthongs beginning in a long vowel are rare.
For sonant or vocalic r Sanskrit uses a single letter, r
xxviii INTRODUCTION
the other sonants in Sanskrit, and all the sonants in other

languages, are represented hy a liquid + a vowel (usually
before the liquid) differing in different languages, and of
course different in the short form and in the long. A
sonant maystand either in the accented syllable, e.g. re
in Eng. pretty, or (more often) in the unaccented, e.g. en in
Eng. seven, le or il in Eng. able, evil.
Whether we ought to recognise 'spirants' j and v, as

distinct from the semivowels and v, is extremely doubt-
j
ful: the 'spirant' v is nowhere distinguishable from the
semivowel v, and the 'spirant* j, distinguished only in
Greek (where it appears as initial f, see jam jugum jus 1 zona),
may be only a strongly-pronounced semivowel j. The —
Tenues Aspiratae, ph, th, kh, khv, are rare except in
Greek, in which <f> x represent both kinds of Aspirates.
Palatals and Velars alike are usually called Gutturals the :
palatals seem to have been pronounced nearer the front of

the mouth (as k in Eng. kill), the velars further back (as c
in Eng. cool). The palatals are preserved in the Western
languages (Teutonic Celtic Italic and Greek), but in the
Eastern (Balto-Slavic Armenian and Arian) become spirants
the velars in the Eastern languages are written as k g gh
(or their equivalents) with no v following, while in the
Western languages they vary in different words, i.e. are
sometimes written as k g gh (or their equivalents) with no
v following, and sometimes with a v following or (dialec-
tically) as Labials or (in certain positions) Dentals. It is
thus possible that we ought to recognise two different sets
of velars, which have been kept apart in the Western
languages and confused in the Eastern : the '
fixt ' velar
in the roots given below under seed garrio congius gradus
shows no sign of a v in any language, the labialisable '
velar given under -sequor venio ninguit regularly shows a v

(or is labialised) in the Western languages. But how the
INTRODUCTION xxix
two sets were distinguished in pronunciation, or how to

represent them, does not appear.
The perhaps insoluble question of the origin of language
does not fall within our province. It may suffice to observe
that onomatopoeic words, imitations of sounds, are rare in
the daughter-languages, and must have been correspond-
ingly rare in the Ursprache. Of this kind in Latin are the
following
(1) from human sounds Nouns amita mamma pappus (all infantile),
:
balbus stloppus Verbs lalld pappd (both infantile), scred, and see
:
bibo Interjections a o, hahae hau hex heja heu hui, eheu eho ohe,
:
em en, bat, fu ft, *va (spelt vah or vaha), atat tat tatae, pro prox, st,
hews.
(2) from sounds of animals: dog see baubor, sheep bald; chicken
cuckoo cuculus, hoopoe upupa, owl bubo strix tU, raven crocio,
pipd,
(3) from inanimate sounds: strepo strldo tlnio tintind, tax tuxtax (these
two expressing the sound of blows).
A kind of Onomatopoeia appears in the initial Eedupli-

cation of some words either the whole root is given twice
:
over, cincinnm (of obscure formation) tintind irtulo, or to it is
prefixt the initial consonant + i in Verbs, gigno sido sisto
titubo (see also jejento jejunus), u in Nouns, cucurbita sttsurrus.

The Ursprache was doubtless, like each of the daughter-
languages, a congeries of different dialects. In one of these
initial s before a Tenuis was dropt, whence we have by-
forms in sp- and p-, st- and t-, SC- and c-, see p. 127.
So also the variation in the ending of certain numerals,
see decern novem septem, may have been dialectic. — Other
pairs of forms are more difficult to understand, see
under juvenis, rapum rete, quattuor quinque sex, dices grus
turdus. — Apparently one dialect preferred (as Old Slavonic
does) open syllables, ie. those ending in a vowel hence
:
the occasional instances of Metathesis in the case of liquids,

on-no see umbilicus umbra unguis, ir-ri circus, ur-ru socer,
er-re credo terreo, and in one dialect the vowel in such
xxx INTRODUCTION
cases was lengthened, see fretus pterins. So the two ways

of representing L and R in Latin point to different dialects
in the Ursprache one had la, ra, the other *51, *2r, and
:
thence (if a consonant followed) al, ar.
In the Ursprache, as in the daughter-languages, the

majority of words were disyllabic; and w£ may call the
first part of the word the '
root ' and the rest the termina-
tion, without supposing that either root or termination was
ever used independently. The root, and to some extent the
termination, were subject as to their vocalism to definite
changes of form (' Ablaut '), probably
vowel-gradation ' or '
originally depending on grammatical construction i.e. the :
word acquired a stronger meaning by copying the vocalism

of some forcible word, an ordinary meaning by copying the
vocalism of most ordinary words, a weaker meaning by
copying the vocalism of less emphatic words. Such Ablaut
may be of three kinds any vowel may be either long or
:
short, certain vowels (especially e and o) may interchange,

e (and in some few cases o.1 ) may disappear entirely. Latin
examples of Ablaut are the following
(1) vowel long or short
I llquor-liqud strlx vibex-vibrd.
u nubo-pronuba pusus-pusilltts puteo-puter rfidd scutum-scutica, and
see suppus.
E lex-lego rex-rego sedes-sedeo tegula-tego, and see sopio.
glftmus moles-molesttis (?) nos-noster pro-pro- scrofa-scrobis vox-vocd,
and see comis cupes offa persona,
A dcer-alacer fldgitd-flagrum inddg6-ag6 labor-labd mcLcerd-inacd mdne-
manus sagio-sagax $t6-destin6 vddo-vadum, and see mamma.
Sonants: h gndrus-ingens, L flavus-fulvus latus-tuli largus-indulgeo,
R grdtus-hortor pravus-por- marceo-morior pars-portio,
(2) different vowels
e-o : meditor-modus necd-noced necto-noxa (?) pendo-pondus precor-pro-
cus rego-rogt sedeo-solium sequor-socms tego-toga. So gemo-gumia
jacio-jocus niteo-nota, and see foveo-faveo meminl-moneo.
1
So sometimes a, see ambi- ante arduus Twrrevm lattis, sorex sUdus.
INTROD UCTION
E-d" only in the terminations -ter -tor (both later shortened).

e-a imbecillus-baculum, and see langueo reor : in satus beside semen
the a may be pretonic for e.
o-a only in dwium-dare nosco-agnitus : in catus beside cos the a may
be pretonic for o.
(3) vowel omitted
e : (o) in a diphthong : ei dico-dieax fido-fides, eu duc5-dux trudo-
trudis, eu jugis-jugum liber-libet.
(j3) initial before an explosive in dens sum.

(y) between two explosives, one disappearing in Latin, see hos-
pes sido quartus.
($) between. explosive and liquid, the latter becoming a sonant,
n see tenuis , l pulmentum, R extorrisfors mordeo sors storea
urged.
(c) between liquid and explosive, the former becoming a sonant,
m infit (?), n in/ula (?), R fortis gurges posed ( = *porcsco)
turpis, and with long sonant flaccus.
o : (o) in a diphthong, aeefaveo-fui:
(j8) between two explosives, -pte :
(y) between explosive and liquid, the latter becoming a (long)

sonant, lana :
(8) between liquid and explosive, the former becoming a sonant,

pulcer.
So in terminations
(1) vowel long or short Nom. aMes aries paries, Gen. abtetis &c.
:
(2) different vowel e-o litera-lUus temperd-tempus, and see annus.

:
(3) vowel omitted e between consonants, aes ansa far, and see amnis
:
annus, corylus sol, ascia mensis. So E of the (original) Nom.

drops in the oblique cases, deer pater and on this analogy
ager &c. ; and so 6 of stem nepos-neptis soror-sobrinus, or of
Nom. caro-carnis cf Iwmo-kominis, and see collis comix.
.
A phenomenon akin to Ablaut is the insertion of a nasal

before explosive or sibilant at the end of the root : pampinus
nimbus prehendo y (?), sancio, fringilla jungo langueo ninguit
pungo, fimbriae pinso.
When a new idea arose, or a modification of an old idea,

it was apparently expressed in the Ursprache not by a
xxxii INTRODUCTION
wholly new word, which would have been unintelligible,

but by giving some existent wprd a fresh termination.
Sometimes the initial consonant of the new termination
'
necessitated a change in the final consonant of the 'root
or first syllable : hence we may explain occasional fluctua-
tions in the root-ending, between b and bh cubo, k and g*
pax pagina, kv and gv mugilis siccus.
A sufficient account of the various terminations of words

in the Ursprache is given in Brugmann's Grundriss,' vol. '
ii. The following list of Noun-endings contains only those

found in words with which in this work we are concerned,
with one or two examples of each ending
(A) Vowel-stems ending in

(1) o (Fern, a) mo fumus fdma, no pugnus luna, lo ocuhis pila,
:
ro gndrus fibra *jo i.e. io lanius ascia or eo (the * plebeian * form)

:
cuneus llnea, vo flavus bho acerbus probus superbus morbus, to

:
lectus crusta, do crudus, ko juvencus vacca kvo fuscus furca.

With two consonants, or consonant + sonant mno auctumivus :
mnofemina, nto ventus ndo merenda : bdo = *blo plo duplus or

p}o diseipulus tmo optimus, tno pristinus, tlo = clo saeclum or
:
cjo surculus periculum, tro monstrum dextra, dhlo = *blo bio

vestibulum fibula or by Dissimilation bro cribrum crebra skvo :
or sko vescus escaposca. —Compound endings

(o) double:
fi + vo miluus centum, + no opportUnus supinus, + ro maturus,
+ to hirsHtus cerritus, + kvo festuca apricus, + sko coruscus
labrusca e + ro severus, + to facetus moretum :
: a + ro amarus,
+ to arquatus + do cicada, + kvo opacus.
no + *jo i.e. io scrlnium lacinia or eo idoneus lo + lo capillus
:
axilla : ro + io mdceria, ri + no see hibemus tabema + kvo

lubricus noverca bho + io dubius : : to + eo pluteus.
mno + io calumnia, mon + io caerimonia : nt + io nurvtius
mn + to armentum.
is + tro sinister es + ro cerebrum tenebrae
: : s + Jo aesculus +
no luna + to juxta.
(j3) treble:
fi + no + io vaccinium, + ro + io penuria, + kvo + lo venucula,
+ gvo + iofastigium e + lo + io contumelia fidelia a + lo +

: :
io spondalium, + ro + io rorarii, + kvo + eo mwtaeeum.
INTRODUCTION xxxiii
to + lo + lo pastillus ta + ro + io stldtdrius mortdrium:
tu + ft + to pUulta kvo + lo + io domicilium :s + lo + io :
auxilium, + lo + lo pdxillus vexillum.

nta + ro + io ferentdrius.
In mediastlnus provincia even more terminations are com-
bined.
(2) i cinis : ri deer, ti tussis vcstis rite and see dos nox, si see miser,
tri puter. Double : fi + li bubile monile, a+ ri laquear palear,
nt + ri venter : treble 1 + ta + ti simultds, es + ta + ti tern-
pestds.
Most -i- stems in Latin are formed from -o- stems, levis piscis,
and see similis in mo subllmis vermis, no acclinis amnis collis
:
munis omnis^segnis, lo talis, ro imber, to fortis mitis tristis, dhro

celeber. So with double ending : st + lo candlis ferdlis rivdlis,
ja + lo mdjdlis, ni-f-.ro êscendris, to + lo fOtitis, See also
conchis hilaris, palumbes tabes. —Also from -u- stems, brevis
dulcis gravis levis pinguis tenuis ; and from consonant-stems,
canis juvenis mensis.
(3) u gradus metus nurus socrus, cornu- tu atstus artus (Subst.)

fdstus gressiis passus partus rUus saltus.
(4) e after i, eariis facies permities rabies sanies.
(5) Sonant n femen inguen sanguen, r augur femur furfur jecur

:
memor murmur: mn carmen crimen germen n&men. Double:

to + r guttur, s + mn lumen omen.
(B) Consonant-stems ending in

(1) n: on umbo and on (n) homo margo ordo virgo: mon pulmo
sermo tSmo and mon (mn) flamen. Double i + 5n condicio regrw :
relligio sclpio n + 5n fullo, ro + 5n crabrd mucro. Treble :

:
fl ,+ d + on (n) hirudo formido, + nd + 5n (n) harundo hirundo,
+ gv + 5n (n) porrigo a + gv + 5n (n) imago ta + gv + on

: :
(n) sartdgo. In fuligo uligo even more terminations are com-

bined.
(2) 1 pugil vigil.
(3) r : or soror, ter (tr) frater mdter pater, tor nomencldtor. Double
m + 5r rumor.
(4) bh caelebs.
xxxiv INTRODUCTION
(5) t caput, amies dives limes seges stipes, and see ingens locuples : 6t
nepos : nt cliens dens frequcns repens rudens, fons sons. Double :
m+ it fomes trarnes, j + it abies aries paries.
(6) d lapis pccus, and after long vowel palus heres merces custos.
(7) kv Double I + kv cervix pernfo

culex senex, filix silix varix. :
radix vibix, e a + kv procdx sagdx mo + kv

+ kv vervex, :
pumex, no + kv fornix pollex, lo + kv allex bdo (= *blo, plo) :
+ kv duplex simplex. Treble no + I + kv comix, + a + kv :
forrvax lo 4- 5 4- kv velox, ro + 6 + kv atrox,

:
(8) s far is anser, os odor honos and see tellus, os (es) genus opus
:
robur vetus. Double n + os (es) pignus vellus volnus i + es

: :
mulier: t + OS pectus. Treble a + vo + es cadaver papaver. :
Verb-stems are mostly similar to Noun-stems : only the

termination dho, claudo tendu, does not appear in Nouns.
Simple Verbs have stems in n cerno lino 8%>ernd temno fallo
tollo vello, t flecto necto plecto sterto nitor, sk evened nosed posed
posed (and double, i + sk apiscor nanciscor paciscor idciscoi;
see conquinisco), u actio argud minud sternud. Verbs in do,
abdo &c, are (except credo) formed from Adjectives : other
derived Verbs have stems in
i grundid : double, mo + i dormio, ro + I nutrio, do 4- 1 audio condio :
treble fl +
to + I frigutio.
e moneo : double, mo + e umeo, no + e polled, do + e gaudeo splendeo,
kvo + e marceo.
a amd ma clamd, na
: destind lancind muginor, la felt vdpuld mold
stipulor, ra blaterd fiagrd igjwrd lamberd macero migro penetro tolcrt
vibrd ta confuto mactd nutd putt temptt hortor luctor meditor, da
:
mandd kva fried peccd sa vex6. With two consonants tra intrC
: :
latrd lustrt with consonant + sonant tma auttimd atsti7n6. Double

:
u + na opinor : treble sko + to + la pos(ci)tul6.
ETYMA LATINA
XX)C|///
CURAE SECUNDAE.
almus must go with ad (cf. wpo<rrjicov fitting,' frdm *
*p6s '
to ').
an -cilia fr. ambi- + cold, cf &fjupi-iro\os. .
arvina accretion,' Adj. *ar-vus from ar, ad.

*
assula from * ad-tula, ad-, rising up '. '
at, Got. ath- than but '. '
concipilo: 'offatim conficiam' in Plaut. True. 613 is a mere conjec-

ture, and the reading in 621 is 'quern ego jam jam jam concipulabo '.
crepida kbep- ONor hrijlingr shoes, cf. —

kbep- Kp-qirls. The meaning
must be something to stand on,' cf. crep-ldo.
'
cudo toll) can hardly be connected.

:
doced = cause to receive,' cf. SeKojiai receive.

'
e- castor cf. fj Interj., ed-£-pol cf. If. So eccere = *e-cere, O Ceres '. '
e-hem disyllabic in Plaut Mil. 1382 must be a compound like e-heu.

far.
formica = *
architect,' fr. forma.
juvenis, add OSlav. jun&.
musca, OSlav. muha fly.
novus, Ags. neove.
proceres fr. *pro-cus Adj. of pro-, cf. Fest. procicm Gen.
reor,add E. hundred.
sarracum cf Mir. sessrech wagon
: . ?
ungula, Ags. ndgel with inserted e.
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
a ante-consonantal form of sq.
ab from: for *ap (from *apo, see aperio): orig. used in compounds
before a Media, e.g. abdicd, then became the prevalent form.
tabacus board *&&okos, by-form of f&0a£.
:
abdo hide fr. *dbdus Adj. from ab, see -dd.

:
abdomen abdumen paunch: containing,' fr. *habdus *habidus Adj. of *
habeo (cf. albumen fr. albus).

abiegnus of fir- wood for fabiet-nus *abiennus fr. sq. with g on anal.
: ,
of llignus salignus (in which the g is from c).

abies white fir Hesych. &pis : :
ab-oleo destroy check the growth of,' see ad-olesco*.

: «
abolla cloak Dimin. of f*abola, from aPo\rj Ace. of Sicilian a$o\ev$

:
(Hesych.), see amphora

fabrotonum southernwood: fappSrovov, Sk. mratanam\ a marsh-
plant,
tabs aps from ab +. s (a case-ending?), cf. ex obs-.
:
absinthium wormwood (Fr. absinthe) atyivOiov, Hesych. currrlOiov {i.e. :
from Aspendus in Pamphylia ?) spelt quasi from ab. :
ab-sur-dus out of tune from sub-, see susurrus. :
abunde in profusion, abundo habundo (see Key) abound f r. *habundus :
* possessing, Gerundive of habeo. (Popularly connected with unda.

'
tacalanthis goldfinch aKaXavOls, fr. *aic<l\r) thorn (see acuo), from its
:
habitat.
accerso summon = : *ad-cer-to from *cero = cedo, with -so on anal, of
arcesso.
accipiter hawk = : *acup6ter y
cf. aKmrirtis swift-flying (epithet of hawk
in Hes. Op. 210), Sk. acupdtvan- fr. ocior •+ peto go '. : *
ac-clinis leaning cf K\fvw turn k\1vt\ couch, and (with I) Ags. hlinian
: .
lean E. klI-, see clivus, cf. kli- Zd. cri- go Sk. cri- resort, klei- Lit.
:
szlieti lean.
acer maple akes-, cf. Hesych. tf/ecur-Tos, OHG. ahor-n.
:
acer sharp (E. eager vinegar) fr. 6c4or, with * pretonic a ; see alacer. : '
acerbus sharp : = *acri-bus from *acru-, Lit. asztrus OSlav. ostrti fr. :
acies. Term, bho-, cf dubius probus superbus. .
acerra incense-box foreign ? :
acervus heap : = *acri-vus fr. acer-bus, '
pointed \
acetum vinegar (NHG. cssig from *aUcum, Metathesis) ; Part. Neut. of
aceo am sour, fr. sq.
acies edge: ak- iucls point, Ags. ecg edge E., E. egg Verb, cf. Ik- W.
awch edge fr. acuo. :
tacinaces scimitar f tucivdicris, Persian, :
acinus berry
tacipenser aquipensis sturgeon cf. +iuciciirfi<rios for *&Kpiirfiv<rios Gau- : :
lish, the first element fr. aqua ?
taclys javelin
taconitum monkshood : &k6vitov :
acr-edula thrush (for the term. cf. flcedtda monedula qvarqvMula, nlte-
dula, alcldo) :
facta shore aicrf) headland :
acud sharpen (E. ague eglantine) cf. sq. :
Not fr. dcior.

acus needle fr. praeced.,,cf. Arm. ase\n.
:
ad at to Olr. ad, Got. E. at.

:
ad- up (in adimo adsurgo dscendo attollo) : = *ed- (with pretonic a), Sk.
dd.hi> see af erga iterum.
adeo so far ' up from that,* praeced.
: + ed Abl. of is ; see af.
adeps fat : adip- (quasi fr. adipiscor acquire) for fallp- from &\ti<pa.
ad-miniculum vine-stake manus.
:
'
handle,' fr.
ad-oled offer ('bring out the fragrance'), ad-olesco 1 smell (Georgics

4. 379) : oledy cf. OUmbr. u&etu let him kindle.
ad-olesco 2 grow up : fr. alo, cf . aboleo indoles suboles proles, '
survivals
for *abuleo &c. —Festus' olesco is a figment.
ador spelt : cf. Got. atisk cornfield : ?
ad-drea glory : *aurea, cf. t*-avp4<o partake of.
ad-iilor fawn on: *ad-udio (cf. assentor beside assentio) pay attention
to, from audio.
ad-ultero pollute mix with something else,' :
'
fr. alter.
aedis dwelling: 'where the fire is kept up,' fr. cdf0« burn, Mir. aed
fire, Ags. ad pyre E. cowhouse (cf. ONor. eld-hus 'fire-house,' i.e.
hall or parlour).
aeger sick (E. malinger) 'shaking,' aig- Sk. : ej- stir?
Hardly for *aesger fr. alirxpts ill-favored.
faegis shield: alyls (either 'of goatskin,' fr. aX£ goat, or 'of oak,' see
aesculus).
faelinos dirge faXKivos, Heb. ai woe lanu to us.
:
aemulus emulous Fest. aemidus swelling :
aequus level = *aeviquus continuous, fr. aevum.

:
taer air (E.) t4\p> fr. Arifit blow (see ventus).

:
aerumna trouble burden of Fest. aerumnula forked stick to carry

:
' '
.
a bundle
aes copper ais- short form of ajes-, see aMneus.
:
aesculus winter-oak: dialectic (see ascia) for *aexulus, *aexus, aigv-

aXyapos poplar (see onfrdxinus) alycw&i spear, Ags. dc oak E., + -s-.
aestumo value (E. aim) *aestumus calculating, fr. aes. :
aestus heaving motion, heat ONor. eisa to dash, foam ? :
faether sky ald-fip burning,' see aedis.

: :
'
aevum time (E. age) cf. (1) aivos Got. aivs E. ever (see Kluge on
:
immer) aye either or no; (2) aivon alwv age; (3) aives- Olr. ais
(= *aives-tu-), Loc. aid (= *aipt(ri) always. Orig. 'continuance,'
see aequus.
af from (used before consonants) : dialectic for *ab edh'- see ad-, '
up
from',
af-fatim enough: 'to weariness,' ad + *fatis, seefatigd.
ager field ayp6s, Got. akrs E. acre
: acorn, Sk. djras plain :
' place to
move in,' fr. ago.
agnitus known ad + *gnatus by-form of gnotus, see nosed.

:
agnus lamb agvnos, OSlav. ague by-form agvnos, ajiv6s (for *a$v6s) ?
: ;
Mir. uan can hardly be connected.

ago move (E. squash squat) AG- by to I drive, Mir. agaim, ONor. :
aka to drive Ags. acan to ache E., Arm. acem I bring, Zd. az- drive
Sk. aj-.
ah a (cf. oh o, prohpro) Interj. 2, MHG. o!- E. ah, Lit. d, Sk. a. :
aha Interj. (in Plaut. a monosyllable) dialectic spelling of a (praeced.), :
see trans.
aheneus aeneus of copper = *aes-neus from ajes-, Got. aiz copper :
Ags. dr brass E. ore, Zd. ayahh iron Sk. dyas, see aes.
tai Interj. at, cf. Ir. e, MHG. ei, Lit. at, and ai Zd. ai Sk. dv\.
:
ajo say = *ag-jo, cf. adagio proverb, agh- Olr. ai a saying (Stokes,
:
Celtic Declension, p. 22), Sk. ah- say.

ala wing : = *axla, cf axilla. .
alacer lively :
• sharp,' ad + *acer ok- cf. 5k- deer.
alapa blow : ad + apiscor reach,
albus white (E. auburn daub) albh- a\<p6s white leprosy, OHG. elbiz :
swan (whence OSlav. lebedl).

alcedo (for term, see acredula) a bird ci &\kvwv : :
hardly from Teutonic, OHG. alacra little auk (Graff) ONor. alka
aukE.
alces elk: iUjcij (Pausanias), cf. elk- Ags. eolh ONor. elgr E., lk- Sk.
teas antelope, lak- OSlav. lost elk.
ilea gaming :
talec allec hallec pickle :
alga seaweed
alged am cold: &\yos pain (as ftyiov 'more horrible' is fr. fiyos
'chill').
alius other : alj- &k\os, Olr. aile, Got. aljis E. else, Arm. ail.
allex hallex thumb : aZZw* Fest. , i.e. *ad-lus from ad, * additional ' finger,
allium alium garlick: cf. alum wild garlic Plin. 19. 116, if its a is
long:
almus propitious (a religious term) = *admus, cf. NUmbr. arsmor :
ceremonies (and Hesych. tofmlvw am well ?). J ^ - >vv ' - i -

'
alnus alder = *elsn6s, Lit. clksnis (for *elsnis), els- cf. elis- OHG.
:
cfo'ra E. (E. with excrescent d), OSlav. ellha. '

'
aid nourish al- &/-oAtos insatiate, Olr. not-a?7 alit te, Got. alan grow,
:
taloe aloe \aX6r\ Assyrian uduu.

:
y
talpha A \&K<pa, Heb. eleph (see elephds).

:
altus high (E. haughty hawser) Part of alb, grown up'. :

'
Hardly add Got. altlicis old E.

alticinor allucinor (also hal- hall-) prate breathe out (cf. fatuus : ' '
'foolish' fr. fatisco 'gape'), *hdlucus Adj. fr. M16.

aluta soft leather = *aduta put on, Part, of *ad-uo, cf. ind-uo ex-uo.
:
alvus belly hollow,' au\6s pipe, av\4v a hollow.

:
'
tamaracus marjoram (E.) f&papaKos : :
amarus bitter om-, Mir. om raw (so Ags. siir sour goes with
: ' '
OSlav. syru 'raw'), Sk. am-las sour; cf. 5m-, ujx6s raw, Arm. hum,
Sk. dmds.
tambactus vassal (Got. andbahts servant, spelt quasi from and towards,
see ante: Eng. ambassador) Gaulish (Fest.), cf. W. amaeth husband- :
man :
*
sent around,' fr. sq. + ago.
ambi- around : ambh£ d/i<f>f, cf. (1) MBHf Olr. imme, Ags. ymb E.
e?7iber-d&ys MHG. um ; (2) ABHf OSlav. obi-, Zd. aibi over Sk. aiAi
around ; (3) bhi (?) Got. bi by E.
ambo both : ambho &n<pu>, cf. (1) abhO" Lit. abit OSlav. oba ; (2) bh<5
(?) Got. bai baj'6ths E., and u-bh<5 Zd. uba Sk. ubhd: fr. praeced.
fambrosia ambrosia : fafifipoa-ia, cf. Arab, 'amber ambergris (E. E.
amber) Zenker 639 b.
tambubaja flute-player : Adj. fr. *ambuba pipe, Arab, embube Zenker
99 c.
ambulo walk :
' move both feet,' fr. *amb-lus Adj. from *amb~ by-form
(properly before vowel) of ambi-.
amb-uro scorch ambi- + urd : : wrongly divided am-buro, whence com-
burd and b&stum.
amellus starwort Gaulish for *ampellos loved by bees,' fr. *ampis bee
:
•
(m spelt am, and p disappearing in Celtic see Stokes B B. 9. 194), :
cf OHG. impi and ifiwis gnat ?

.
amentum amm- adm- arm- thong : ad, *
attachment '.
ames pole of bird-net
amita aunt (E.): ama onomatopoeic, cf. amma Hesych. bfifids mother,
ONor. amma grandmother, Assyrian ummi mother; with parti-
cipial ending quasi fr. amd.
amnis river : = *abnis abh-n-, cf.abh-en- Mir. abann (E. Avon), and
ambh- Gaulish ambe rivo, Sk. dmbhas water,
amd love choose,' fr. emd take.
:
'
famomum balsam f&fwpov Semitic, cf. cinn-amomum. : :
amplus large = *am-blus from am- ambi- + term, -blus,

: see duplex,
'
comprehensive \
ampulla bottle = *ampor-la fr. f*ampora amphora (NHG. timer
: pail)
from *i,fixpopa Ace. of b.fx<pop*vs (see abolla).
-t-amurca oil-lees = *amurga (see spelunca), a^pyrj :
tamussim carpenter's rule :

' line scratched,' &nv£iv (Ace.) tearing, fr.
a/ivffffa) I tear.
tamygdalum almond (E.) *&fitySaKov, fafivySfan, Semitic. :
an or cf. &v in that case, Got. an then (Interrogative).

:
anas duck anat*-, Ags. dned OHG. anet-iecho drake ('duck

: king') E.
drake decoy; cf. NTf- vyaaa i/Scca ( = *j/£rja) duck, Lit. dntis OSlav.
g,ty, Sk. dtis a water-fowl.
ancile oval shield = *am-clde cut around,' am- (see amplus) + caedo?
:
*
f
ancilla handmand Dimin. of *ancula, cf. Fest. anculd serve: ^ ^ /?
:
fancora anchor (E.) Hytcvpa, cf. kyic&v arm ('bent ') ending on anal. : :
of remora hindrance ? *
'
fandabata blindfolded gladiator Gaulish (cf. Gallus for mirmillo, :
Fest.) ?
fanethum dill : \\krt)6ov, &vl<rov, oriental.
anfr-actus winding Osc. amfr- around (formed from amb-, see ambuU, :
as super from *sup, sub cf. Fest. ambr-ices bars, fr. jacio) + ago -fr- : :
retained (for -&?•-) quasi fr. amb- + frango.

angd choke (E. anguish), angustus narrow: angh- &yx<* choke, Olr.
cum-any narrow, Got. agg- vus E. ogr-nail ONor. angr grief E. anger,
Lit. anksztas narrow OSlav. az&kU, Arm. anjuk, Zd. dzahh distress Sk.
anhas need.
anguilla eel = *engvila, enghv- cf. fyx-e\vs and onghv- Lit. ung-
: ;
urys (initial vowel obscure) OSlav. ag-oriltl fr. sq. ? ;
anguis snake NGvf-, Lit. angis, cf. ngv- OHG. unc snake.
:
Hardly add Olr. eao-ung eel (Stokes, Celtic Declension, p. 29) quasi
fen-snake '.
'
angulus corner: OSlav. oglU, cf. (without the nasal) Sk. dgram
point.
anhelus panting : = *anllus {h from hal6) Adj. (cf crOd-Slis) from an-, sq. .
Digitized by VjOOQlC s
anima air, animus soul: &v€/jlos wind, Olr. anim air, from an- Got.
us-anan expire, OSlav. vonja odor, Zd. amika face Sk. an- breathe.
annus anus year = *asnos, asn- cf. ason- Got. asans harvest E. earn,
:
Pruss. assanis autumn, asen- OSlav. jesenl.

Rather than *atnos, Got. athn year. Not *amnos, see sollemnis:
mn would remain,
ansa handle Lit. gsa = *omsd, fr. umerus.
: :
anser goose = *hansis, Mir. geis swan, Lit. zysis goose OSlav. gasl
:
(with g- from Teutonic), cf (1) ghans- Ags. gos, Sk. haiisas, ghans- .
xhv (2) ghan-, Ags. gandra gander E., ganot gannet E.

;
Not add Arm. sag goose quasi = *gas as soon make dog the Clas- :
sical form whence Teutonic cat quasi = *tac.

ante before (E. advance enhance vamp ra?iguard) = *anti 'in the row,' :
Locative fr. antes fani opposite, cf. Got. and towards E. and answer
:
tclope, Lit. ant on, and ijfTi Sk. dnti opposite, NTf Got. und to E.
unto, nt- Olr. #an forehead.
ante-cello excel :
' rise before,' *cel-no, see celsus.
ante-mna (for the ending cf. la-mna) antenna (quasi fr. ten-do) sail-
yard: ante.) 'against' the mast, cf. Atvtemnae 'opposite' the junction
of Anio and Tiber.

antes rows ANTf- Got. andeis end E. cf. anto- Sk. dntas, see ante.
: ,
antestor call to witness = *ante-testor. :
tantrum cave &vrpov from an- anima, cf. Plin. 2. 208 quae spiracula
: :
vocant . scrobes mortif erum spiritum exhalantes ?

. .
anulus ring anus tcucrfaios (in two senses) Olr. dnne ring. :
anus old woman OHG. ana grandmother, Pruss. ane, cf Hesych.

: .
hvvis.
aper boar : epr<5- Ags. efor (and JEfor-vic York).

Hardly add OSlav. veprl.
ap-erio uncover (E. malapert) Sk. apa-ar- *ap (see ab) Got. af from : :
E. of off after awkward ebb evening, from apo faro, Zd. apa Sk. dpa
away, + er- raise, see orior.
apex top ' point of junction,'
: fr. apiscor.
apis bee: 'builder,' apo fasten, sq.

apiscor get aptus fitted: Fest. apo fasten, Ags. dfnian to complete,
Zd. ap- reach Sk. dp- (i. e. a* to + *ap-) obtain,
apium parsley (E. smalloos) used for garlands,' fr. apo, praeced. :
'
faplustrum stern = *aplust-trum from *aplustwm = *&<p\o<rrov by-form

:
of &<p\affToy (as fio\6xv oi MoAcfx*?) :
aprlcus lying in the sun basking like a boar, fr. aper. :

'
'
apud apur apor with reaching,' fr. apiscor. :

'
aqua acua water (E. ewer sewer) Got. ahva Ags. l-ge (= : *e£-ja, ed-
from au-, av-, ahv-) island E. i-s-land ey-ot Angles-ey.
"\
aquila eagle (E. : the *dark' bird) aquilo north wind ('dark' with
storm) aquilus dark = *aquudus *ak-vo-dos, cf. Osc. Akudunniad
:
Aquilonia : *ak-vos, cf. Hesych. &K-apos blind,

ar to (before consonant, arbiter arcesso arfuerunt arvehd> Plaut. ar me) :
cf. NUmbr. arfertur adfertor, from ars- NUmbr. form of OUmbr.

ad- = Lat. ad.
ara asa altar, sunken rock (Key's Dictionary)
hardly fr. areo.
taranea spider: fr. *ardna *aracna from apdxvy. So ardneus from
&pax vos '
arbiter witness: ar + gvot-, OUmbr. ad-putrati arbitratu, cf. gvet-
ONor. at-kvaeda decision see vetd. ;
arbos tree abdh-, Lit. ardai frame made of bars OSlav. ras-ta
:
( = *rad-ta) I grow, Zd. ared- grow Sk. ardh- thrive,

arbutus strawberry-tree :
*
fast-growing,' fr. praeced.
area chest (E. ark), arced confine : abkv- hpicsto keep off, Olr. tess-
urc I keep, Lit. rakinti (Metathesis, from Slavonic) to lock, Arm.
argelum I restrain.
arcesso summon: fr. *arcessus Part., ar + cedd.
tarctus bear : Hpxros, see ursus.
arcus bow (E. arch): cf. Got. ar&v-az-na arrow Ags. earhv E.: 'defence,'
fr. arced.
ardea heron: 'plebeian' for *ardia i.e. bdia, 4-pa>8i6s £a>9i6s, cf. ONor.
arta teal.
ardeo burn : fr. ardus (Plaut. ) = dridus dry, f r. areo.
arduus steep: Sdhvos Mir. ard high, Sk. urdhvds rising, cf. rdhvos
Zd. eredhwa just ('upright ') and ardh-, arbos. ;
But 6p06s erect = fop06s, cf. Bop0-ay6pas.

area aria ground (E. aery ?) :
areo am dry
argentum silver (Olr. arget): bgento- cf. bgeto- Osc. aragetud Abl.,
and bgeto- Arm. arcath, Zd. erezata 'white,' from bg- apy6s white :
ipyvpos silver, cf. ebg- W. eira snow, Got. un-airkns unholy, Sk.
drjunas white drjunam silver arj- shine.
targilla (quasi Adj., so. terra) white clay: ZpyiWos &pyl\os, fr. praeced.
arguo prove (' make clear ') argiitus clear fr. argentum. :
aries ram : *erie't- t cf. Lit. tras lamb OSlav. jarina wool,
arista awn:
hardly = *osi8td burr6s arrow, from the shape,t
anna tools ar, appendages

:
'
'.
armentum beast ar, 'appendage', :
annus shoulder: bm<5s, Got. arms arm E., OSlav. rame, shoulder^ Zd.
arema arm Sk. Irmds cf. bm^s, Pruss. irmo, Arm. arm-ukn elbow.
;
aro plough : cf. &p6w, W. ar tilth, Got. arjan to plough OE. ear Verb,
Lit. drti OSlav. orati, Arm. ar&r a plough,
arquatus jaundiced: 'yellow as the rainbow,' arquus = areas.
farrabo pledge (E. earnest Subst.) •YtypafMv, Heb. trabhon. :
ars skill |Tf-, Sk. ftis attack, cf. OHG. art nature
: going,' see orior. ;
*
artus Adj. close (also spelt arctus quasi fr. arced), Subst joint ar- :
ap-ap-l(TK(c fit.
arvina fat : cf. arUlla Fest. : <-

f * ^X /"
arvum field : = *erv6m, W. erw acre, OHG. ero earth,
arx citadel: 'defence,' fr. arced.
as assis pound (E. ace) *ed-tls fr. elementum, unit '. : = *
ascia axe dialectic for *o<»ia agvsi-, i|fyT?, agvesi- Got.

: agist, agvs-
Ags. eaa E.
asilus gadfly : foreign ?
tasinus ass (W. asyn; Got. asilus E. #wcZ; Lit. dsilas and OSlav.
o$?Z# from Teutonic: Ags. assa E. is obscure) *&<rivos Ionic for *&twos :
from Heb. aMon she-ass, with t quasi an Adj. -ending -ivos.

tasparagus asparagus icricdpayos (whence Pers. espereg a dyer's plant,
:
Zenker 36 b)
asper (asper late, Diomedes Keil 1. 431) rough = *abs-per unattrac- :
tive, abs +pard (see pauper).

faspis asp : iuricls : foreign ?
asser pole : ad + sero. 2
Not cf. Got. ans beam. r>
assula astula acsula (Catullus 17. 3, see pessulus) splinter Y Y /» : OX ';'
assus roasted = *ad-tus, cf. &(a dryness ( = *tf3-ja).

:
ast but = *ads-te, i.e. *ad-s from ad (see abs) + ti Loc. fr. to, see turn,
:
1
thereto \
tastrum star : torpor, see stella.
tastu city f&orv : : .
astus craft / ^
at ad but: hr-ip, Got. ath th^n, Olr. a#fc- back (= *ati-), Lit. a*- OSlav.
ottifrom, Sk. a* further (= H to + *a*).
atat attat Interj. cf. (with short vowels) hrrarai, ONor. cUatata, Lit. a*.
:
at-avus ancestor in the 5th degree at further + avu& :

' '
ater black: NUmbr. adro ji&ava: odh-b<5-, cf. Lit. jtidas, and ondh-ba,
see umbra.
tatrium hall Etruscan (Varro).:
atroz fierce fr. *atriis (cf. ferbx fr. ferus), od-r<58 fr. odium.
:
tattagen hazel-hen -Xhrrayiiv Lydian (' Ionicus Hor.) ? : : '
tattegia hut Moorish (Juv. 14. 196) ?

:
auctumnus autumnus autumn: 'season of increase, harvest-time,' fr.
audeo dare fr. *audus = avidus greedy, fr. aveo.

:
audio hear: by-form (see condio) of *audo from *au-dus *aus-dus Adj.,
fr. aur-is + term. -do-.
au-fero take away : Pruss. aw- away (see clepo) OSlav. u-, Sk. dva.
auged augv- Olr. 6g entire, Got. aukan multiply E. eke
increase :
Verb n-iefc-name y-ean, Lit. dugu I grow, Arm. oil strength, Zd.
aojahh Sk. ojas : see owe?i.
augur auger soothsayer :
* authority,' fr. praeced.
taula court : av\4\
taura breeze, gleam Aen. 6, 204 (E. soar) atipa breeze :
taurichalcum (as though fr. aurum) drichalcum copper ore *6plxa^Kos :
by-form of opel-xakicos fr. ipos mountain + xaA.*c<fc copper.

auriga origa driver = *aure-iga fr. OLat. aurea bridle (from os) + ago.
:
auris ear: = *ousis. Lit. ausis, cf. oZs (= *o&r-as), Olr. o, Got. auso
Ags. eare E., OSlav. uho: orifice,' cf. ds. '
aur-dra (an Adj. -ending) dawn: ous-, cf. Ags. eds-t east E., Lit. ausz-ra
dawn OSlav. u-tro (i.e. *us-t-ro), and us- Zd. ushanh Sk. ush : fr. Urd,
*when the sun begins to burn '.
Not add (1) aVpiov to-morrow: (2) afas ijdts dawn, i.e. *h-f-s (cf.
Hesych. &&u> early), fr. tf-(f)7j-/u blow, from the morning
breeze.
aurum drum gold (E. oriel m-flamme oriole): Pruss. ausis Lit. duksas:
ausculto listen (E. scout) fr. *auscula Dimin. of aur-is (as caecultd :
1
am dim-sighted fr. *caeculus). '
tauster south wind *aZa rpos fr. alos dry, see sudus. :
,
aut or OUmbr. ute fr. aZ again, Got. au-k also E. efo? Adverb, + *te,
: :
see as*.
autem but: praeced. + a quasi-numeral ending (on anal, of septem

novem decern), see item saltern enim quidem : cf. Osc. avti.
autumo say : fr. *autumus Adj. (see aestumd) = *avi-tumus from ou-,
ola> ( = bf-lu) suppose.
Hardly add avis in the sense of omen '. '
auxilium help aux- atf£« increase, Lit. duksz-tas high,

: fr. aug-eo + s.
avena oats: * rustic' for *avina = *ovis-na t cf. Lit. aveiz-d OSlav. ovls-Xi:
4
eaten by sheep,' fr. ovis ?
aveo haveo for,' bita ( = hf-iu) perceive, Olr. conn-oi
desire : * watch
qui servat, OSlav. w-mii mind, Sk. av- favor.
avis bird (E. ostrich) = *ovi-s cf otoWs ( = bfi-uv6s). : i .
av-unculus (cf. fur-unculus len-unculus rdn-unculus) mother's brother

(E. uncle): Dimin. fr. sq., cf. Ags. ed-m NHG. o-heim, Pruss. awis
Lit. ananas OSlav. uj.
avus grandfather cf. Got. av6 grandmother, Arm. hav grandfather.
:
axicia shears 4 turning on a pivot,' fr. *axicns Adj. of axis.

:
io ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
axilla armpit (Mir. ochsal): sq., cf. W. echel axle, OHG. ahsala
shoulder E. axle. ,
axis assis axle (E. ashlar): Lit. aszis OSlav. ost: aks-, tf|«j/, OHG.
alisa, Sk. dkshas.
tbabae Interj. : &a&ai, Lit. ftafoi, cf. Lat. babulus fool, Sk. bababa
crackling.
baca bacca berry (E. fay-tree) = *bat-ca, Cyprian frdna mulberries BB.:
15.93?
tbaccar Celtic valerian: iftdiacapis, Lydian (Schol. Aesch. Pers. 41
Avttiv fxvpov).
baculum staff : cf. fidic-Tpov, Hesych. fidicnis strong :
*
supporter,' see
imbecillus.
bajulus porter (E. bail) *bagiolus = *baciohis fr. praeced. (see pulejum).
:
_4*balaena ballena bellana whale Northern, cf. \<p$houva ipdwaiva : :
tbalanus acorn frdXavos, GV£- cf. Lit. gile, Arm. ka\in, and gvel-
:
OSlav. ieladl •
dropt,' gvl- $d\Xu throw, gvel- OHG. quellan
:
gush, GVOL- Sk. gal- drop.

tbalatrd buffoon devourer,' = *baratro fr. *baratrum — barathrum.
:
'
balbus stammering (Ir. balbh dumb) Sk. balbala a stammering, :
""onomatopoeic.
^ baliolus brown (of an African, Plaut. Poen. 1301) : Dimin. of badhis,
see variu8.
Not fr. fia\i6s dappled,
tbalneum balineum bath: fraKaveiov : 'dropping, vapor-bath,' see
balanus.
bald bleat fr. *bdla Adj. Fern, from *bd cry of sheep E. baa.
:
So Varro's belt bleat fr. *bela Adj. Fern, from bee (i.e. be, firj) cry of
tbalsamum balm (E.) : ffidtoafiov (for the A see palma*), Heb. besem.
tbalteus belt (Ags. E. belt) : Etruscan (Varro).
tbarathrum pit : fidpadpov, fr. vord.
barba beard (W. barf) : dialectic for *farba, bhardh-, Ags. beard E.,
OSlav. brada t
cf. Lit. barz-dk.
tbarbarus foreign (E. brave): pdp&apos, brb- Lit. birbiii I buzz, cf.
berb- fcpPcplfa stammer,

tbarbitos lyre i&dp&iros Aeol. fidpfiiroy fidpfios Sappho 154
: :
~tbarditus German warcry:

bardus stupid gverdh' Spanish gurdus dolt (Quint.), Sk. jaJMs
:
dull, cf. gvrdhus *&pad6s slow (whence fipdtr<r<ov slower) by-form of

(Spatvs.
tbaro varo blockhead: Gaulish for 'soldier's servant' (Schol. Pers.
5. 138 Jahn).
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON n
_+barrus elephant = *barus, Babylonian biru (Sayce).
:
^tbascauda tub British (Mart. 14. 97. 1).

:
Not E. basket (whence W. basged), etym. unknown.

-tbasium kiss : Gaulish (first in Catullus) ?
bat Interj. : cf. fiarro\oy4u stammer, Sk. bata Interj.
_ batillum vatillum firepan
hardly fr. fiardvri Sicilian for icardvri dish, borrowed from patina.
battuo batuo beat (E. abate battle combat, but not beat) dialectic for :
*fatuo, cf. BHATtf- Ags. beadu combat.

.^baubor bay: fravfidw sleep ('snore'), cf. Lit. bubauti roar, onoma-
top.
tbaxea shoe : fr. *bax = *£<££, Hesych. +ir<£|, Mir. hais.
^•bdellium a gum \&4Wiov : : Arabian (Diosc. 1. 80), Heb. b'dolah.
bellum (E. revel) = duellum.
belua bellua beast
bene well : = *beni (cf. beni-gnus) Loc. of *benus good (cf. bellus fine),
dvn-, dvon- bonus.

cf.
bed gladden
•fberyllus beryl (E. brilliant) : -\-frfipvk\os (Arab, billur crystal Zenker
208 b), Sk. vaicluryas catseye.
bes bessis two-thirds : = *du-essis, duo + assis, see as (' unit ').
bestia beast (E.):

beta Fern, beet (E.)
tbeta Neut. B t#?ra, Heb. bUh.
:
bibo drink (E. beverage imbrue) : onomatopoeic for *pibo, Olr. ibid
drink ye, Sk. pibami I drink.
bi-fariam in two parts :
bilis gall
bimus two years old = *bi-hlmus two winters old (cf. Got. tvalib-
:
vintru8 twelve years old,' E. twinter beast two years old '), fr. bis
' *
+ x«*A"« winter (see hiems), with which go also x^f^P05 g°a* ('year-
ling '), Mir. gamuin yearling calf, ONor. yymbr yearling lamb Scotch
gimmer.
bi-pennis bi-pinnis two-edged (E. pimpernel) : OLat. pennus sharp Isid.
Orig. 11. 1. 46
bis duis (Fest.) twice : = *dvis, Ms, MHG. zuris, Sk. dvis, Zd. bi~ two-,
fr. duo.
tbito beto baetd go Osc. battels thou comest, gvait- cf. Olr. to-blth
:
because of, Lett, gaila going, Zd. yaUk- come,

bitumen asphalt GVETtf-, Ags. cvidu resin (Kluge s. t. JlnU), Sk. jatu
:
gum (E. gradtapercha).

tblaesus lisping: p\cu<r6s bandylegged, gvlais-vos, cf. ONor. kleiss
inarticulate.
12 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
blandus agreeable : ghvlandh- Pruss. glands comfort, cf. ghvladh-,

see glaber.
blatero blatio babble : dialectic for flat- bhlat- ONor. bladr nonsense
Scotch blether.
blatta cockroach : dialectic for *flacta bhlakv-, Lett, blakta bug, cf.
Lit. bldke.
^tblennus dolt 0\ew6s driveling, cf. &K4vva mucus.
:
tblitum orach frxirov = *fi\lroy fr. fi4\i honey (see mel), cf. NHG.
: :
melde orach (OHG. mouTUta in Graff is a mis-writing for molta).

_ bojae collar of iron, wood, or leather (E. buoy)
tbdletus mushroom (NHG. pilz) *&u>K'i)t6s globular, fr. &G>\os clod, cf. :
Galen's j8«a/tijj mushroom,

tbombax Interj. j8o/*/3<£|, fr. sq. :
fbombus booming (E. bomb bound Vb. bumper): $6fi&os: onomatop.,

cf. &a/i&afra> chatter,
tbombyx silk (E. bombast) : fj8<fyij8v|, cf. Pers. pembe cotton Zenker
210 c.
bonus duonus good (E. bonny toon-companion) = *dvonus :
+boo bovo roar: &oda> (*fiopdw) gvov- gvou- Lit. gauju I howl, t
cf. gvu-
Sk. gu- be heard,
tboreas north wind faptas, Thracian for *<t>op4ds ventus ferens fr.
:
'
'
<f>4pw ONor. byrr fair wind (E. pirouette).

(see/ero), cf.
bos ox (E. beef bugle) Oscan (the Rom. form would be *vous, *vbs)
: :
gvou-, &ovs, Olr. bo, Ags. cu cow E., Lett, gows OSlav. govedo ox,
Arm. kov cow, Zd. gaus ox Sk. gaus.
bracae braccae breeches Gaulish (Diodorus Siculus), from Teutonic, :
* Ags. brdc E.
tbracchium brachium arm (W. braich, E. brace &c. branch) = *brac- :
chlum from *&pdicxiov for *fipdxioy (as frp6icxos for &p6xos), by-form of
Ppaxtov fr. flpaxvs (see brevis), shorter than the leg.
:
'
'
u tbractea brattea gold-leaf

tbrassica cabbage (Hesych. fipdtricri, W. bresych) :
brevis short mreghv-, cf mbghv- Ppaxts, Got. ga,-maurgjan shorten.

: .
bruma winter solstice = dull time, fr. sq. :

'
'
brutus heavy : Lett. gruts t fr. con-gruo.

-bubfle ox-stall dialectic for *buvlle bovile from bov-, bds.
:
bubo owl onomatop., Redupl. fr. &6as eagle-owl, Arm. bu owl.

:
bubulcus ploughman fr. *bubulus for *bovulus, see bvJbale.

:
bubulus oxen = *bovi-blus fr. bos.

of :
bucca puffed cheek (W. boch, E. buckle debouch &c. rebuke)

biicina buccina horn (Polyb. fivfcdrn) bukv- OHG. pfuchen snort, cf. :
boukv- OSlav. buSati bellow, bukv- pticnis howling, Sk. fa^-karas

lion's roar.
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 13
^ bufo toad : cf. Low Lat. buffs,re (E. buffer buffet &c. pop puff) to in-
flate (as (pva-aXos toad fr. Qvtrdu blow)
tbulbus onion &o\&6s : :
bulla bubble, knob (E. bill boil Vb. bull 2 &c.) : dialectic for *folia fr.
follis.
biiris ploughbeam : = *gvd-ris cf . gvo- yvrjs ?
bustum tomb see ambUrd. :
tbuxus box (E. E. blunder-&wss booze bushel bust) : */8tJ|os for "tirvôs :
Paphlagonian, cf. Catull. 4. 13 Cytore buxifer (in Paphlagonia) ?
tcaballus nag (E. crcper-cailzie cavalry chivalry) : Plut. ficajScUXrys, cf.

W. iceffyl (= *kappHos), OSlav. \kobyla mare (= *kvabula) :
tcachinnus laugh: *Kax?vos, fr. icax-dX« I laugh (as ye\aa-?uos dimple

fr. ytAdw).
caco : kakv- cf. ted/eta] stercus, Mir. cacc, Sk. cdkam.
» cacula servant kakv- cf Ags. on-hagian to suit, Sk. cak- be able.
: .
cacumen top fr. *cacuo fit, praeced. (cf. apex top fr. apo fasten).
:
cada-ver (cf. papa-ver, term, -ves) corpse : fr. *cad6 by-form of sq. (cf.
irr«/Ao fr. iriirru fall).

cado fall (E. cadence &c. chance cheat decay) : kad- Mir. casir (= *cad-
tric-) hail, Sk. cad- fall,
tcaduceum herald's staff (formed quasi fr. c&ducus, stick of *
fallen
wood ?) *KdpbKioy Dor. for Kr\p$Kiov, f r. Krjpv$ herald.
:
tcadus jar (E. albatross) +k(£5os, Heb. kad. :
caecus cecus blind koik<5s koikvWco gape about, Olr. : caech one-eyed,
cf.KofKOS Got. haihs.
caedo cut (E. chisel excise scissors) kvaidh-, cf. skvaidh- Got. skaidan :
divide E. water-s&ed sheath shoddy skid, Lit. skiedziu I separate.

caelebs celebs single : ' separate,' = *caedi-b- fr. praeced. + -bh- cf.
-BHO- acerbus.
caelum 1 chisel:
caelum 2 sky dark : ' ' (cf. caerulus) :
caenum dirt
tcaepe cepe onion (E. chive, NHG. zunebel) : quasi Adj. Neut. (like
turpe) for *caepium, **îrioi/, cf. Hesych. Kama (Plur.) garlic, fr. ktjitos
garden, see campus. . ,
caerimdnia cerimdnia reverence :

*
seclusion,' fr. caedo '
separate '.
caerulus dark-blue = *caelulus fr. caelum. :

y
caesaries hair = *caesdr-jes cf Sk. kesarcm ?

:
f
.
caesius light-blue = *caed-tius kvaidh- Ags. hddor clear,

: 1
cf. skvaidh
Lit. skaid-rus.
caespes cespes sod :
Osc. kaispatar caedatur (?) is too obscure to compare.
i 4 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
caestus gauntlet
tcaetra cetra shield Spanish, Hesych. ko.itpia.. :
calamitas cadamitas (Isid.) injury (orig. 'hail/ Donatus, or 'mould,'

Servius)
fcalamus reed (E. calumet shawm, W. calaf stalk) : icdKajios, see culmus.
tcalathus basket K<lXa6os :
caled glow (E. caldron caudle chafe nonchalant scald) : kei/-, of. K£- Lit.
grow warm,
szilti
tcaliendrum headdress: slang form of ^callintrum, KdWvvrpov orna-

ment, fr. KoWtivoo beautify.
tcaliga soldier's sandal covering,' *icd\vya = k4\vk<x (as uprvya =
: '
uprvKa) Acc. of k«Ui/| husk.

caligd darkness Sk. kdlas blue-black ?
:
tcalix cup (E. chalice)'. *kJlKi$ by-form (cf. iw\<Lxq-no\6xn) of *k6\i£

i.e. kv\i$ (see rnola), cf. Sk. kaldcas pot.
callis hill-path (Fr. chalet Chaux) kvlnis, cf. kvolnis collis. :
callum hard skin (E. gall Vb.) kvlnom, cf. kvlnos Sk. kiims. :
calo summon Kf-, cf kl- Kdkeu call, kel- k4\o/j.cu, kol- OHG. hcti&n
: .
summon.—Not = *cadd, OUmbr. kadctu vocato.

•jxalo soldier's servant
fcaltha pot-marigold = *calcantha x^^-^V (sulphate of copper) in
:
i
the etymological sense of with copper-coloured flowers ? '

'
calumnia (fr. *calumnus Adj.) intrigue (E. challenge), calvor deceive:

kalu-:
calvus bald kvLvos, cf. kvlvos Sk. Jculvas.
:
calx 1 heel (E. caZtrop caulk)

calx 2 small stone, lime (E. causeway chalk) :
tcamelus camel ifcdpyKos, Heb. gdmdl. :
tcamera vault (E. chamber comrade) \icafuipa, : cf. Zd. kameredha skull
('arched').
fcaminus furnace (E. chimney): k&iuvos: 'stone hearth,' cf. Ags. hamor
hammer E. (orig. of flint), and (with a) OSlav. kamenl stone.
^ tcammarus lobster: ficdnnapos, fKopapis, ONor. fhumarr: praeced.,
'
like a stone ' ?
campus field (E. camp &c. scamp shamble) cf. kap- ktjitos garden, Ags. :
&o/ house E. hovel hover OHG. hdba piece of land.

^ camur bent
canalis pipe (E. canal channel kennel 2) from f*cana, *icdvri by-form of :
ticctvKr?, see canna.
cancelli lattice (E. chancel chancery) : cancrl Fest.: 'like a crab's claws,'
sq., see career.
cancer crab (E. canker) : Dissim. for *carcer, cf. KapK-ivos (Sk. karkin).
canded shine : = *cend46, cf. ac-cend6 fire, kvbnd- Sk. cand shine.
canis dog (E. canary kennel') : K-voNfs, cf. k-von- Sk. cvdn-, k-von k<W
(for *Kf6v, *k6v v from oblique cases), Arm. hen, Zd. cpa?t- short
: :
form KUNfs Lit. szunis, cf. kun- KtW Ace, Olr. cow Gen. (Nom. cu:
E. cmo), Sk. ctffi- (and kun-to*s Got. hunds E. hound*!).
tcanistmm basket fKikvitrrpov, fr. sq., made of reeds
:
*
'.
fcanna reed fnduva, Heb. qdneh.

:
tcannabis hemp (Ags. hanep E. and E. canvas canvass) ; : ftcdwafiiSy

Arab, kunneb Zenker 709 c.
cand sing (E. cant &c.) Olr. canaid canit, Got. hana cock E. hen.
:
tcantharis beetle Kavdapls, icdvdapos Egyptian (the beetle worshipped

: :
in Egypt) ?
fcantharus tankard (E.) Kdvdapos, praeced., like a beetle inverted '.
:
'
fcantherius gelding: Gaulish (Plaut. Aul. 491 Gallicis cantheriis), cf.

fKavOfaios pack-ass.
tcanthus tire (EM. Kav$6s) Spanish (Quint.). :
canus white = *cas-nus cf. Ags. hasu grey E.

:
} haze ?
caper goat (E. cab caper 1 caprice) icdirpos boar, : Ags. hafer goat: 'strong-
scented ? '
Hesych. icdirpa. ctf|, Tvppqvol is obscure.

^capero caperro am wrinkled
capillus hair (Got. kapillon shave the head, E. dishevel) fr. caput. :
capid take (Olr. cacht capta, E. cable casket catch cater chase regatta
window-sash scaffold) = *cepio, kvep-, cf. kvop- Got. hafts joined,
:
kvep- cepi Perf., kvop- xtfonj handle, and kvomp- Lett, kampt seize.
Hardly add Got. hafjan raise E. heave behove on account of the ,
meaning.
capis bowl capacious,' praeced.
:
*
capistrum halter (E. capstan ?) headstall,' = *capit-trum fr. caput. :

«
^ tcapparis caper (E.) ficdirirapis, Sk. capharl a plant (or borrowed

:
from Gk. ?).

tcapsa box (E. case 2 cash chase 2 ) cf. \icd(xtya icdfiirrpa. :
caput head (E. achieve cabbage cad cadastre cape 2 cattle chattel chief cor-
poral &c.) kvap- Ags. hafela Sk. kapdlam pot, skull.
:
t
tcarbasus flax: *icdp&a<ros by-form of ficdpira<ros, Sk. karpasas cotton

(or borrowed from Gk. ?).
_tcarbatina carpatina (Catull. 98. 4 Ellis) shoe fKap$arlvn Kapvarivy, :
Carian (Pollux).
carbd charcoal : k§b-6n-, cf. corbis, ' carried in a basket ' (Ar. Ach. 333
\dpxos charcoal-burner's basket).
career enclosure (Sicil. ndpnapov) grating,' see cancelli. :
'
tcarchesium beaker \Kapxh<nov from a place-name ?

: :
cardo pivot: k^d-on, cf. kbd- cor, 'heart, centre,' kerd- OSlav. sreda
middle.
a
carduus thistle (E. card Vb.) kvhd-, shaking,' cf. *<fy>3d£ a dance, Sk. :
*
kurd- leap, and kvrd- Kpaddu shake, W. cryd ague.

cared want = *cadeo am deprived of, cf k^ko^wv depriving.
: .
carex rush
caries decay : = *cadies fr. cado.
carina hull (E. careen) :
carmen song (E. charm) : = *canmen *canimen, fr. cano.

car 6 flesh (Mir. carna, E. carnage carrion charnel crone) : Nom. kah6n
Gen. karn6s portion at a feast, Osc. carneis part Gen. :
:
*
'
—card card kvas, cf kvas- Lit. kasfiti scratch, Sk. leash-.

: .
tcarpentum chariot (Olr. carpat, E. carpenter) Gaulish (Florus). :
carpo pluck (E. car'pet scarce) kvrp-, cf. kvrp- Kapw6s fruit, Sk. krpdnas :
sword, kverp- Lit. kerpu I cut, kvorp- Ags. hdrfest harvest E.

tcarrus wagon (E. career carry chariot, cargo caricature carting charge) :
Gaulish? cf. Mir. carr (E. car).
cams dear (E. caress charity cherish) kar- Got. hors fioix^s E. whore :
cf. kar- Olr. cara friend.
casa hut (E. casemate casino cassock chasuble) :
J-cascus old Sabine (Varr. L. L. 7. 28)

:
caseus cheese (E., W. caws)

hardly cf OSlav. kvasti leaven.
.
cassis hunting-net
tcassis helmet Etrusc. (Isid.). :
cassus empty (E. cashier Vb.) = *cad-tus fr. cared. :

t
tcastanea chestnut (E. E. castanets) ficao-ravta Arm. (Hehn) ? : :
^fcasteria cuddy: = *catastateria, ^KaTaa-rarrfpla fr. * Kara(rrar4u> settle,

Ka$-l<TT7Jfll.
tcastor beaver ficdo-rap :
castro fr. *castrum knife, Sk. edstram from cos- cut ?

:
castrum fort, castra camp (W. caer city)

castus pure (E. caste chaste) kas- Arm. sast rebuke, cf. kas- Sk. : cas- to
order,
tcatamitus : Etrusc. \catmite Ganymede (Deecke BB. 2. 186), from
* Kard/uLHTdos venal.
tcatapulta catapult : /caTair«\T7ys, fr. v4\rv shaft.

tcataracta portcullis : tcarapdicTTis down-rushing, fr. tydcro-a) strike (cf.
Plut. KarappdKrrjs portcullis, fr. fido-<rco push).

tcataractria a spice : *Karap6.Krpia Fern. fr. praeced., 'rushing down' as
it is sprinkled.
tcatasta stage : *Karaa T'fi i icard
,
+ Xcrrrifii.
_tcateja spear Gaulish (Serv. Aen. 7. 741).

:
catena chain (E. E. chignon): 'capturing,' kbt-, cf. rent- Got. fra-
hinthan seize.
tcaterva troop : Gaulish (Isid. Orig. 9. 3. 46), = *ccUes-va, of. Olr.

cath fight.
catlnus dish (Sicilian tcdnvov Varro ; E. kettle) foreign ? :
catulus whelp
tcatus sharp (Mir. cath wise) Sabine (Varr. L. L. 7. 46) of. Zd. fa- : :
cut Sk. ca- sharpen, see cos. (Ablant a or catus may = *cot6s.) : ;
cauda tail (E. coward cue) cf. skaud- Got. skauts hem of a garment :
E. shoot &c. scout Vb. scut tail, projection'. *
caudex trunk of a tree projection/ praeced. :

*
caulae passages, caulis stalk (E. cole kail) ieav\6s, Lit. kdulas bone :
(< hollow').
caupo copo huckster : foreign ?
Got. kaupon to traffic (Lit. kupczius merchant OSlav. kupicl) E.
chaffer chapman cheap cope Vb. keep go rather with Got. kaupatjan
strike (so. a bargain).
, caurus N. W. wind Lit. szidure N. wind. :
causa caussa cause (E. kickshaw ruse)

hardly = *coud-tct, fr. cUdo (as decido fr. caedo) : change of meaning
too violent.
tcausia hat : Kavo-ia, Macedonian.
cautes rock
caved take d-icotJ« hear, Lit. kaw6ti attend
care: kvov-, Ko(f)4<o perceive
to, Sk. kavis wise cf skvov- evo-tr^flos priest, Got. ua-skavs prudent
; .
Ags. scedvian look E. show sheen t scavenger.

cavilla raillery bit of knowledge, fr. praeced.
:
* '
cavus hollow (E. cage cajole gabion gaol): = *covos, ko?\os (= *k6/:i\os)
Hesych. k6oi cavities.
-ce Demonstrative Mir. : ce this, Got. -h (in thauA yet E. though),
Arm. s this.
cedo give thou : *ce-do, praeced. (cf . Osc. ce-bn-ust venerit) + root of
do-num.
cedo go
tcedrus cedar (E.): fie&pos, cf. Sk. kadaras mimosa (late: borrowed
from Gk. ?).
celeber frequented *quele-bri- see colo. :
i
celer quick kvbl- cf k4\tjs racehorse iceKeto urge, Zd. cargo Sk. car-
: .
move.
c
cella storeroom covered place,' see sq.
:
celo hide kbl-, cf . kel- Mir. celim I hide, kl- Got. huljan to cover
:
E. hell helmet holster hull husk housings.

- tcelSx (term, from vZldx) cutter k&tjs, see celer. :
celsus high Part, of * cello raise (-sus for -tus from Perf. *celsi), rc\\a>
:
rise, Lit. kelM raise, fr. celer.
iS ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
cena caena caesna (Fest.) coena dinner (E.): NUmbr. sesna Ace. ;
=
*caers-na t see silicemium, kairs-na :
census registering (Olr. cis) kens- cf kons- kow4w understand. : .
cento patchwork event-, cf. kvont- Sk. kanthd, kvot- OHG. hadara,
:
rag.
centum 100: kmt(5m, k-Kar6v, Olr. cU y
Got. hund E. hundred, Lit.
szimtas OSlav. s#fo, Zd. catem Sk. ? ato.
tcepolendrum a spice : Ktjxos garden (see campus) +?
cera wax (Ir. ceir) K-qp6s : :
tcerasus cherry-tree (E. cherry, OHG. kirsd whence Lit. czeresna OSlav.
creSinja) : \iccpaff6s :
tcercfirus a ship : Phoen. ?

Cyprian iccpieovpos :
cerebrum brain keres- cf. kres- icdpd (= *Kdpc<ra), Sk.

(E. saveloy) :
ciras; also kers- ONor. hjarsi crown of the head, krs- Arm. sar
(= *sars) top, and krs- k6p<ti\ temple, Sk. cirshdm head.
cerno separate: kver-, Mir. cert right ('decided'), cf. skver- Ags.
sceran cut E. shear &c, skvr- Lit. skirti to separate.
Not = *crind, Kpivw decide (see crlbrum), or Perf. would be *crlvi.
cernuus headlong: kvern- skull, Got. hvaimei concave (cf. E. ; ' '
skull beside ONor. skdl bowl), Ktpvos dish, ONor. hverna pan.
cerritus crazed kvers-, cf. kvrs- tytcdpcrios slantwise, skvers- Lit.
:
skersas crooked OSlav. brestt beyond,

tcerussa white lead: wax-like,' *icqpov<r<ra Fern, of *icrip6cis Adj. of*
Kt)p6s wax.
cervix neck: == *crivlx fr. kreivos bent, Lit. kretwas OSlav. krivU
(cf. OSlav. vratti neck fr. vratiti to turn),
cervus stag: kvervos W. carw, cf. kvorva Lit. kdrue cow OSlav.
krava :
*
horned, ' fr. icep-as horn.
tcestrosphendone an engine : *Ke<rrpo<r<pevb6vr) i fr. Ke<rrpa bolt + <r<j>€v-
$6vr\ sling,
ceteri caeteri the rest :
tcetus sea-monster icrjros : :
ceu whether *queu = qui-ve (as seu = si-ve), qui (Abl. of qui) + -ve.
:
ceveo move the haunches

tchalybs steel tx<^W'» irom the Chalybes (iron- workers in Pontus).
:
tchara horse-radish
tcharta paper (E. card cartridge) tx<fpT7js, Egyptian (see papyrus). :
tchele chaele claw xn*4 : :
tchelys tortoise x& v5 ghelu- OSlav. zelUvl.

: >
tchlamys mantle : txâ^J c ^ Thracian Ca\/j.6s skin, »
tchorda string x°P*h : >
tchorus dance x°P^5 c *- ^*« Êrcw way

: * of going.
tchrysos gold fxpwreh, Heb. haruts.
:
tciborium cup : fictfkbptov seed vessels of colocasia : Egyptian (from its

habitat).
cibus food
cicada tree-cricket : fr. cicur.
cicatrix scar: fr. cicur, Naming,' subduing (being the end of) the hurt,
cf. Varr. L. L. 7. 91 nulla res neque cicurare neque mederi potis est
(Pacuvius).
tciccus doit *kIkkos, cf kIkkci&os Phoen. ?
: . :
In Varr. L. L. 7. 91, ciccum dicebant membranam tenuem, the

best MS. reads ciccur.
cicer chick-pea = *cecir, Pruss. keckirs pea.:
tcichoreum endive (E. succory) *Kix6pciov : ficixtpcia, Egyptian (Plin.

20. 73).
tcicilendrum a spice f*Kiici\€vtipov, cf cepolendrum : .
tclcimandrum a spice f*KiKl-navtipov, cf praeced. : .
ciconia (for the term. cf. Favonius) stork sq., from : its reputed affec-
tion for its parents.
cicur tame : *cecur, kvekv-, cf. Horn. *-e'*w gentle.
ciciita hemlock (W. cegid cecys, whence OE. kex): praeced., domes-
ticated, grown in gardens,' from a Vb. *cicuo.
cieo cid move (E. cite) : cf. kIw go, Corn, ce go thou Zeuss 586 a.
cimex bug :
tcinaedus wanton titfreuSoj :
cincinnus curl kIkiwos, Redupl. (cf. tintind beside rtrayi<rfi6s)

:
cingo gird (E. shingles) = *cungvo from *congvo, cf. k6/a&os band. :
cinis ashes (not E. cinder) = *cunis from *conis, kSvis dust. :
tcinnamomum cinnamum cinnamon : fKiyvd/xwfioy *iclvvatiov f Heb.

qinnamon.
cippus cipus stake
circus circle (E. carcanet search) Metath. tcplicos ring, cf. kbink6s Ags. :
hring E. E. rink rank range rung "^harangue,

cirrus curl = *cirsus, OHG. hirsi millet (' tufted ') ?
:
cis within cf. -ki (in ovkI not TcoWdtci often), Got. hi-na this Ags. E.
:
Tie, Lit. s&s OSlav. si.
tcisium gig Gaulish ? :
tcista box (E. chest) t/tf<rnj :
tcithara lute (E. guitar) fKtBdpa Semitic ? : :
citra within Got. hidra hither E., fr. ci-s.

:
tcitrus Rom. form of cedrus.

civis ceivis citizen
hardly cf Got. heiva- house.
.
clades loss ' breaking,' kEd- cf. eld- K\cfiap6s

: brittle.
clam secretly : = *cld-m, k£-, see cSld and tarn.
clamo shout (E. claim) : fr. Subst. *cldma (ci. fa-ma), k£-, see cal6.
clandestinus secret: = *clandestrinus (see mediastlnus) fr. *clandester
formed (on anal, of equester pedester) from *clande=clam (as quamde =
quam : so clade Miiller on Fest. p. 47 = *cld i.e. cla-m).
clangd clang (E.) : kvlangv- K\ayyft Subst., cf. kvlagv- Lit. klageti
cackle.
clarus bright (E. clear claret)
classis division : = *clad-tis cutting, fr. clddSs ?
claudo clodo cliidd shut (OHG. sliozan from excludere) : *claudus Adj.,
fr. clavis + term. -do-.
claudus lame : klau-, cf. Sk. cro-nds, + term. -do-.
clava club
clavis key : K\ri(F)is :
clavus nail, helm, stripe (Olr. cloi nails, E. clove cloy) :
clemens mild
clepo steal : Got. hlifan E. shop-fo/ter, Pruss. bu-klipts hidden, cf.
jcAeirrw steal.
cliens client : Part, of clued, ' obedient \
clipeus clupeus shield — *clopeus cf. clepo, * cover,' OSlav. ipo-klopU lid.
:
clitellae pack-saddle: 'sloping,' Dimin. of *cleitrae, OUmbr. kletra

litter, Got. hleithra tent, from klei-, see acclinis.
clivus slope: = *cloivos, Got. hlaiv tomb ('mound') E. hud-low, from

kloi- Ablaut of klei-, see acclinis.
cloaca cluaca clouaca sewer from *clou-dcus Adj. (see opacus), klou- :
cf. klu- cluo cleanse and klu-d- k\6(co wash, Got. hlutrs clean.
clued am reputed: klxj- k\6w hear, Zd. Sk. cm-, see inclutus; cf. kleu-
K\c(f)os glory, Olr. clu rumour, Got. hliu-ma hearing E. lumbering,
OSlav. sluti be famous, Sk. crdvas sound, and klou-s- OW. clusteu
ears Zeuss 285 b, Ags. hlystan listen E., Lit. klauspti (with k- from
Teutonic) OSlav. sluhU hearing, klu-s- Sk. crush- hear.
clunis haunch : = *clounis, *k\ovvls k\6vls (cf . fiovvos /xSvos) os sacrum,
W. clun hip, ONor. hlaunn haunch, Lit. szlaunis hip, Zd. craoni Sk.
cronis.
clurinus apish dura ape :
CO- with (used before vowels or h comedo shows Recomposition :

•
')
Olr. co to, Got. prefix ga- E. enough handiwork fr. cu-m. :
tcoccum scarlet (E. cochineal and cockroach ?) t/tefoitos kermes-berry ; :
tcodea snail (E. coach cockleshell) Koxîas, k6xôs : :
coepi begin = *co-lpt, co- + Perf (un-reduplicated, as usual in Com-

: .
pounds) of apo, see apiscor. —Lucr.'s co-Spl is from *epi reduplicated

Perf. of apo.
cdgito think: co- + agitd (fr. *ag6, ago).
cohors enclosure (E. court) co- + hortus. :
tcolaphus cuff (E. copse, Fr. coup blow couper cut) kSkoQos, cf. Ko\dirrw :
peck:
tcoliphia colyphia loin-pieces Plur. from icwxfyiov ham Phrynichus p. :
77 Lobeck, Dimin. of kS>\ov leg (as Scvtytyiov of Mrtpov),

collis hill = *colni$, Ags. Aytf E., cf. kvolnos Lit. kdlnas mountain,
:
kvolnus Gk)t. hallus rock: Nom. kvolSn, whence ko\<ov6s hill: 'rise,'
fr. celsus.
collum neck : = *colsum, Ags. heals E. fjiaubeik.

tcollybus agio t/e<foAuj8os doit Phcen. ? : :
tcollyra vermicelli KoWtpa roll, cf k6\\cl$os k6\\1£ : . :
cold tend = *quelo (see inquilinus), *•&.» go, fr. ceter.

:
tcolocasium Egyptian bean Kokoicatriov, : fr. k6\os stunted + i*Ka<riov

bean (Egyptian, from its habitat).
color colour :
' covering ' (cf. Sk. vdrnas colour from rar- cover), kl- see
celt.
colostra Westings
coluber colober snake (E. culverin) :
'
turning, ' cf. *6\os axis, fr. cold.
colum strainer (E. colander culvert portcullis) = *caulum fr. caulae. :
tcolumba dove (E. culver) *Ko\6fifrr), k6\vôs grebe, fr. Ko\v/j.pda> :
dive :
4
ducking its head ' (cf. E. dove fr. dive).
columen top 4
turning '-point (cf vertex top fr. verto), see cold coluber.
: .
colurnus (1) of hazel (Serv.) Metath. for *corul-nus fr. coralus corylus. :
(2) of cornel (Fest.) Dissim. for *cor-urnus fr. cor-nus. :
colus distaff
not revolving,
'
' fr. cold celer t as the distaff was held stationary,
tcoma hair kSjult) : :
comes companion from *com cum. Not a compound fr. eo.: —

comis kind: from *com cum with vowel lengthened to form Adj. (cf.
cupes fr. cttpio, see immdnis sopio and suppus), cf. koiv6s kind=*Ko/A-j<fe.
Cosmis in the Dvenos inscr. (E. Schneider 19) obscure, sec. Jordan
= comis, sec. Biicheler = comes, sec. Breal = commissi.
tcomissor comisor revel : *Kwfjd(a> fr. ku/ios revel (while Kapdfa is fr.
tcdjiri village).
como arrangeput together,' from *com (see comix).
:
*
*co-imo from emo take would give *coemo, cf coetus beside coitus in . :
Plaut. Bacch. 976 Lowe reads coemptionalem (oe a diphthong the :
reading comptionalem is due to Livy's contionali seni,' 8. 72. 4). «
compesco confine : *pdsco fix = *pac-sco fr. padscor y cf. Plin. dispesco
separate,
compilo rob
compitum cross-road pets go '. :
'
con- with (before any cons, hutp, 6, m) : Olr. con- ; = *com, cum.
tconcha shell : K6yx*ii see congius.
tconchis lentils: *conchus, K6y\os dialectic for *ic6yicos, cf. Sk. kankus
millet.
concinnus neat : • harmonious, *
= *concen-nus from con-cino sound to-
gether.
*
concipilo finish off (Plaut. uses in the same sense * offatim conficiam
and '
offatim concipilabo ') : dialectic for *concumul6 or *concubI6 fr.
cumulus.
condalium (in Plaut. prob. trisyllabic) ring: fr. f*condus, Hesych.
k6v$os knob, Sk. kandas lump.
condicio agreement dik- cf deik- died, fix : .
'
'.
condio preserve by-form of condo put together (cf pinsitum sancltum

: .
from *pinsio sancio beside pistum sanctum from pinso *sanco), see -do.
confuto check *futus Part. fr. dhu- ONor. dyja shake, Sk. dhu-.
:
tconger sea-eel *ic6yypos by-form of fySyypos (see corytos).

:
congerro playmate fr. fgerrae. :
congius quart shell-full, konkhv- K&yxn mussel, Sk. cankhds and

:
*
'
(with -e-) Lett, seiice.
congruo meet: *fall in with,' from *grud fall, Lit. griuti fall down,
gvrO- cf. gvrou- gravis.
coniveo connived cog^niveo wink from *nigveoi see nlctd. :
conor attempt
conquinisco cower: from *qua-n-isco (ci. fruniscor beside fruor), *qua-no t
kva- cf. kva- ircirrri-dbs crouching (for irr = ir cf irr6\is

. = ir6\is).
Perf. conquexi and Part, quactum driven together Isid. Orig. 20. 2.
35 are from the fuller kvak- KaTa-irrcucdv crouching, cf. kvak-
irri\<T<r<o crouch.
considero inspect
hardly (1) fr. consido am in session, from sidd, as 'look at' seems the
orig. meaning : (2)
'
look at something bright,' svid- cf. svid- Lit.
s-widiis shining,
consilium assembly fr. sedeo. :
consternare alarm by-form of con-sternere overthrow (as appellate com-

:
pellare of appellere compellere), cf. strn- OHG. stornen be astounded,

consul chief magistrate formed from Plur. consules, fr. sedeo. :
consulo deliberate :
*
sit together, ' praeced.
contamino blend : fr.*tagmen touching, tango.
cdntio (cdntio late, Diomedes, Keil 1. 433) meeting :=*coventio dialectic
form (see curia) for conventio.
contumax insolent, contumelia insult turned swell (with pride). :
tcontus pole kovt6s, fr. *k4vtu> kcvtIco prick.

:
tcdnus cone kwvos pine-cone

:
hardly add (1) ONor. Mnn knob, on account of the vowel (2) Sk. :
canas grindstone, see cos (no resemblance of meaning).
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON. 23
convexus vaulted : *vaxus Part, (for the term* see celsus) of *vac5 bend,
see vacilld.
convlcium outcry : fr. vicus, meeting in the street '.—Also spelt
'
convi-
Hum as tho' fr. vita, ' meeting of guests '.
tcophinus basket fic6<l>ivos : :
coquo cook (E. E. coke cockney kitchen apricot biscuit) = *quequ6 kvekv- :
y
treicwv ripe, kvokv- W. pobi bake blending of the forms kvep- Lit. :
keph I bake and pekv- »eV(ra I cook, OSlav. peka, Zd. Sk. pox- cook.
cor heart cord- = krd-, Kaptla KpaSi-q, Olr. cride, Lit. szirdis OSlav.
:
sr&dlce srldlce, Sk. hfd, cf. kerd- Kepdea wiles (' intelligence '), Mir.
cerd art, Got. hairto heart E., Arm. sirt, Zd. zarad- (in zaraz-dditi
devotion), see cardd.
tcoralium coral *K<opd\iov Dor. for ticovpd\iov
: :
corbis basket (E. corbel) krbi- cf. kbebi- ONor. hrip. :
corbita hoy (E. corvette) praeced., carrying a basket : « full of stones ' to
serve as an anchor (cW).
tcordax a dance *(fy>5d£, see carduus.
:
tcoriandrum coriander *icopiav$pov by-form of iicoplavvov Semitic ?

: :
corium hide (E. cuirass quarry 2 scourge) = *querium, kver-, cf. Sk. :
airman.
comix crow fr. *corna (see coxendix), korn- cf. korn- Hesych.
: K6pa<pos
a bird Nom. koron (see collis), whence KopAvri crow.
:
cornu horn (Mir. corn E. corn 2 cornelian corner) krn- Galatian ; :
icdpvos trumpet (Hesych.), Got. haurn horn E., cf. krn-gvo- Sk.
cfngam, see crambe.
cornus cornel krn-, Kpdveta.
:
Hardly add Lit. kirna band of brushwood.

tcorona garland (E. crovm) Fern. (sc. taenia) of *coronus x°P<° v6s :
t
Simonides 174 Bergk worn by dancers,' see chorus.

:
*
corpus body (E. corps corpse) kvbp- npaxlSes midriff, Zd. kehrp body :
Sk. krp form, cf. kvrep- irpevco appear, Ags. hrif womb E. midriff.
cortex bark (E. cork) = *quertex cut off (cf. E. bark fr. break),
: %
'
'
kvert- Lit. kertii I strike, cf. kvort- OSlav. krattiM, short, Zd. karet-
cut Sk. kart-y and kvrent- Ags. hrendan cut down (Skeat) E. rend.
cortina curtina caldron: fr. curtus* 'cut down,' not tall like the am-
phora, cf. Lucr. 4. 1026 dolia curta. .
cor-uscus scor-iscus (Probi Appendix, Keil 4. 198 ; for the term. cf.
labrusca mollUscus marisca vopiscus) waving
corvus raven (Mir. crU E. cormorant) kor- K6p-a£ ; : :
tcorycus sack ictipvicos :
corylus (with y as tho' Greek !) corulus corilus hazel kosel- : Ags,.

hdsjsl E., cf. K08L- Olr. coll.
fcorymbus cluster ic6pvfi&os top, krn-gvo- cf. crambe, see cornH.

:
tcorytos quiver : *Ka>pvr4s by-form (see conger) of \y<*pvr6s :
cos flint : ko-tis cf. ko-nos Sk. canas grindstone, ca sharpen, see cat us.
costa rib (E. accost coast costermongei cutlet) cf. OSlav. kostX bone ? :
tcostum a plant Mtrros, Sk. kushthas. :
tcothurnus boot n6Qopvos : :
tcottabus clap ic6rra&os a Sicilian game

:
tcottana cdtona coctana small figs t^Tovo, Syrian (Plin. 13. : 51),
Heb. qlton little.
cotti-die cdti-die (cf. Oatull. 68. 141 cotUjana MSS. Mart. 11. 1. 2 :
. qu&tidiana quasi fr. quot) daily : Loc. of *cotus *qud-tus (correlative of

to-tus), fr. qui, + dies.
cdturnix (Ovid, quasi fr. Mopvos, artificially booted' for fighting) *
cdturnix (i.e. *cotturnix) cocturnix (Caper, Keil 7. 108) quail: fr.

*cocl-ur-na (see comix), kvokt- OHG. wahtala (E.).
tcovinnus covinus car Belgic (Lucan 1. 426), = *co-veg-nos fr. co- +
:
vehd, cf. W. cy-wain convey.

coxa hip: 'bend,' kvoks- Olr. coss foot, MHG. hahse bend of knee,
Zd. kasha shoulder Sk. kdkshas armpit.
coxendix hip (for term. cf. clacendix shell fr. calx 2): fr. *coxenda (see
comix) bending (for term. cf. merenda), fr. praeced.
'
'
crabro hornet = *crds-rdn, kbs- cf. krs- Lit. szirszen- (Nom. szirszu)
:
wasp OSlav. srHSenl hornet.

tcrambe cabbage Kpdfi&ri, kbn-gva, see corymbus cornu.
:
crapula intoxication
not fr. KpaiirdXrj.
eras to-morrow = *crdss from crassum close (i.e. near '), sq. ?
:
l
'
*
crassus thick (E. grease) matted,' = *crat-t6s kvSt- cf. kvebt- Olr.
:
'
certle ball of wool, kvort- K^pr-q weel Kporwrq excrescence on trees,
Got. hardus hard E., Sk. kathinas hard katas wickerwork kart- spin, sq.
cratis wickerwork (E. grate grill) Kv&rf- cartilagd gristle ('meshed'), :
cf. kvrt- icdpraXos basket uparfo strong, Got. haurds door (orig. of
wickerwork) E. hurdle hoarding hurst, Pruss. korto hedge.

creber thick increasing,' fr. cr8-sc6.
: «
credo believe (E. grant miscreant tecreant) = *cred-do, krbd-dho, Olr. :
cretim I believe, Sk. crdd-dha- *put the heart to,' from believe;
kred- kerd- under cor, + -d6. A word of the Ursprache, and so
cf.
not regarded as a compound (which would be *crSf5 from *creff5

*cred-fo).
cremo burn
cremor broth (E. cream) :
creo make (E. creole) :

hardly ere- Metath. for cer- Pest, cents creator, Varr. cered make,
cf. kvor- Zd. Sk. kar*.
tcreper uncertain: Sabine (Varro) 'dark,' * crepes- fr. crepusculvm. :
crepida slipper
not from Kprjiris military boot, see sq.
crepido foundation
not from Kprpris basement
crepo rattle = *crequ6 kvrekv- Kp4icco make a noise by striking,
:
t
OSlav. krektati to quack, cf. kvbenkv'- Ags. hritigan to sound E.

ring Vb.
tcrepusculum twilight Sabine (Varr.), see creper.
:
cre-sco grow (E. accrue crew recruit) fr. cred. :
creta chalk (Olr. ere clay E. crayon) sifted,' critics Part, of cerno.
; :
4
cribrum sieve Mir. criathar, kbi-dhro- cf. kri-dhlo- Ags. hriddel E.

:
riddle from xrI- npivoo separate, cf kroi- Got. hrains clean.

; .
crimen charge : fr. tcpi-va decide, praeced.

crinis hair:
not cf . Lit. szeiys bristle.
criso crisso move the haunches
not cf. Got. ol-hrisjan shake off.
crispus curled (E. crape) cf. krisp- Ags. hrespan tear to pieces E. rasp
:
frapier, and kbips- W. crych curled (E. crease).

crista tuft
crdcio croak = *craucio, Lit. kraukti OSlav. krukU raven.
:
cru-dus raw kvru- Mir. crit Sk. kru-rds, see crUsta.

: 1
tcrumena crumina purse cf. (with u) *Kpvfi4a by-form of fypvfi4a bag

:
(see conger corytos) :
cruor blood: = *cr®8~6r, cf. Mir. crW. 'curdled, thick' (as opp. water),
fr. crUs-ta.
tcruppellaril champions Gaulish (Tac). :
eras leg from knee to ankle: 'hard' (as opp. the thigh), fr. sq., cf.
Arm. $rtt-n-kh shins.

crusta crust (E. custard): kvb!js- hard, Ags. hrOse earth, cf. kveus-
KpforaWos Kp6(<r)os frost, Lit. kruszd hail, Zd. khrush- injure; see
cru-dus*
tcrux cross (E. E. crouch crusty curse) Punic (as a Carthaginian :
instrument of torture) ?
cubitum elbow (Sicil. nifrnov) kvub- bent,' Got. hups hip E. E. hoop:
*
hump, Sk. kub-jds humpbacked.

cubd lie (E. covey) kvubh- Ktfwrw bend,: cf. kvubh- kv$6s bent, by-form
of praeced.
tcucullus hood (Olr. cocul\ E. cowl) :- Gaulish (Santonic, Juv. 8. 145).
cuculus cucullus cuckoo (E.): kvukv- k6kkv£, Lit. kuktUi cry as a
cuckoo, Assyr. fmuku cuckoo, cf. kvoukv- Mir. c&ach, OSlav. kuka-
vica Sk. Jctikas, onomatop.
cucumis cucumber (E.): fr. Adj. *cucumus *

baked, ripe,' fr. coquo, cf.
t4tcov (ripe) a kind of gourd not eaten
4
till quite ripe ' (Liddell &
Scott).
cucurbita gourd (E.) Redupl. of corbis, shaped like a basket '.
:
'
? cucus cuckoo (Plaut. Persa 173 Ritschl, from Gruter MSS. cujus) ; :
fr. cucHlus.
'
cudo strike: fr. *cUdu8 Adj., kvou- cf. *olri grass (= *»of-^, struck
by the sithe), Ags. hea-van hew E. E. hay hoe, Lit. kauti fight OSlav.
kovati strike.
culcita pillow (W. cylched, E. quilt cushion counterpane): * rounded,*
kvxjlkv- Lit. kulkd ball, cf. kvulkv- Sk. kUrcds cushion.
culex gnat (Ir. cuU) wheeling in its flight, fr. cold celer.
:
*
'
*
culina colina kitchen (E. kiln) fr. cold, quod ibi colebant :
'
ignem
(Varr.).
culleus culeus : cf . cdleus scrotum : fr. caulae,
l
having a mouth '.
culmus stalk : klmos K&Kafxos, cf. kolmos Ags. healm E. haulm, OSlav.
slama.
culpa colpa fault (E. culprit) :
culter knife (E. coulter cutlass cutler) :
Sk. kutharas '

axe ' seems too late (a.d. 500) to compare,
culullus cululus culillus sacrificial vessel
l
cuius irvyfi : fr. caulae, opening '.
cum com- with
1
(E. paraxon): kolv6s oommon (= *ko/j.-j6s, see comis),
Olr. com- with.
cum 2 quom quum when: from kvo- qui + a case-ending (see tarn : but
cume only a conjecture for cuine in Terentius Scaurus, Keil 7.
is 28).
cumera meal-tub
tcumlnum cumin : fictfiivov, Heb. kammon.
cumuhis heap (E. cumber)} = *cub4us, *
arched,' fr. cubitum, cf. kvoub-
Ags. heap E.
ciinae cradle : = *coinae, koi- Koirn lair, cf . kei- it€T/icu lie, m- Zd.
Sk. ci-.
cunctor delay konkv- Sk. cank- doubt,

:
cunctus conctus all inclusive (see frequens omnis:

*
' saepe), Part, of
*congvo i.e. cingo.
cuneus wedge (W. cyn, E. coign coin) :
no resemblance of meaning to kwvos, see cdnus.

tcunlculus rabbit (Polyb*. k^vikKos^W. cwning,J&. coney): Iberian (Aelian
N. A. 13. 15); properly little dog,' = *caniculus (whence NHG. *
kaninchen rabbit), fr. canis.

tcunila savoury (not cunlla in Plaut. Trin. 985) icovikti : :
cunnus: = *cut-nusi KVtJT- ktodos kvff6s (= *kvrj6s) kAtos a hollow, Lit.
kutys purse. .
..,-.'".•
cupa tub (E. coop cup cupola coif cuff goblet kibe OSlav. kupa cup) ;
kvup- Sk. k&pas pit, cf. kvup- kv*(Wov cup, Ags. hyfi hive E.
cupid desire (E. covet) kvop- cf. kvbp- capiS, try to take
: (see i
'
am6).
cuppes ciipes dainty greedy/ kvop- long form of praeced., cf Lucr.
:
'
.
cupedo desire Apicius coppddia titbits.

tcupressus cypress * Kinrpeacros by-form of iKmripurcos, Heb. kopher a
:
tree.
cur quor why : = *quod Abl. of qui .
cura care (E. proctor proxy scour sure) : = *coisa t Pselignian coisatens
curaverunt, kvois-, cf. kvis- t€-ti(<t)-i7c&s sorrowing.
curculio weevil *curculus thin, kvrk- cf. kvork- Zd. karec- be thin
:
Sk. karc-j kvrok- cracens (see gracilis).

curia division = *coviria, co- (see contio) + vir, cf. Volscian covehriu
:
conventu.
curro run (E. corridor corsair): = *quorso kvrs- MHG. hurren move- i
quickly E. hurrah.
curtus mutilated (E. curtail, OHG. kwrz short): krt6s icaprSs sliced,
Part. ker- Kclpw cut, Mir. cert small, Got. hairus sword.
fr.
curvus bent (E. curb)

cuspis point
ciistds keeper (E. accoutre) kuzdh- cf. Got. huzd hoard E. :
cutis skin kut- 4y-Kvri close ('on the skin ';, cf. kuti- Ags. hyd hide E.
:
tcyathus ladle KâBos :
tcybaea transport *icv&ala Adj. Fern. fr. *Kifa by-form of Ktufa, see
:
cymba.
tcycnus cygnus swan (E. cygnet): kvkvos: kukv- Sk. cukrds bright,
white.
tcymba cumba boat (E. coomb): icv^ri boat, cup, cf. khvumbh- Zd.
khumba pot Sk. kumbhds.
tcymbalum cymbal (E* chime) : KVfxfraXov :
*
cup-shaped,' fr. praeced.
tcytisus clover : \K{nuro s
tdaedalus variegated: halhahos, daid- Ags. tat delicate, joyful.

-dam enclitic (in quidam quondam) : a case-ending (cf. jam.) from do-,
see -de -do -dum.
damma dama deer
damnum loss (E. damage) = : *dapnum, dapno- ONor. ta/n sacrifice, cf
dapna handvri expense, fr. sq.
daps feast cf. 5<iirr« devour.
:
tdapsilis (term, after facilis) sumptuous : 5chJ/iA^j, = *&wr-Tt-A-^j fr.

praeced.
-de enclitic (in inde &c. unde quamde) : -5c (in #5c ToiefcrSe), cf. -dam*
de from (E. denizen) : Olr. dl concerning : = *dv€ a case-form fr. "dvd

two, 8<£- (in fttocjca twelve), Olr. (ta, OSlav. dm, Sk. dt$, see duo dis-.
decern ten (E. dismal ?) : dekm Lit. diszimtis OSlav. desetl (m for n from
the ordinal de*km-mos, see novem septem), for dekn 8&a, Olr. cfeicfc ?i-,
Got. taihun E. E. lilAi, Arm. tarn, Zd. dacan- Sk. <&fya.
decet befits dek- cf dok- Zok4oh seem.
: .
de-fendd repel (E. fend fender) 'beat off,' cf. of-fendd strike against :
de-frutum (Plaut.) must boiled down: bhboutom Ags. bread bread E.,
cf. BHRtfroM Thracian fyvrov beer, Parts, fr. bhreu- Ags. breovaii
Also defrutum (Verg.) must, bhbutom Olr. bruth heat, Ags.

brew E.
brod broth E.
cf Mir. bruith cookery. , .
de-inceps next following (orig. Adj.) fr. d€ + incipid begin, :
dein-de thereafter: *de-im 'from that,' d$+*im Abl. of is (cf. illitn

istim).
de-jero swear : formed for de-jUrd on anal, of pejerd quasi = per-j&rd.
delenio delinio (quasi fr. linum ' net ') charm fr. lenis. :
de-led destroy see letum :
not fr. tir)\4ojjMi (Dor. SaKcojjiai) hurt.

de-libero consider fr. liber, set free from extraneous matter.
:
'
'
de-libutus anointed fr. *libuo anoint, libh- cf. leibh- d\€^«.

:
tdelphinus dolphin (E.) *tic\<l>?vos by-form of fa\<f>is young,' gvelbh-

: :
'
5&<J>a| porker tic\<pfo womb, cf . gvolbh- Got. kalbo calf E. Zd. garewa ,
. womb Sk. gdrbhas.

-dem enclitic (in ibidem Idem identidem itidem pridem quidem tandem
tantundem totidem) : -dm, of. Kp6$-$a secretly, Sk. i-ddm it (see idem).
demotake away: *demus Adj., sq. (see emo).
fr.
demum at length Neut. of *demus Adj. from de.

:
deni 10 : for *dec-ni, on anal, of se?ti 6 = *sex-nl.

deni-que at length f r. *dene, de + -ne. :
dens tooth: dnt- Olr. del, Got. tunthm E. E. tusk, Zd. dahtan Sk
ddntas, cf, dont- Lit. dan&s and- with copulative prefix 6-5ot5s: Part.
(with reduced root) of edo,
densus thick : = * dent-tils Part. fr. dnt-, cf. Zaavs — Sgr-fa.
/ depso knead :
5fy«, cf. desp- OHG. zispan tread on ; from debh- MQu
knead,
desidero long for
hardly (1) 'miss from the session,' fr. stdo: (2) 'fail to see,' see
considerd.
de-stino make fast : from * stand *sta~no
y
set, sta- <rrdtris standing, Mir.
scssed (= Got. sta-n-dan stand E., and sta- st6.
*si-sta-tu-), cf.
deterior worse (for term, cf exterior interior) degenerate, * detents . : ' '
from de.
deus god (E. deuce) : = *d&ous, divus.
dexter right : Comparative form, cf. ^tr€p6s, from deks- t^rfs; Olr.
dess, Got. taihs-va, cf. de*ksinos Lit. destine right hand OSlav. deslnti
right, Zd. dashina Sk. ddkshinas.
tdiaeta diet (E.) : 8f-aira maintenance, fr. ttd through + atwfiai take,
Osc. aeteis partis.
tdica lawsuit Stay, : fr. sq.
dicax witty, dicio command, dicis (Gen.) form, died consecrate : dik-
Zd. dig- show Sk. die- point, cf. sq.
dico deico say (E. dight ditty) deik- feUvvfu show, Got. %&-teihaji pro-:
claim E. token teen tiny, cf. praeced.

dierectus crucified: pop. etym. (quasi 'dies rectus,' euphemism for
' dies malus
'), for dlrectus 'cut in pieces from di-rig6. '
dies dies day (E. journey sojourn) die- cf. dje- Sk. dydus sky, day, see :
diurnus nUndinae. Also dev-, biduum two days. —

digitus finger: deg- cf. deg- Got. tekan touch E. take tack tick &c.
tickle.
Osc. degetasis (epithet of a magistrate, quasi *
fingering ' the public
money !) is obscure,
dignus worthy (E. dainty deign disdain) noticeable, fr. died. :
'
'
di-ligo love from *lego care for, cf. intel-lego neg-lego (all three with
:
Perf. in -xi) relligio, d-x£y« care for.

di-mico fight :
'
strike on different sides,' micd.
dims ill-omened = *dvt-r6s fr. duo, different from what should
:
'
'
be, cf. Serv. Aen. 3. 235 Sabini et Umbri, quae nos mala, dira
appellant.
dis- (Got. dis-tairan burst) di- apart : lost cases fr. duo, '
in two, ' cf
Got. ftrw-standan to separate.
discipulus pupil : = *disci-blus Adj. (see duplus) fr. sq.
disco learn = *dic-8co fr. dico, ' have pointed out to me \
:
tdiscus quoit (E. dish dais desk) Mcricos, = *8f*c-(TKos fr. tiice'iv throw. :
disertus fluent «with different accomplishments,' fr. ars, with inter-

:
vocalic s preserved as though Deponent Part, of dissero discourse.

dis-sipo scatter from supd throw, Lit. sitpti swing.
:
di-stinguo divide :
* strike asunder,' see stinguo.
tdithyrambus hymn to Bacchus: irMpapfros (for term, see iambus
triumphus) :
diurnus by day: fr. *dius day, Olr. die (= *di-jos), cf. dies, with term.
of nocturnus by night, ytJicrwp.
dives rich godlike, blest,' fr. dims.
:
'
di-vido divide (E. device devise) vidh-, see viduus. :
dlvus deivos dius god divum sky (as home of the gods) deiv- Lit. :
diewas god, Sk. devds, cf. div- Stos divine, Mir. dia god, ONor. tivi
Ags. Tives-d&g Tuesday E.
3o ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
-do enclitic (in endo quando, and see idoneiis) : do to, Ags. to E., cf. r>o
Olr. do, OSlav. do, see d6nec.
do give (E. dado dice) = *da-6, : cf. 5<{-vo* gift, Ann. ta-m I give, r>A-
weak form of do- ddnum.
-do put (in cre-dd) for -deo -dS5 (by analogy of abdo &c.), dhe- rl$ri/uLi t
:
Got. gb-dSds action E. deed, Lit. d2mi I place OSlav. dej'g,, Zd. (ia- put
Sk. dha-, cf. dho- floyufc heap, Got. doms judgment E. doom deem Ags.
ddn do E.
But abdd addd condo dido edo indo obdd perdd reddo subdo vendd are
from Adjs. *ab-dus &c, cf. condus one who lays up from con-. *
'
doceo teach
dodrans three-fourths = *doquadrans from *dd by-form of de (see non
:
and sobrius) + quadrans quarter minus a quarter,' as dextans five- :

*
sixths = de + sextans,
doled suffer : am beaten,'
fr. dold.
*
dolium jar
dolo pike, studding-sail (triangular, like the head of a pike Polyb. :
f$6\av, while Plut.'s 86\<ov stiletto is fr. 86\os) sq., striking (of.
*
' :
'
'
TT€\€Kdw dold fr. itcKckus battle-axe).

dolo hew dl- MHG. zol log.
:
dolus guile Z6\os.:
domicilium habitation: fr. *domiculus Dimin. of *domicus Adj. of domus.

dominus domnus dubenus (Fest.) master (E. dam &c. danger demesne
domain duenna dungeon monkey) = *dob-nos foreign ? : :
domo tame (E. daunt) dom- W. dofi, Got. g&,-tamjan E., Sk. dam-
:
control, cf. dm- tiapdfa, Olr. io-daimim I suffer (' am tamed ').
domus house SSfios, Olr. dom, OSlav. domU, Zd. dema Sk. damds, cf. dm-
:
Arm. tun house ( = *tm-an) fr. Sûa build, Got. timrjan E. timber.
:
donee donique (on anal, of neque beside nee) donicum till do- to (see :
* *
+ -ne + cum when.

-do)
ddnum gift (E. guerdon) : Olr. dan, do- 5f5«/u give Swpov gift, Lit. dUti
give OSlav. dati, Arm. tur gift, Zd. Sk. da- give.
dormid sleep: dr-m- cf. der-m- OSlav. dremati nod, and dr- tapddvoo sleep.
dorsum dossum back (E. reredos) = *dort-tum drt- cf. drot- Olr.
:
druim %
dos dower (E.) do-ti- cf. %wr\vr\ gift, fr. do-num.

:
tdrapeta runaway: tpavcrris: 'going at a run,' fr. b-Ko-Sitpdo-Koo run

away, Sk. dm- run, + pet- go see petd, cf ookv-v4tt)s swift-running.
'
' .
dubius doubtful (E. doubt) fr. *dubus (cf. medius-merus), Pest. dubat
:
dubitat addubdnum dubium fr. duo + bho- (see acerbus). :
duc5 douco draw (E. douche redoubt Bubdue) : = *deuco, deuk- Got.
tiuhan E. fo?0 Jw# tie toil toy tuck Vb. wanton ftouch, cf . duk- <te
leader, Hesych. $atit<r<rc<r6cu be dragged.
diidum before : till now,' dd- to (see donee) + -dum.

4
duellum war (E. duel) = *dvellum, of. helium : :
dulcis sweet : = *dluquis, cf . y\victs = *$\vk6s :
-dum now (in dudum nondum) : Ace. Neut., cf. -dam -de -do
dum while : Ace. Neut, from do, see -do.
dumus dumetum dummetum thicket *dusm-, cf. Fest. dusmo :
dumoso
duo duo (Ausonius) two (E. dozen): duvo, OUmbr. tuva (Neut.),
W(f) w OSlav. dtiva, cf. duvo Ho, dvo Got. tvai E. E. twig &c, Zd.
»
dm- Sk. dwf-, cf. sq.

dupl-ex duplus double (E.) : du- two Lit. du, + term, -blus for -bdus cf.
Umbr. tribdicu trebling ( = *tri-plic-io).
durus hard (Mir. dur) :
ebrius drunk : e (see ex) * very ' + *brius drunk (see so-brius) :
ebulum danewort
tebur ivory (E.) : cf. Egyptian db (Pierret), and perhaps Sk. ibhas
elephant.
e-castor O Castor : *e Interj., cf. t *.
ecce lo : et + -ce. —In comedy also declined (on anal of ille ipse iste),
Ace. Sing, eceum eccam, Ace. Plur. eccos eccds ecca.

techinus hedgehog: ixivos, egh- cf. OHG. igil, Lit. ezljs OSlav. jezl
(=*j-ez-ju), and ogh- Arm. ozni.
Hardly fr. fy 15 viper, Arm. i&, Zd. azhi snake Sk. dhis : no resem-
blance of meaning.
techo echo ^x^ : :
ecquis any : et + quia 2 .
edepol indeed : Osc. deded = dedit), as in late Lat.

Osc. *ed for et (cf . :
short for *
Castor and
e Castor ed e Pol-,' Pollux.
edd eat : l&», Mir. esur Put., Got. itan E. E. fret ort, Sk. ad-, see
Ssca.
eged want : eg- ONor. ekla dearth, Zd. az to desire.

ego ego I : 4y6, Got. ik E., Lit. asz OSlav. az& (the a in both obscure),
Arm. es ; cf . 4ydv, Zd. azem Sk. ahdm.
ehem Interj. : = em (cf. mehe = me, see vehemens).
e-heu Interj. : *£ cf. ^ + heu.
e-ho Interj. : e- see ecastor + *A5 = 6.
eja heja Interj. (e lengthened by they) : ela.
ejero refuse : formed for S-j&rd on anal, of pej'erd quasi = per-jUrd, see
ejulo hejulowail : fr. eja, the meaning of Interjs. being indeterminate,

ah and oh are used both of joy and of grief.
telectrum amber Hj\*KTpov : Prussian (amber from the Baltic) ?
:
e-legans e-ligans luxurious: 'very careful,' *leg6 by-form of *lego (as

lavd sond of lavd sono) care for, see dlligd.
telegi elegy: ffaeyoi:
elementum element = *edementum, ed-, see as :
telenchus ear-pendant of tapering pearls (Plin. 9. 113) : fceyxos refu-

tation : history of change of meaning unknown,
telephas elephant f4\4<t>as, Heb. eleph bull, see alpha.
:
telleborus helleborus hellebore i4\\4Qopos itetQopos : :
ellum behold him = 8m (l)llum. :
te-logium inscription 8 + \6yiov announcement, :
em hem Interj.
e-mined project mun- see prdmunturium, cf. k-n$v<a ward off.
:
emo buy (E. ransom redeem) orig. «take' (Fest.), as in adimo <fcc, :
Mir. fo-emaim I take, cf. m- &/i<£w collect, Lit. imti take OSlav. yeti.
Hence adimo coemo dirimo eximo interlmo perimo redimd, Pert, ademl
&c, and *surimo (see sirempsc) but not comd demo promo sumo, ;
Perf compsi &c.

.
emolumentum gain fr. e-moU grind out. :
e-mungd wipe the nose mungv- cf mugv- mUgilis. : .
emusitatus finished Plaut. Mil. 631 : 2 + a comic form *mussim for

amussim.
en lo ijv, cf. Olr. en-de (Stokes, Remarks), onomatop.
:
enim indeed NUmbr. enem then : inside,' fr. in + a quasi numeral :

'
ending, see autem.

ensis sword nsis, Sk. : asis.
ed go (E. issue) : = *ej6, ei- el/u, Lit. etti to go OSlav. iti, Sk. ay, cf. i-
Got. iddja I went, Ags. gan go (=*ga-i-n; see co~) E., Zd. Sk. i-.
tepiredium trace *4iri-pfi8iov fr. +*^8>;, raeda.

:
tepops hoopoe (E.) fcroif/, for *&ro\f/, see upupa.

:
tepos epic tiros word, vekv-, see voc6.

:
epulae feast
e-quidem indeed e- pronominal element, cf. 4-kuvos he ?
:
equus horse e*k-vos, Olr. ech, Got. aihva- (in aihva-tundi bush, quasi
:
horse's tooth ') Ags. eoh, Zd. acpa- Sk. dcvas, cf. ok-vos Lit. aszwa
'
mare.
TWiros Xkkos horse can hardly be connected.
erga opposite, ergo because of = *edga *edgo, edh- up see ad- + Adj.- :
ending -gvo.
ericius (from an Adj. *Srucus) er hedgehog (E. tvrehin) = *her> Hesych. :
xhp-
erro wander (E. arrant err) : = *ers6, cf. Got. airman mislead OHG.
irrdn err.
eruca colewort (E. rocket 3) :
' like a hedgehog curled up,' er see ericius.
eras herus master: = *esus, Zd. anhus; 'proprietor,' es- see sum, cf.
obffia (from the same root) property.

ervum pulse (OHG. araweiz pea NHG. erbse) 'of the field,' ; fr.
arvum?
esca food : =
ed- Got. uz-eta crib, Lit. 'edmi I eat OSlav. jadl
*ed-sca,
food, Sk. ddyas edible,of. ed- edo.
tessedum car : Belgic (Verg. Geo. 3. 204).

et and = *6ti, in further, Got. ith and, Sk. dti over, cf eti Zd. aiti.
: .
etiam also = et + jam, as quoniam since = quom + jam.

:
teuax Interj. : *e2a| from evoi, sq. (cf. ir<frra£ from into™).
teuhoe evoe Interj. : tv(f)o?.
teurus S. E. wind: efyos: = *e&r-pos fr. iird, 'scorching'?
ex e (on anal, of de) out of (E. strange) : i£, Olr. ess-, Zd. ash- very
= ek ec-fero carry out, 4k out of, Lit. isz (cf. eg OSlav. izU), + s (cf.
abs- os-).
examen exag-men swarm = : ex + agmen train (fr. ago).
texanclo draw out : iâvrKew, fr. &vr\os hold of a ship.
texcetra snake :
hardly cf. Pruss. esketres sturgeon,

exemplum model (E. sample) : = *exem-blum (for term, see duplus) fr.
exim-o take out.

ex-ilis thin :
* eviscerated/ fr. ilia.
ex-pedid set free :

'
unfasten,' ped-, see oppido.
ex-perior try see perlculum. :
ex-ploro search out: 'strike out,' fr. plodo (as excutio examine fr. quatio
shake).
ex-sul ex-sol (Cassiodorus, Keil 7. 152) exile : fr. sedeo, see consul.
exta internal organs = *enxta btkvsto- Lit. inkstas kidney. Hardly
: —
add ONor. eista testiculus, OSlav. isto, from oisto- (or oikvsto-).
ex-torris banished trs- cf. ters- terreo.
:
ex-uo doff : = *exuvo from *avo clothe, NUmbr. exi-ovihimu let him
assume, Lit. aUti put on shoes, see induo subucula.
faba haba bean (W. ffden) bhab- (or bhabh-) Pruss. babo OSlav. bobil. :
faber smith (E. forge frigate) 'adapter,' dhabh- Got. gs,-daban happen :
ga,-dobs fitting E. dapper daft deft, Lit. dabinti adorn.

facetus elegant well-made,' fr. *faced by-form oifacio.
:
'
fades shape, facio make (E. feat fetish franion surfeit) dhe-k- Olr. :
denim I do, cf. dhS-k- ie^Ka I placed from dhe- Arm. dnem I place, :
cf. dhe-, see -do.
faenum fenum hay (E. fennel)

faenus fenus interest : fr. praeced. (cf. emolumentum).
faex dregs
fagus beech <pny6s oak (see on frdxinus), Ags. bece beech E. E. buck-
:
wheat.
tfala tower Etrusc, cf. Etrusc. falandum sky (Fest.), high
: «
Hesych. <p6Xai opi\ is a conjecture for <pd\at fy>a.

• •
tfalarica fiery arrow Spanish (used by the Saguntines, Liv. 21. 8) ?

:
falld deceive (E. fail falter fault) = *fahio, dhvl- Mir. dall blind, cf. :
dhvol- 6o\(p6s turbid 0o\6s mud, Got. dvals dull E. E. dolt Ags.
dvelian mislead.
Not = *falvo, bhalv- <f>av\os slight (= *<p6xpos) Got. balvfan to y
plague E. baleful which gives too strong a meaning,

:
falx sickle (E. falchion) :
fama fame : <^/«j, fx.f&ri.

fames hunger (E. famine): 'gaping,' ohvam- xa^« yawn (= *x^ftj«),
cf. ghvam- x*wos gaping ( = *xa/ifoj) X^m cockle, Ags. goma jaws E.
gums, Lit. gomurys gum.

tfamulus slave Osc. famel (Fest.) for *famed-, cf. OUmbr. famedias
:
families: 'dweller' in the house (oikIttis), bham- cf. bham- Osc. faamat
he dwells.
fanum temple :
' sacred,' = *fds-num fr. fas.
far spelt: farr- bhar-s-, Ir. bar bread, OSlav. brdslno food, see farina.
Hardly add Ags. bere barley E. E. bam.
farcid cram (E. farce forceme&t) : bhekv- Olr. bare multitude (Stokes
Remarks), ct bhrkv- fortis, <pp&crcr<a fence, bhrekv- seefrcquens.
tfarfarus farferus coltsfoot : Sabine, cf . the river-name Farfarus or
Fabaris : nascitur secundum fluvios Plin. 24. 135.
farina flour : = *faris-na i cf. Got. barizcins of barley, bhar-es- cf.
bhar-s- far.
far! to speak bha- : <fmfil I speak, Olr. ad&o I forbid, OSlav. bajati to
converse.
fas religion
fascino bewitch : fZafficalrca (for *<pa<ricodv<a : Thracian, see boreds ?)
*
bind,' fr. sq.
fascis bundle bhask- (pdo-KuXos wallet.
:
fastidium loathing = *fastitldium fr. fdstus : + taedium weariness (fr.
taedet).
fastlgium top : = *farsti-gvium fr. BHRSTf- cf BHRSTf- Ags. byrst bristle

.
E., Sk. bhrshtis point, + term. -gvo-.

fastus pride = *farstus, bhars-
: OHG. parrunga, parren be stiff,
fastus Adj. lawful fas. :
fateor own :
' open the mouth,' fet- seefessus, sq.
fatigo fetlgd (Probus, Keil 4. 212) tire ('cause to gape '), fatisco gape
fr. *fetis gaping, fessw.
fatuus foolish (Ei.fade) : * gaping,' praeced.
fauces pharynx
not fr. Sk. bhukasf opening.
faveo favour: 'give life to,' = *foved, bhou- cf. bhO -fui.
favilla emberd 'glowing,' = */ovllla dhoghv- cf. dhoghv- Sk. ni-d
:
heat, dheghv- r4<ppa ashes ( = *e4xF~pa) Lit. elegit I burn.

t
favus honeycomb : * dwelling,' = *fovos, bhou- Got. bauains dwelling E.

bower booth, Sk. bhavanam, fr. fui.
fax torch :
febris hebris fever

not fr. (1) (pô/xai flee: no similarity of meaning: (2) Ags. bifian
tremble, bhibh-.
fecundus faec- foec- fertile: 'nourishing,' cf. fellx, dhe- suck, seefelld.
fel gall fell- ghvel-n- cf. ghvol-n- Ags. gealla E.
: and ghvol- x^ 05 ;
*
- ghvl- OSlav. zlittl yellow, see flaws. :

'
'
feles faeles cat :
felix fertile : 'nourishing,' fr. *fela breast, 6r;A^, dhE-l- cf. dhe-l- Mir.
del, OHG. tila, sq.
fello felo suck : dhe-l- 6r)\vs female, Lit. dele leech, Sk. dhdrtis suck-
ling: from dhe- 0rj<rdai suck, OSlav. detg infant, Arm. diem I suck,
Zd. da- suck Sk. dhd- t
cf. dhe- Olr. dith suxit, dho- Got. (£addjan
suckle.
femina woman (Ags. faemne maiden; E. female) : 'giving suck,' dhe-,
see praeced.
femur femen thigh
tfenestra festra window
feralis funereal solemn,' fr. fer-iae.
:
' -
fere nearly brought close to,' ir.fero.

:
'
ferentarius lightarmed rushing,' fr. ferens Part, of ferd, in the sense

:
'
of seferre, to rush.
feriae holydays (E. fair Subst.) : = *fesia£ i ci.fes-tus.
ferio strike bher- ONor. berja,
: cf. bhor- Lit. barii I scold OSlav. borja
I fight.
ferme nearly is. fere + Adj. -ending -mo-.
;
fermentum yeast: 'causing movement,' fr. sq., cf. Ags. beorina and
BHOR-MO- E. barm.
fero bear, move: <p4pw bear, Olr. bcrid fert, Got. bairan E. E. barrow'2 ,
OSlav. bera I take, Arm. berem I bear, Zd. bar- bear Sk. bhar-.
ferrum iron (E. farrier)
not (1) Heb. barzel: (2) cf. Ags. bras brass E., ONor. brasa harden by
fire E. brazier.
fertum ferctum cake Part. Neut. of *fergo bake,' bhergv- cf. bhrgv-
:
'
Olr. bairgen bread, bhrgv- Pruss. birga-k&rkis basting-ladle.

ferula fennel-giant : ' light ' (gestatu facilis Plin. 13. 123), fr. fero.
ferns wild (E. fierce)
not gh-v-eb- <^p dtp beast, Lit. zimeris OSlav. zverl.
cf.
ferved ferbed boil bherv- Mir. berbaim I boil. :
fessus weary = *fet-tus gaping, aeefatisco, Part, from fet-

: :
festino hasten
festuca fistuca stalk see fistula :
festus solemn Oso. filsno temple : of.
feted faeted foeted stink

fetiales heralds
fetus foetus fruitful, newly delivered: 'giving suck,' dhe- seefelld.
fi Interj. oi.fu. :
fibra fibre : = *fis-ra of. Qnvia-filum.

fibula buckle : = *flvi-bula fr. flv5 (Cato) —figo.
f icedula (for the term, see acredula) f icella becafico : fr. sq.
flcus shaped like a drone,' fucus 2

fig (E.) :
'
.
fidelia pot bhidh- nidos jar.

:
fides faith (E. E. defy): bhidh-, seefldus.

fides 2 lyre:
not QHIDH- Kiddpa (quasi *x^-dpa rather Semitic). :
f idus trustybheidh- irefflw persuade, cf bhoidh- Got. baidjan compel.

: .
flgo fix dialectic for fivo, see fibula

: prick/ digv- Lit. dygiis : '
prickly. ^
filius son: = *fulius tribesman, <pv\ov tribe, from bhu-, seeful.
Rather than = *felius suckling fr. felld, cf. Lit. pirm-c^Zys firstborn
(of animals).
filix felix fern
f Hum thread, thickness (Munro Lucr. 2. 341 : E. profile) : = *fislum.
Lit. gysla sinew, see fibra.
fimbriae fringe (E.) = *finsriae ghvins- cf. ghvis- praeced. :
fimus dung: 'strong-smelling,' = *fumus t see suffio.

findo split (E. vent) cf. bhid- <f>irp6s (i.e. *fi-Tp4s, see meditor) log, Zd.
:
bid- split Sk. bhid-, and bheid- <p(i$o/Aai spare (' take a bit of '), Got.
beitan bite E. E. butt Vb.
fingd mould (E. faint feint) cf. dhigh- Sk. dih- smear, dheigh- t€?xoj :
wall (see mdceria), Got. deigan mould E. dough dairy lady.

finis limit (E. finance fine Subst. and Adj.) :
* marked by a rope,' funis.
f 15 become : = *fuo fr. fui.
f irmus firm (E. farm) : = *fid-mus fr. fido> ' reliable '.
fiscus basket
fistuca rammer fr. fastis. :
fistula pipe (E. fester) fr. festuca : (cf. avena stalk, pipe).
flaccus flap-eared (E. flange flank flunkey) : = *fldcus, bhlk<5s (j>o\k6s
bandy-legged, fr. flecto.
flagitium importunity (' demanding '), shameful act : sq.

flagi to demand :
'
press, beat,' long form fr. flag-rum.
flagro burn : bhleg- <p\4yw, OHG. blechen to flash, cf. bhlog- Sk.
bhrdj- shine.
flagrum whip (E. flail flog)
flamen priest : = *fldd-me7i (for term, cf . -Koi-fi^v), bhlad- Got. bldtan to
worship.
flamma blaze = *fldma fr. fit. :
flavus yellow (E. flavour) ghvi.-vos : of. fulvus gilvus, ghvl- xAewp<fe,
ghvel- Lit. gelsti grow yellow.
flecto bend (E. flinch)
flemina congestion of blood = *flet-mina, bhlet- : cf. bhlot- Got. Moth
blood E. fr. sq., flowing '.
:
'
fled weep (E. feeble foible) : <f>k4oo overflow : aeeflos.

fllgo strike : bhligv- <f>\ifia> Okipa, W. blif catapult.
Not add Got. bliggvan beat, or OSlav. blizna scar.
flo blow (E. flageolet flute flout flue) : = *fld-o, bhl- cf. bhl- ONor. bylr
gust.
floccus lock of wool
flos flower (E. E. flour) bhlo-s- Ags. blos-ma E. blossom, cf. bhlo- Mir.
:
bla-th. Got. blo-ma E. bloom Ags. blo-van to smell E. blow Vb. 2 and ,
bhle- cf. fleo.
fluo flow (E.floss-silk, flotilla but not flovi) = *flugvo, bhlugv- olv6- ; :
drunken <p\vKraiva blister (' discharging ').

<p\vl-
foculum fire-pan Plaut. Persa 104 = *foviculum fr. foveo. :
focus hearth (E. fuel fusee) place,' fr. facio. :

l
fodio dig: bhodh- 06dpos trench (with j8, for ir, from jSa^tJs?), Lit.
badau I prick OSlav. boda, cf. bhedh- W. bedd grave, Lit. bedu
I dig.
foedus fidus (Enn.) fedus Subst. treaty: = *foidos, Beefidus.
foedus fedus Adj. foul = *foes-dus tr.fus-Gus,fois-. :
folium leaf <pv\Xov (for *<p6\]op).

:
follis bag (E. fool) = *fol-nis, bhol-n- : OHG. ballo ball E.

fomes tinder := *fovimes fr. foveo.
fons spring: = *faunsfavens 'blessing,' Part, of fa veo, cf. NUmbr. fons
(i.e. *fau-nus) favens.
forceps pincers =• *formi-ceps (fr. capio), Fest. formus hot, ghvor-mo-
:
Zd. garema- hot Sk. gharmds heat, cf. ghver-mo- dep^6s hot, Arm.
jerm, ghvb-m- Pruss. gorme heat from ghvor- Lit. gdras steam ;
OSlav. goreti burn, Sk. ghar-, cf. ghver- dtpofxai grow warm.
fore to be about to be short for fore esse,' to be out, abroad, beyond,
:
*
cf Hor. Sat. 1. 2. 67 exclusus fore ( = forts out as mage pote = magis

.
potis). —
From fore, taken as Inf., was formed forem Subj.
foris door (E. foreign forest foreclose forfeit) : dhvb-is OSlav. dviri, cf.
dhub- 06pa, Olr. doros, Got. daur E., Lit. diirys, Arm. durn, dhvor-
Zd. dvara ; and dub- Sk. (far-, dvob- Sk. î^r.
forma shape
not cf. Sk. dhariman balance, formf, from dhar- hold.
formica furmica ant :
formidd bugbear, fear shape, imaginary shape,' fr. forma. :

'
fornix oven, fornix arch (' vaulted like an oven) seefumus. ' :
ford bore bhb- <pdpos plough, Ags. borian bore E., cf. bheb- Zd.
: bar-
bore.
fors chance : forti- BHBTf- Ags. ge-byrd fate, cf. (for the form) Got. ga-
baurths birth E., Sk. bhrtis maintenance :
* what comes,' it.fero.
fortassis fortasse perhaps :
'
you would affirm ' (hence in Plaut. and
Ter. with Inf.), 2 Sing. Perf. Subj. of *fort6 {=firm6, 'affirm,') fr. sq.
fortis forctis strong (E. force fort) : ic. fortius horctus good (Fest.), bhbkv-
to*s <ppaKr6s fortified, fr. fardo.
forum market-place dhvob- : Lit. dwdras court OSlav. dvorfi, Zd. dvara
palace : 'place with doors,' see foris.
fonts gangway : fr. fero (as via fr. veho).
fovea pit ghevia x^/7 )"* no^ e
: «
foveo warm revive,' bhev- Ags. beon be E. E. bondage bondsman.

: *
husband hus&a?idman boor bylaw neighbour, cf. bhev- Sk. bhavayus

fostering, fr. ful.
fraga strawberries = *srdqa, cf. fi&£ grape. :
fragrd fraglo flagro (Ellis Catull. p. 344 sq.) smell: = fiagrd, smell
being brought out by burning (the 2 first spellings to differentiate the
meaning).
tframea spear German (Tac.) :
hardly a mistake for *franca, Ags. franca.

frangd break (E. frail osprey refrain Subst.) : = *frengo, cf. bhbeg- Got.
brikan E. E. brook Subst. brake bray f bribe.
frater brother (E. friar) <ppdrr)p clansman, Olr. brdthir brother, Got. :
brothar E., Lit. broterelis (Dimin.) OSlav. bratrU, Arm. cXbair, Zd.
bratar- Sk. bhrcitar.
fraus hurt BHBOUDf- cf. bhbeud- Ags. breotan break E. brittle.
:
fraxinus ash: = *frdg-ti-nus, BBUG-farnus (Vitruvius, = *farg-nus), Sk.

bhurjas birch (for confusion of tree-names seefagus), cf. bherg- Ags.
beorce E., Lit. birzas OSlav. breza.
fremo roar ghvrem- xp€/*«T ^C« n eigh> Ags. grim wild E. grim grumble,
:
cf. ghvrom- Mir. yromma satire, Got. gramjan provoke, OSlav. gromti.
thunder.
frendo crush, gnash the teeth : ghrendh- Ags. grindan grind E.
frenum fraenum bit (E. refrain Vb.)
frequens frequent: bhrekv- seefarcio, crowding' (see cunctus). *
fretum strait
fretus relying on borne up by,' Part, otfero (as cretus of cemo).
:
'
fried rub (E. fray Vb.) fr. *fri-cus Adj. fr. frit. :
frigo roast (E. fritter fry) = *frUgo Qpvyoo, cf. bhrug- Ir. bruighim I
:
f
roast (E. broil).

frigus cold (E. frill) : = *srigus, fiyos.
friguttid (Plaut.) fringuttid (Varr.) twitter : frigv- cf. frigo squeak
(Afranius), fringv- cf. fringuWa chaffinch (Varr.)
not cf. Lit. brizgeti bleat,
frio rub :ghri- cf. ghri- xp*« anoint xp*/* a °^» an ^ ghri-s- xP' (r/ia -
fritillus dicebox: Dimin. of *frulus—frutex (cf. alius allex), 'like a

small tree'.
frivola lumber : *frl-vus rubbed, W. briw broken, see frid.
7
frons 1 brow (E. flounce Subst.) : BHRONTf- cf. bhront - ONor. brand
ship's beak (Vigfusson).
frons 2 leaf: bhrondI- cf. bhrend- Lit. brindau I ripen.
fruor enjoy : = *fruor *frugvor bhrugv- Got. brukjan enjoy
y
E. brook Vb.
broker.
frustra in error : = *frOd-trd fr. fraus.
frustum frustrum bit : dhraus- 0pat5(cr)« break,
frutex shrub
fu Interj. <pv E.foh.
: t
tfucus 1 rock-lichen (used as a dye): foreign, cf.t <pvicos seaweed, Heb.

puk paint.
fucus 2 drone
fugid flee: <pvyi) flight, Sk. bhuj- bend, cf. bhugv- Lit. bilgau am fright-
ened, bheugv- <peby<a flee.
ful fu-vi was bh(j- tptw produce, Lit.
: btiti be OSlav. byti, Zd. bu- Sk.
bhu-, cf. bhu- <pvr6v plant, Mir. both hut ('place to live in'), aeefaveo
favus fid foveo.
fulcio support
fulgd shine bhlg- : cf. bhleg- flagrd.
fulica coot : = *fuliga (see pertica) bhli-gva- MHG. belche (
= *buliche) t
cf. bhl- <pa\apis: 'white-headed,' h.fullo.
fuligo soot : = *fuvili-go fr. *fUvilis Adj. (see ullgo) from dhu- fumus.
fulld fuller (E. E. foil Vb.) :
'
whitener,' = */wZ-?io, bhl- <pa\-opida> whiten
bhol- Lit. bdltas white, bhel- Ags. bael fire, OSlav.

<pa\aKp6s bald, cf.
bhdlam brightness.
beta white, Sk.
fulvus yellow ghvl-vos, cf. fldvus.
:
fumus smoke: Lit. dtimas OSlav. dymU, Sk. dhumds, from dhu- Obw
rush.
funda sling: sq., 'striking'.
fundd pour, scatter (E. foison funnel refuse) bhund- of. bheud- fudl :
Perf., bhoud- Ags. bedtan strike E. beat fbutt, see fHsu*.

Rather than ghund- cf. gheu-d- Got. giutan pour E. gush gust gut
ingot, from gheu- xîf)^ 8ee gutto"
fundus bottom (E. found Vb. founder Vb.) bhund- vivtiat (for *<t>fo8a£, :
with ir- from irvdfi-fip), Olr. bond (E. bounds bourn 1 ), cf. bhud- Ags.
botm E. by-form bhudh- trvO/jL-nu, Zd. 6wwa Sk. budhnds.
:
fungor perform cf bhug- Sk. bhuj enjoy, bhoug- Arm. boic food,
: .
tfunguis mushroom: foreign, cf. i<r<j>6yyos <rir6yyos sponge (E. E. spunk).

funis rope = *foinis ghvoinis cf. ghveinis Lit. geinis ?
:
funus corpse on the pyre (Serv.)

fur thief: = *fdr (ci.forcilla Dimin. of sq., Catull. 105. 2 Ellis), <pp :
furca fork praeced., instrument for punishing thieves '.

:
'
furfur bran: 'purgamentum farinae' (Facciolati), cf. NUmbr. furfant

they cleanse
furnus oven ghvrn6s OSlav. grunU kettle, Sk. ghrnds heat
: from :
ghvor-, see forceps.

furo rage: = *fuso dhus- 0v{<r)ids Maenad 6v<r-rds (Hesych.), Ags. dysig
foolish (Grein) E. dizzy.
furvus forvus black
fuscina trident
fus-cus black: see foedus Adj.
fustis club (E. fusty) :
fusus fussus spindle : = *fud-tus Part. fr. fundd, '

struck ' to make it
revolve.
futtilis futilis vain : fr. *futus, see confutd, '
shaky '.
futud : Ir. both Wos (O'Donovan).
tgaesum gesum Spanish (Athenaeus)

javelin (ONor. kesja halberd) :
Polyb. fy euros ghais- xî*) 05 shepherd's staff, Olr. gai spear, Ags.
:
gar E. &u-ger garlic gore Vb.

tgalbanum a gum *xd\fiwov txaAjS^, Heb. helb'ndh.
:
galbinus green
t galea helmet (orig. of weasel-skin, II. 10. 335 icnticr) kwctj) : ya\€ri
weasel.
gallus cock : =/gal-nus, gal-n- ONor. kalla call E.
ganeum underground room (Fest.)
gannio yelp
not =
*gangnio fr. *gang~nus Adj., gvangv- OSlav. gagnati to murmur,
gvagv- MHG. kach loud laughter this would only become *gagwid.
cf.
garrio chatter = *garsid gvars- Hesych. yappubfitBa we abuse, OHG.

:
kerran to cry, Lit. garsas noise,

tgarum caviar fydpos : :
gauded rejoice (E. E. gaud jewel joy) : = *gdvidco (of. gavisus Part.) fr.
Adj. *cfdvidu8 fr. *gd-vus, ga- yri-Oca, cf. GA- ya-ioov (Part.).
tgaulus pail fy av\6s cf. Sk. gold\ jug
: : ?
tgausape felt *yav<rairi fyafoairos

: :
tgaza treasure (E. gazette ?) : fyd(a, cf . Pers. geng' Zenker 763 a.

gelus frost (E. jelly) : gvel- cf. gvol- Got. kalds cold E. E. cool chill,
OSlav. golotl ice.
,gemini twins fellows,' dialectic by-form of *hemines fr. hemo, see
: *
homo (for the terminations cf. termini r4pfiov€s).

gem-ma bud, gem (E. cameo) swelling,' fr. sq. :
l
gemd groan (Ital. gcmere trickle) 'am sated, oppressed,' gvem- ycfico :
am full, cf. gvm- OSlav. zlma I compress.

gena cheek Olr. gen mouth, Arm. cnaut cheek, see genulnus.
:
gener son-in-law : kinsman by election, fr. genus.

4
'
Not for *gemros gm-ros cf gam-ros yajifipSs, fr. yd/mos marriage.

.
genesta genista broom sprouting,' fr. genus. :

'
genu, knee gnu cf go"nu y6rv, gDnu Sk. jctnu, gon- Arm. cunr and
: . ;
gnu yvv-ireTos fallen on the knees, Zd. zhnu knee Sk. jnu, gneu Got.
kniu E.
genuinus grinder genu- yhvs jaw, Got. kinnus cheek E. chin, cf. Sk.
:
hdnus jawbone, see gena.

genus birth (E. gender jaunty) gen- yfros, Mir. gem, Arm. cin Zd. :
}
zan- give birth to Sk. jan- t

cf. gn- Got. kuni kin E. E. kind king knave
knight, see ndscor.
germanus brother gen-mn-n<5s (see humdnus), gen-mn- cf. sq.
:
germen sprig = *genmen cf. Late-Lat. genimen, fr. genus, growth

:
*
'.
gero carry (E. jest register) = *geso : :
tgerrae nonsense yfypa wickerwork (' flimsy ') :
gibbus hump = *gubbus *gilbus gvub- (or gvubh-) cf. gvumb- (or
:
gvumbh-) Lit. gumbos excrescence.

gignd produce cf. ylypo/iai become, Redupl. of gn- see genus.
:
gilvus gilbus yellow dialectic by-form of helvus light bay, ghvelvos:
Ags. geolo yellow E. E. yolk, cf. ghvlvos fulvus, and seejlavvs.

gingiva (for term. cf. sal-iva) gum Gaulish (as first in Catullus) ? :
glaber smooth ghvladh- OHG. glat smooth, bright, gay Ags. glad gay
:
E. glad, cf. ghvlad - Lit. glodus smooth OSlav. gladiti to smooth,

see blandus.
glacies ice :
gladius sword (E. glaive)

glaeba gleba clod
tglaesum glesum amber : German (Plin. 87. 42), Ags. glaere resin
(Kluge) akin to Ags. glds glass E.
;
glans acorn like a stone,' ghland-

: » cf. ghlad- sq.
glarea gravel = *glddea, : cf x*t)5os rubbish.

.
tglaucus bright y\avic6s : :
gliscd spread : gli- of. gu- Zd. zri- extend, gloi- Sk. jrdyas extent.
globus ball
glomus glomus ball bound together,' cf Ags. clam band.
:
*
.
gloria fame : = *glosia, OSlav. glasU voice, making a noise ' in the
world '.
glubo peel: gleubh- Ags. cleofan split E. cleave, cf. glubh- ykhpw
carve.
gluten glutinum glue (E.) : glutus tenacious, gvloi- y\oid glue ykoi6s
oil, Ags. claeg clay E., NHG. klei slime, OSlav. glenti mucus.
swallow (E. glut glutton)
g"lutio gluttio :
gnarus narus skilful gn- cf. gn- see ingens. :
tgdbius gudgeon (E.) *yufit6s ticwPris (see conger) :
tgrabatus couch: *ypd&aros fKpdfiaros (cf. praeced.), Macedonian,

gracilis thin
hardly Enn. cracens Part, of *crac6b kvrok- see curculio.
cf. i
gradus step = *gred As ghvredh- Olr. ingrennat they follow, Got. grids
:
/
step, cf. ghvrendh- OSlav. gr\da I come.

gramen grass ghbI- Ags. grovan grow E., Ags. grene green E., cf.
:
ghra- Got. gras grass E.

grandis large
grandd hail : ghrand-
cf. ghrad- OSlav. gradil (for the g cf. anser), Sk.
hrddfaiis, Zd. zrad- rattle Sk. hrdd- to sound.

fr.
granum grain (Olr. gran Plur. E. E. garnet granite grange grenade) ; :
grno- cf. grno- Got. kaurn E. corn churn kernel, Lit. Utirnis pea
OSlav. zrUno grain 'ripe,' grno*- Sk. jlrnds worn out, fr. ger- yepw
:
old man, OSlav. zreti grow ripe, Sk. jar- grow old.
gratus pleasant (E. agree) ghr-to*s cf. ghr-tos see hortor. :
gravastellus old man

comic Dimin. Masc. fr. *grdvastra old woman
:
'
formed from *ypavd{a> grow an old woman, ypavs old woman,

gravis heavy (E. grief) = *grovis gvrov- cf. gvru- Papfo, Got. kaurus,
:
Sk. gurus Zd. gouru- hard, see congrud.

gremium lap :
gressus going : = *gred-tus, see gradus.

grex flock (Mir. graig herd of horses) rounded mass (for the meaning
:
4
'
cf. globus ball, company), gvreg- cf. gvrg- gurges, ydpy-apa plenty,
grunnio (dialectic, cf. mannus) grundio grunt (E. gurnard) grund- :
cf. grud- ONor. krytja to murmur (E. grudge).
griis crane gvru- Arm. krunk, cf. gverv- Lit. girwe, gver5v- OSlav.
:
%eravl; also gvron- Ags. crane E., gvorn- Lit. garnys stork, gvern-
ycparos crane, Gaulish tri-garanus with 3 cranes W. garan crane,
shank.
tgryps griffin (E.) ypfy> &• ypv*4s hooknosed.

:
tguberno steer (E. govern) *yvPepvdw Kvfepvdco (see gobius), cf. Sk.
:
ktlbaras pole {so E. helm fr. haulm), and Lit. kumbryti steer.
gula throat (E. gullet gully) gl- Ags. ceole, cf. gel- Olr. gelid he :
consumes.
Not gvel- Arm. klanem I devour, gvol- Sk. </aZas throat.
gumia gourmet (Span, gomia) 'full,' NUmbr. gomia gravidas, gvom- cf.
:
gvem- gemo.
gurges whirlpool (E. gorge gorgeous gargoyle gtirgle) round,' see grcx, :
l
cf. OHG. querca throat (E. carcanct), and gvrg- Olr. brdge neck.
gurgulio gullet: gvrg-l- OHG. querechela ( = *quur-i-chulja), cf. gvrg-r-
yapyape&p, fr. praeced.
gurgulio 2 weevil: pop. etym. (quasi fr. praeced., 'quoniam paene
nihil est nisi guttur ' Varr. ap. Serv. Geo. 1. 186), for curculio.
gurgustium hut fr. *gurgus Neut. pit, cf. gvorg- y6pyvpa dungeon,
:
gverg- ycpyvpa, gvrg- gurgos, circular \ '
gusto taste (E. ragout) gus- Olr. to-gu I choose, Ags. cyssan to kiss
:
E., Zd. zush- to love Sk. jush- enjoy, cf. geus- ye6(<r)a) give to taste,
Got. Jciusan approve E. choose, gous- Got. kausjan to taste.
gutta drop (E. gout gutter), guttus giitus flask: *guta, dialectic for
*huta Part. Fern. fr. gheu- x«(f)« pour, ghu- Sk. hu- pour into the
fire, see under fundo.
gattur throat : fr. praeced., « pipe '.
tgypsum white lime : fyfyos, cf. Pers. gibs gypsum Zenker 348 c.
tgyrus circle : yvp6s
habeo hold (Got. haban have E. E. behave havoc hawk E. able binnacle :
malady pledge) ghvabh- Osc. hafiest habebit, Olr. gabal to seize,

:
OSlav. gobino abundance. r
haedus aedus (Roman, Varr. L. L. 5. 97) hedus edus (rustic, Varr.)

kid: GHAfDOS OLat. foedus (Fest.) Sab. fedus (Varr.), Got. gaits
goat E.
haereo stick ghvais- Got. us-gaisjan frighten (' cause to hesitate ') E.
:
gaze garish ghastly ghost, Lit. gatszti tarry.

hahae hahahe ahahe Interjs. of laughter : MHG. haha E. haha.
halo breathe
thama ama bucket :
fyy fyy, cf. Arm. aman vessel, Sk. amatram.
hamus hook
thapalopsis a spice *aircU.o\f/is, fr. aira\m dirrav roast moderately.
:
hara pen — *hesfi bhes- cf <rv-<pe(o)6s sty ?

: .
harena arena sand : Sab. fasena :
hariolus ariolus soothsayer : bhar- Ir. bar sage.

tharmonia concord : ap/xoyla fastening, fr. *&p^<av Adj
tharpe falchion : Upm) sickle, srp- OSlav. srUpU, cf. srp- sarpo.
harundd arundo reed
haru-spex aru-spex hari-spex (£r. speeid) diviner: 'inspecting entrails,'
ghr- x°?-H gut (E. cord), cf. ghb- Sk. hirct vein, ghor-no- ONor.
garnir guts Ags. gearn yarn E., Lit. zdrna gut.
hasta spear ghazdha cf. Got. gazds goad OHG. gart E. yard 2 gird at
:
(but not E. goad).

hau au Interj.
haud haut hau not = *au-de, see au-tem and -de, 'now* (the notion of
:
negation being supplied by gesture).

haurio draw (E. mist) = *ausio aus- iâvfrriip flesh-hook Hesych. iâvaai
:
take out, ONor. ansa pump, sprinkle.

thebenus ebenus ebony (E.) *€fievos \ifcvos, Heb. hobriim. :
hebes blunt
hedera edera ivy tenacious, ghved- cf ghvend- prehendo ?
:
'
' .
hei ei Interj.
helluo heluo glutton : foreign ?
helvella pot-herb :
'
green food,' fr. helvtcs, see gilvus.
themicillus (reading doubtful) mule : *fi/j.iicikkos, fipi- see semi- + kIWos
ass.
herba grass fr. <t>ty&a feed, ctforbea food (Fest.),
: Qopfrfi fodder.
hercisco ercisco divide an inheritance
heres eres haeres heir (E.)
hardly cf. x^pwa-ro/ guardians, fr. xvp^ am bereaved,
heri yesterday ghjes- x9* s Sk. hyds, cf. Got. grwfra-dagis to-morrow
: >
(see Vigfusson on ONor. goer) E. yesterd&y, cf. ghjes- hes-ter-nus Adj.

therds hero fy>«s cf Sk. sdras strength ?
: : .
heu Interj.
heus Interj.
hibernus wintry : = *hibrinus *himrinus, cf. *himerinus xttpc-pt-vrfs,
from gheim- x € */* a winter, see hiems.
thibiscus marsh-mallow fiftifficos (Dioscorides) :
thibrida offspring of a sow and wild boar (Plin. 8. 213) : cf. Hesych.
i&pl-KctXos pig
hie hie this : =
*hi-ce (shortened on anal, of is) *h-o-i-ce from -o- c£ Sk.
a- this, Demonstr. cf. 65-f, Got. theX-ei as, + -ce.
+ -i-
hiems hiemps winter: ghiem- Mir. gam (for *giam on anal, of sam
summer), cf. ghi6m- x i ^ v snow a l so ghim- Sfo-xwos troublesome, ;
Zd. zima winter Sk. himds, and gheim- xÂ"1 Lit. ziema OSlav. zima, '
Arm. jiun (= *jivan *jiman), Sk. heman-.

thilaris hilarus gay I\ap6s : :
hilum trifle : = filum.

hinnio neigh : fr. *hinnus *hls-nus Adj., gheis- Sk. Kesh- ?
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON , 45
thinnuleus fawn cf Hesych. \tvs\os : . :
hid gape = *hh6 (cf. hl-sco) ghei- OHG. glen, OSlav. zijati, of. ghoi-n-
:
Ags. ganian yawn E.

hira gut = *hlsa ghvis- see fibra.
:
hircus ircus hirquus goat Sab. firms :
hirnea jug :
hirsutus shaggy fr. *hirsus Subst. (as versutus fr. versus Subst.), =
:
*hirt-tus fr. sq.
hirtus shaggy
hirudd leech
hirundo swallow : = *hedHndtn as x €Kl v = *x € ^
v (with \ for 5 cf. ^^
'0\vt€vs = 'Otiuffffets, with l for v cf. X for in Lesbian fyos = fyos) ? :
hlsco gape ghei- see hio.

:
hispidus rough
thistrid actor (term, from lud-io) i Etrusc. hister (Liv.).
hodie to-day = *odie, Sk. adya, see hie and dies.
:
holus olus folus (Fest.) vegetables: ghl- cf. ghel- helus, Lit. MmTt
plant zelti grow OSlav. zelije vegetables 'green,' OSlav. zelenil green f :
Zd. zairi yellow Sk. hdris green.

homo homo human being (E. homage) ghomon cf. ghomn- hominis :
&c. ;also ghmon hemo, ghmon- Got. guman- E. groom, ghmn- see
gemirii, ghman- Lit. bndnes men fellow, see geminl. :
'
'
honos dignity
hardly fr. onus, 'responsibility' (Varr.).
thdra ora hour (E.) : 8>pa season, job- OSlav. jara spring, Zd. yare
year, cf. jer- Got. jer E.
hordeum ordeum fordeum barley : = *horsdeum ghvrz-d- cf. ghverz-d-
OHG. and ghvrs- Arm. gari (= *garsi).
gerstd,
Hardly add Kpid4\ quasi = *XP 1 ^ *XP €<r *X*P<rH' W
hdria oria fishing-smack : ' fr. ora shore
coasting-vessel,'
hornus this year's : = *ornus *orinus *osinus from *osus year, NUmbr.
ose Gen.
horreo bristle (E. ordure) : — *horseo ghrs- cf. ghors- Sk. harsh-.
horreum barn = *horseum bhrs- : cf. bhars- far, Fest. farreum.
hortor urge : fr. *hortils causing delight, x^P^^y Parts, fr. horior urge
(Enn.), x a ^Pw rejoice, ghr- cf. gher- OUmbr. heris thou wilt, Got.
gairnjan desire E. yearn, Sk. har- be gratified, see grdtus.
hortus ortus garden (E. ortolan) xtpros straw-yard, Olr. gort : field.
Hardly add Got. gard house (ghortos) E. yard i-garden.
hospes guest (E. host 1 ) : hospit- cf. *hospt~, hostis :
hostia fostia (Fest.) victim (E. host 3 = eucharist) :

*
return ' to the gods
(see victima), fr. sq.
hostid requite Plaut. Asin. 877 :
hostis fostis (Fest.) stranger (E. host 2 = army): Got. gasts guest E.,
OSlav. ghvospt- cf. hospes
gostl : :
hue hoc hither from *ho (cf. horsum : = *hd-vorsum, Mo thither, isto),
see hie.
hui Interj.
humanus human = *homd-nus ghomn-n6s : (see germdnus) cf. ghomn-
under homo.
humus umus ground: ghom- Zd. zem earth, ghSm- x®& v (= *X^m)> °f«
ghem- Lit. zime OSlav. zemlja, ghm- x«/*«* on tne ground.

thyacinthus a flower vdK-iydos, vo,k- young = jvpaK- juvnk- juvencus.
:
'
'
(Orig. a proper name, see under juncus.)

thyalus glass tfaAos, Egyptian (as first made in Egypt).
:
thydrus watersnake fifyos, ud-r- cf. Ags. oter otter E., Zd. udra Sk.
:
udrds, and ud-r- Lit. tidra OSlav. vydra, fr. unda.
tiambus iamb : fta/mfios satire :
tiaspis jasper (E. E. diaper) : ftcurwis, Heb. yash'phch.

tibis a bird : +T/8ts, cf . Coptic hippen.
icio it©4^ latter formed backward from Inf. icere, see sisto) strike :
=
*jicio *jecio, see jacio (for the meaning cf. fr4\\<a throw, strike).
Lucr. Icit formed after eicit (= ejicit), and so tcimur.
tictisweasel HktIs : :
idem the same = *is-dem is :

t
+ -dem. —With Neut. i-dem cf . Sk. i-ddm
it.
identidem repeatedly = Idem + ante + -dem, the same before

:
'
'.
ideo for that reason : = *ed-eo 'and for that reason,' et (see edepol) + Abl.
of is.
idoneus proper fr. *ido here, i- see is + -*rfo see -do, with Adj. -ending:
:
'
on the spot '.
tidus eidiis middle of month: Sab., Etrusc. itus (Varr. L L. 6. 28),
the Etrusc. alphabet having no d.
igitur then = *jigitur *jiigitur it is added,' Aoristic form of jungitur
:
'
(as tago of tango). —

In old Lat. it often begins a clause.
ignis fire (E. ingle) = *ingnis NGVNfs Lit. ugnis OSlav. ognl, Sk. agnis.
:
ignoro know not: in- + *gno-rus Adj. fr. no-sco.

ilex holm-oak = *idex Ity wood. :
t
ilia entrails, flanks (as enclosing them E. jade a stone) = *hilia fr. : :
filum.
ilicd illico on the spot = *i-luco from *7 Loc. of is + loco. :
ille (i.e. *ulle) olle (Fest.) ollus (Varr., quasi Noun) he = *ollo (a pure :
stem, like 6 cf. ipse), olo, see olim

: :
hardly = *on-lo from on- Lit. ans that OSlav. onU he, Sk. and- this.
imago emago copy, imitor imitate select,' fr. emo take. :
'
im-becillus weak (E. embezzle) : 'disabled,' gvek- Hesych. b-(f)Ki)s vigo-

rous, cf. gvak- baculum.
imber rain (Olr. imrim storm, Stokes Remarks) : = *iimbri- ombri- cf.
OflfipOS.
imbuo fill : dialectic for *in-fuo, û-tf>t?« implant, fr. ful.

im-manis monstrous 'un-manageable,' fr. nianus good : (i.e. 'tractable,'
ci/xepfis), fr. manus (see comis).
immd Imo certainly at bottom, Abl. of Imus. :
'
'
im-portunus unfit see op-portunus. :
impraesentiarum at present = in *praesentidrum loco, periphrasis for :
in praesentid on the spot '. '
imus lowest = *ins-mus, Olr. is below, from in + s (see abs), cf. eh

:
into (= *iv-s).
in in = *en, 4v, Olr. Got. Lit. in.

:
in- Negative N-, ay- a-, Mir. an-, Got. un- E., Arm. an-, Zd. Sk. an-
:
before Vowel a- before Cons.

inanis empty *in-agnis = *dgnis (as in-cdnus in-clutus in-columis in-
:
vidus invltus = canus clutus columis *wdus *vltus: Hn enim saepe

augendi causa adicimus' Fest.), agh- $t,xh v poor, cf angh- angustus .
narrow, see ango.

tin-clld reproach *cll6 grin, x«iA<fo (surround with a rim), fr. x € ^ os lip.
:
in-clutus in-clitus famous = clutus (Fest.), k\vt6s, Mir. cloth, Sk. :
crutds heard, cf. klut6s Ags. Mud loud E., Parts, fr. clued.
in-coho in-choo in-coo begin (verbum sacrorum Serv., see Key)
hardly put the pole of the plough into the yoke, fr. cohum hole in
'
'
'
the yoke (Varr. L. L. 5. 135) or strap uniting pole and yoke

'
*
(Fest.).
in-columis in-colomis safe also columis (see in-anis) = *colu~mus : :
taken care of,' fr. cold protect + Adj. -ending -mos.

'
ind-ago track = indu + ag- in amb-dg-es co-dg-ulum, cf. ag- ago.

:
inde thence = *im Abl. of is (cf illim istim) + -de.

: .
indoles nature fr. sq. + aid, see adolesco 2

: .
indu endo into, in *endo, see in and -do. :
in-dulged indulge fr. *dalgus = largus, am bountiful to '.

:
'
induo don indu + *avo see exud.

:
tindusium smock *4Mo-iov fr. htvcris dress. Varr. L. L. 5. 131 spells it

: —
intusium quasi fr. intus, worn inside '. '
industria industry indu + *strila fr. struo, heaping up,' cf. in-struo
:
*
build up, furnish.

indutiae truce fr. indu : + otium, *
interval of quiet '.
infensus hostile = *infend-tus Part, of *in-fendo strike, cf. de-fendo.

:
inferos below: = *infrus (cf. infra Adv.) for *ins-rus from *ins, see
imus : dialectic for *imbrus.
in-festus unsafe : *
un-pleasant,' in- +festus merry, cf. festivus agree-
able.
infit begins : dialectic for *indit mdh- cf. medh- medius, interposes *
'
?•
infula fillet : dialectic for *ingula ngh- cf. negh- nectol

ingens huge: 'un-familiar,' in-gen~tl- cf. Ags. un-cvA unknown E.
uncouth, from in- + gn- Got. kunnan know E. can &c. keen, Lit. zindti,
Arm. canauth known, Zd. zan- know, see nosed.
ingluvies maw
in-grud attack :
' fall on,' see con-gruo.
inguen groin ngv-en- abb- gland (Nom.
: abfr), cf. (unnasalised) egv-
ONor. dkvinn lumpy.
inquam I say: *I should say,' Subj. of *inquo cut, clear, clear up,
whence co-inqu6 cut off
inquilinus tenant : in + kvel- cold.
in-quino pollute : fr. *queno *cono (cf. inquilinus fr. cold), cf. Fest. cunio
KIZKKCC :
insilia leash-rods (?) Lucr. 5. 1353 Munro :
instar image :
'
weight,' formed (like laquear from laqueare) from instare
Inf. of in-std press on.

2
in-stauro renew (E. story ): *put on,' staur- place ovavp6s stake,
ONor. btaurr.
in-stigo incite stigv- cf. stigv- <rrl(<o prick, Got. stiks point E. stick
:
&c. t stucco, and tigv- Zd. Sk. tij- be sharp.

in-stinctus incited stingv- cf praeced. : .
insula island (E. isle ; but for island see aqua) Dimin. of *insa »s- :
Olr. inis, cf. NS- tniffos.
intellego intelligo understand sq. + *lego care, see diligo. :
inter between : n-ter Olr. etar, Zd. antare Sk. antdr, cf. en in,
inter-pres agent (orig. a commercial term) : inter-pret- fr. pretium.
tintibus intubus endive (E., imv&ov Geoponica 12. 1) : = *hindubus,
Semitic, Arab, hindibd Zenker 943 b, fr. Hind India.
intro enter: fr. *intrus Adj., cf. inter.
intus within : 4vr6s t in + Adverb-ending -tos, cf . funditus &c. penitus,
Sk. -tas.
inula elecampane (which = inula campdna) :

invidus envious: 'keeping aloof, unsympathetic,' vidh- see
viduus.
in-vito entertain :
* enliven,' fr. vita, cf. vitulor.
in-vltus (see in-anis) loth : = *vt-tus forced, see vttd.

fid Interj. : id>.
ipse himself : = *ipso (see ille) *i-pti-so fr. i-s + -pte + *so he, see sic.
ira anger : = hlra (for the meaning cf. x<*Ao * DUe anger),
>
ir-rito provoke : in + *rxtd stir, cf . pro-rUd incite, fr. ritus.
is he Hesych. Xv Ace. (Cyprian), Got. is OHG.

: er r Lit. yis OSlav. i-%e,
Zd. Sk. i- this, cf. ei- ea she (= *ej-a), Olr. e he, Got. eis they, Sk.
aydm this.
iste he : = *esto (see i7Ze), Umbr. estu Ace.
ita so : = *itd cf. Naev. itdque, fr. e< + Instrum. ending (cf. Kpv<f>a 6Vd
Tairro Dor., Lat. g?*a where).
item also :
'
secondly,' et -t- quasi-numeral ending (see autem).
iterum again : = *edrum (dialectic for *ebru7n) Adj. Neut. from edh-
back, Ags. ed, Sk. ddhi up, see ergd ad-.
itidem so : = *eti-dem fr. et + -dem.
jaceo lie (E. agistment gist joists) Intrans. form (see paved) of sq. :
jacio throw (E. jet 1 jetty jotsam jut pargeted) jekv- cf. jekv- jeci :
Perf., jokv- ONor. jaga move to and fro E. yacht Yankee OHG.
jagon hunt.
jam now at this time, je cpa-fe on the ground xaA"*C€ ftfywf* at (i.e.
:
*
' >
out of) the door, + a case-sign -am, see tarn.

janua door, janus passage ja- go, Lit. j6ti ride OSlav. jad, Zd. Sk. yd- :
go, by-form of 1- see eo.

jecur liver: jekv-r- cf. jekv-r- îrap, jekv-r- Zd. ydkare (Fick), jokv-r-
Plin. jocur, jekv-r-t- Sk. ydkrt also with -n ending jekv-n- :
jedn-or-is Gen., jekv-n- Lit. jeknos, jekv-6"n- Sk. yakdn-, jekv-n-

îra-ros Gen., jokv-n- Celsus jocin-or-is shortest form ikv- Urtpos :
jaundice.
jejunus fasting :
'
bound (cf. Got. fastan QvKdrrciv, vrio-Tefciv, Eng. fast
'
'
bound '- and. fast '
abstinence '), = *jl-ju-nus Redupl. from ju- cf. ju-
Zd. Sk. yu- bind,
jento (with e from next form) jejento (Redupl.) janto breakfast eat :
at once on rising, from jam.

* '
jocus jest (E. jeopardy juggle) jokv- cf. jokv- Lit. jfikas ridicule, :
jekv- lîk pastime (•jeicf-Tirf) thrown out,' fr. jacio (as ffK<farra> : *
mock fr. (r/cîrr« hurl, E. slang fr. sling).
juba mane
jubar daystar crested with light, fr. praeced.
;
' '
jubeo order: ju- short form of jv-jus 2 (cf. OLat. joubeo), + dhe- see
-do Perf. jtcssljousl from *judeo.
;
jugerum half-acre ploughed in one day by a pair of oxen,' fr. *jugus

:
*
pair, fevyos, jeugv- (ctyvvfii yoke, cf jugv- jugum. .
jiigis ever-flowing :
4
continuous, connected,' see praeced.
jugum yoke (W. iau): Cvy6v, Got. juk E., OSlav. igo, Sk. yugdm, jugv-
cf. jungv- Lit. jiingas, tr.jungo.
j Omentum carriage, beast of burden : = *juvimentum, fr. *hivo,
juvd.
4
juncus rush (E. jonquil junk* junket)', 'twig' (as in Plin. 26. 72), =
*junicus, cf. jUniculus old vine-branch (Plin. 17. 182), see juni-perus
not fr. juvenis, if only because this is not used of plants (see
hyacinthus).
jungd join (E.) : jungv- Lit. jungiu I yoke, see jugum, cf. jugv- Zd.
Sk. yuj- join,
juniperus juniper (E. gin) twig-bearing,' fr. j&n-cus + pario. :
*
jus 1 broth (E. juice) Lit. jtisze, Sk. yusas, cf. ( v-pr) (= *( vc-fiy) leaven,
:
and jous- OSlav. juha broth.

jus 2 jous law Zd. yaosh welfare Sk. yos (change of meaning obscure),
:
juvencus young: juvn-ko"- v6.k-ivBos (see hyacinthus), W. ieuangc, Got.

juqgs (— *juvungas), Sk. yuva^ds youthful, fr. sq.
juvenis young juvn- : Sk. yuvan-, cf. jovn- Zd. yavan, jovno- jouno-
Lit. jaunas.
juventa youth: juvn-t! Got. junda (= *juvunda) E., fr. praeced.
juvo help (E. aid) = *jov6 (whence jocundus pleasant, = *jovi-cundus,
:
cf. Faliscan jovcnt = juvent) from *jev6
juxta near (E. adjust jostle) fr. *juxtus Part, of *juxo join, jeugv- (see :
jUgerum) + 8.
labes fall, stain ('failure,' cf. casus fall, disaster) : fr. labor.
labium labrum lip (Ir. lab) lab- (quasi fr. lambo) for leb- Ags. lippe E., :
Pers. lab Zenker 790 c.

labd totter slab- OHG. slaf loose, Lit. slabnas weak, cf sleb- Got.
: .
sleps sleep E., see labor.

labor distress falling, failing,' praeced.
:
*
labor fall slab- OSlav. siabfi weak, see labo.

:
labrum tub lab- cf lab- Aafielv seize (cf NHG. fassen seize, contain) ?
: . .
labrusca wild vine: fr. labrum edge, 'growing at the edges of vineyards'.
tlabyrinthus maze iha&vpivQos, Egyptian (Jablonski Opuscula
: 1. 250).
lac lact lacte milk (E. lettuce)

lacer torn : vlakv- \aicls a rent, Zd. vrac- to tear.
lacerna cloak ; fr. praeced., ' skin torn off an animal ' (cf. \<fan) robe fr.
AeVcy peel, E, robe fr. Lat. rumpo, shroud fr. shred).

lacertus lizard (E. E. alligator), upper arm (from some fancied resem-
blance ; cf. fids mouse, muscle) :
'
fragile,' fr. lacer.
lacinia lappet : 'torn,' fr. lacer.
lacrima lacruma dacrima tear: dakr- Scfcpv, OW. doer Zeuss 827 b,
Got. tagr E. E. \train-oi\.
lactes intestines :
•
juicy,' fr. lac.
lacto allure : fr. lacio draw (Fest.), see laqueus:
lacuna luciina cavity (in poetry ' pool,' quasi fr. sq.), lacunar panelled
ceiling :
'
space,' fr. locus, with pretonic a.
lacus vat, tank (E. lake, Mir. loch lake) \<Lkkos pit. :
laedd hurt strike/ cf. collido strike together

:
*
:
tlaena mantle pop. etym. (quasi fr. lana) for *claena, x* a '"a
: '-
which
= *xA<£/u-ja fr. xA.a/ti5s, chlamys,
laetus glad
laevus left : \cu{f)6s, OSlav. levil.
tlaganum cake : xdyavov, ir. \ayap6s thin, see langueo.
tlagena lagoena flagon : = *laguna *\ayvn) cf. f\dywos, an AeoL form
f
(as xcAupif of x*^<bvy) of **>a-y&vt\ whence lagona.

lallo sing = *lal6 lal- cf. lal- \6\os babbling,
: NHG. lallen lisp E.
(W. lol prattle), Lit. laluti, onomatop.
lull lullaby loll
lama slough broken ground, lam- OHG. luoini faint (' broken '), cf.
:
*
'
lam- Ags. lam lame E. E. lam Vb., OSlav. lomti slough lomiti break.
lambero tear lick up,' fr. sq.
:
*
lambo lick (E. toiprey) lamb- cf. lab- OHG. : la fan, OSlav. lobUzil
kiss also lap- Kdirrco I lick, Arm. laphem.
;
lamentum wailing la- Arm. lal to lament. :
tlamia ogress Acfyua, fr. \afivp6s greedy.

:
lamina lammina lamna plate (E. omelette) : fr. la-tus Adj. + participial
ending.
lana wool vln- W. gwlan (E. flannel), Sk. urna, cf. vln- vellus.
:
tlancea spear (E. launch) Spanish (Varr. ap. Gell. 15. 30 fin.)
:
lancino tear: 'divide into pieces, weigh out,' fr. lanx scale of a balance.
langued faint slangv- Kayydfa slacken, cf. slagv- \ayap6s thin, Mir.
:
lag weak (E. lag), Ags. side slow E. slack &c. slake slouch and slegv- ;
\4iyu) cease,
tlanlsta trainer (Cic.) = fdanlsta moneylender (Plaut.), iaveia-r^s a
: :
slang term of gladiators.

Isid. calls it Etruscan, only because the use of gladiators came
from Etruria.
lanius butcher : = *lam-jus from lam- see lama, '
breaking up ' meat.
tlanterna laterna (quasi fr. latiis carried) lamp = : *lampterna, KajMn-fip,
with term, of luc-erna.
lanx dish
tlapathum sorrel : \dvaOov, fr. Kavdtrffw empty (Plin. 20. 235 alvom folia
solvont).
lapis stone lapid- = *lepid- cf. \faas bare rock, fr. \4irw peel.
:
lappa burr
laquear panel fr. lacUna. :
laqueus noose (E. lace lasso latchet) fr. lacio draw, see lacto. :
largus abundant = *lalgus *dalgus dlghv<5s SoKix^s long, Zd. daregha-

:
Sk. dirghds, cf. dlghvos Got. tulgus steadfast, Lit. \lgas long OSlav.
dlugu.
laridum lardum bacon (E. lard)

larva lama ghost, mask
tlasanum pot \\6xrwov : :
lascivus wanton fr. *lascus, las- : \i\cdo/xai desire, Sk. lash-.

tlaserpicium laserpitium silphium : African (as first grown near Cyrene
Plin. 16. 143) ?
lassus weary (E. alas): = * lad-tics, lad- Got. lots slothful, E. late let
2
(= hinder), cf. led- Got. letan to leave, E. let 1 .
lated lurk efface myself, la- cf le- de-led letum ?

:
* ' .
later brick
latex liquid : latic-, cf. Mir. laith ale.
Hardly cf. \dray€S drops.
tlatro mercenary (E. larceny) *\6.rp<av by-form of f\drpis servant from : :
Heb. noUr guardian (as \irpov natron from Heb. nether) ?

latro bark (Hesych. Karpiîv talk gibberish) : fr. *latra barking dog,
la- Lit. I6ti bark OSlav. lajati, Sk. ra-.
latus side : lat- cf lt- Olr. . leth half.
latus stlatus Adj. wide : stl-t6s extended, Part. fr. stel- OSlav. stcljg,
I spread, cf stol- Lit. stdlas table.

.
latus Part, borne : t^-tos, fr. tollo.
tlaurus baytree = *daurus, *$avpos *$dpf:os tree, Olr. daur oak, drvo-
:
cf. dru- Zd. dru wood Sk. dries log, dru- $pvs oak, dreu- Jey-
tipe(f)ov tree, Got. triu E. E. tar; also derv- Lit. derwa pine-wood
OSlav. drevo tree, doru Hpv beam doru Zd. dduru log Sk. a%ru.
laus praise laudi- : :
lautia dautia (Fest.) banquet, lautus splendid *dautos: :
lavo wash (E. laundry lava lavender) = *lovo, lov- Kovw, Gaul, lautro :
balneo, Ags. leak lye E., Ags. leddor lather E., Arm. loganam I bathe.
laxus loose (E. lazy lease leash) : = *lag-sus Part, (see celsus) from slagv-
see langueo.
tlebes kettle : \4p-qs :
lectus bed (E. litter) : = *leg~tus leghv- \4x os Mttrpov, \c£cu to lay, Olr.
lige bed, Got. ligan lie E. E. lay ledge log low frely, OSlav. legnati, cf.
loghv- Lit. oX-lagai fallow land.

lego gather (E. cull) A£y«. :
tlembus pinnace tA€juj8os, Cyrenaic : (Plin. 7. 208).

tlemniscus ribbon hrtfivla-Kos Polyb. :
lemures ghosts
lenis soft : Lett, leni, see lentus.
lend
lens lentil lent- fr. lentus, * soothing (Plin. 18. 123 aequanimitatem
: '
fieri vescentibus ea).
lentiscus mastic-tree fr. sq., 'resinous*. :
lentus flexible len-t<5s cf. len-t- OHG. lindi soft

: ; Part, from len-
Got. eA-linnan yield, cf. len- lenis.
tlenunculus skiff : Dimin. of *lenus, \rjv6s trough
fled lion (E.) fAeW Assyrian aria.
: :
W. Hew, OHG. lewo (whence Lit. lidwas OSlav. Uvfi), may go with E.
low Vb.
lepor charm
lepus hare (Sicil. \€iropis Varr. L. L. 5. 101 ; E. leveret):
lessum (Ace.) wailing
letum death Part. Neut. from le- deled, see lated.
:
levis light (E. carnival leaven lever levy) : leghv- Arm. arag quick, Sk.
raghus light, cf. lenghv- Lit. leng~wus, Zd. revj- be light Sk. langh-
leap, leghv- Got. leihts light E., lghv- i-\a%os small l\a<pp6s light,
OSlav. UyUkii, loghv- (?) Mir. laiget smallness.
levis laevis smooth : = *llvis *llvus AeI(/: )os :
' beaten,' see lived (cf. E.
smooth fr. smith).
lex law (Osc. ligud Abl.): 'laid down/ leghv- cf. leghv- lectus, loghv-
Ags. lay 10 E.
liber inner bark
liber leiber free (E. deliver livery) : = *luber *leuber, Osc. luvfreis Gen.,
l-\€v0€pos (dialectic for *4\e6<l>cpos) :
'
doing as one likes,' leubh-
cf sq.
.
libet lubet it pleases lubh- Sk. lubh- be lustful, cf. lubh- Lit. lubptis
:
to love oneself, leubh- Got. Hubs dear E. love lief believe ffuilough
leave Subst. Zeman livelong.
libo take a little of = *lub6 taste, : fr. praeced. (as Got. kausjan taste fr.
kiusan approve, see gustd).

libra pound (E. level) : lidhra, Sicilian \irpa (for *\iOpa as Sicilian
kit&v for x'tc^v) :
libum cake :
*
taste, ' fr. lib 6.
liceo am for sale, licet is allowed :

'
is left,' likv- cf. linkv- linquo.
Hesych. Xiffffoo^v •
tdo-wficv is too doubtful to add.
liciutn thrum (E. lists) : fr. oh-liquus, * at right angles ' to the woof (see
trdma).
lictor marshal :
* binding,' fr. *ligo by-form of ligd.
lien ljen (Plaut., see Key) spleen: = *spljen (no Lat. word begins with
spl" y see isplendeo), <nrA.(j)^ :
not related to spelgh- Mir. selg, OSlav. slezena splgh- Zd. fpereza t
(Fick), or pl$gh-, Sk. pllhdn- plihan-.

lig^num log : = *lic-num likv- see linquo, ' remnant, end '.
ligo mattock
ligo bind (E. alloy ally league liable rally) : = *lug6 lugv- bend, \vyi(w
twist, Ags. loc lock (E.) of hair (' twisted '), Lit. lugnas pliant.
ligula shoe-latchet : fr. praeced.
ligustrum privet : fr. Ligus Ligurian (as E. lovage from Lat. Ligusticum
Ligurian).
tlilium lily : *\el\iov 1
dissirailated ^Kelpiov : = *\i\\iov (with €t from
Hom.'s \(ipi6tis delicate), cf. Pers. Idle tulip Zenker 789 c.
lima file : 'fluted across/ from limns Adj.

limbus border
llmen threshold :
'
at right angles '
to the door-posts, fr. limits Adj. (as
gluten fr. glutus).
limes cross-path (E. lintel) fr. limus Adj. :
limpidus clear = *dumpidus watery, see lympha.

:
limus 1 Subst. mud: = * litmus loimos Ags. lam loam E., cf. leimos
Ags. llm lime E.
limus 2 Subst. apron: sq., with a purple stripe across* the bottom *
(Serv.).
limus Adj. sidelong : = *lix-mos likv-s- see obllquus.
linea string (E. line) linum. : fr.
lingo linguo (Priscian, as though fr. sq.) lick lingh- cf. ligh- Ags. :
liccian (= *lic-jan) E., Sk. lih-, ligh- Olr. ligim I lick, leigh- Aefx«»
Lit. HeZiu OSlav. lizati lick, Arm. lizum I lick, and loigh- Got. bi-
laigon lick.
lingua dingua tongue: dnghva Olr. tenge (with t from Teut.), Got.
tuggo E.
lino smear =
*le-no le- cf. le- lev'i Perf.
:
linqud leave linkv- cf likv- Arm. Ikhanem I leave, Sk. ric~ leave, likv
: .
Lit. lykius remainder, leikv- Aefow I leave, Olr. leicci sinit, Got.
leihvan lend E. E. loan, Lit. liekii I leave, and loikv- OSlav. otu-
lekU remainder.
But for Got. dA-lifnoAi see lippus.
linter lunter tub, boat: lunt- cf. lut- ONor. Mdr flour-bin ('trough')?
linteum cloth lint- cf. lit- \?ra
:
linum flax (Got. lein linen E. E. Zmseed linnet) lis-nom \lvov (Lit. linai :
OSlav. Unit: for *\ivvov *\l(rvov), ONor. lesni head-gear, cf. lis-no-
\Iy-otrrdofiai watch nets, lis-n-ion Olr. leinc shirt.
lippus blear-eyed : =
*lipus sticky with rheum, lip- cf. lip- \liros fat, *
'
Got. dA-lifnan remain ('stick') E. leave eleven. Lit. lipti to stick OSlav.
Upeti, Sk. lip- smear.
liquo liquefy vlikv- Olr. fliuch wet.
:
liquor flow : vlikv-, cf praeced. .
lira ridge (E. delirious) : lis A Lit. Ifise garden-bed, cf. loisa OSlav. leha,
lois- Got. laists track E. last Subst. and Vb.

lis leis slis stlis sclis strife : orig. « drvision/ cf. littera littus
lito worship successfully : ' pay a debt,' = *lut6 fr. *lutus Part, of hto.
littera litera leitera letter :

* division, cutting/ see lis.
littus litus shore :

* cut,' see lis (cf. E. shore fr. shear).
tlituus trumpet : Etrusc. (as being an Etruscan invention) ?
lived am blue :
'
am beaten ' (see l&ridus), fr. levis.
lixa sutler water-carrier, llxa water (Nonius)
: ' '
locuples trustworthy, substantial: 'of full position/ loco *pleto (see

ple-nus cf. pleno jure with a complete title ').
: *
locus stlocus place (E. couch) stlokvos, see loquor :
locusta lucusta lobster (E.)

tlodix blanket
ldligd lolligd cuttlefish
lofium darnel (OHG. lolli Graff)
longus long (Got. laggs E. E. lounge lunge purZom) cf \oyyd(a> loiter. : .
loquor speak ' put in order, place my words,' fr. locus, Varr. L. L. 6. 56
:
is loquitur qui suo loco quodque verbum sciens ponit.

lorea after- wine
lorum thong (E. loriner) :
tlotos a plant: *\oor6s Egyptian (Jablonski Opuscula y 1. 250).

lubricus slippery fr. *lub-rus sleub- Got. sliupan
:
t
slip.
lucar pay of actors Etrusc. (see histrio) ? :
lucerna lamp : lukv- a.wpi-XvKrj twilight, Zd. Sk. rue- shine, see lux.
lucrum gain :
* pay,' fr. luo.
luctor wrestle : lugv- Ug6, twist '. *
liicus loucos grove loukvos Ags. leah E.

: lea meadow, Lit. lafikas field,
Sk. lokds space :
'
clearing,' fr. lux.
liidus loidos game
lues pestilence ('flood' of corruption), fluid Petronius 128. 192: lu-
Xvdpov gore, see lutum, lu- \vfia filth, ruin. cf.
liigeo mourn: leug- \evya\eos wretched, cf. lug- \vyp6s sad: 'broken,*
Lit. Iti&au I break, Sk. ruj- break.
lumbricus worm (W. llymriad sand-eel)
lumbus loin (E.): londh-, cf. lendh- Ags. lenden, OSlav. ledvija loins.
lumen loumen light (E. limn loom Vb.) = *loux-men, see sq. :
luna ldsna (Praenestine, E. Schneider 55) moon = *louxna, cf. Pruss. :
lauxnos stars, Zd. raokhshna shining, loukv-s- see lustrd.

luo pay lu- cf. lu- A»« loose, Got. lun ransom, Sk. lu- cut, lou- Lit.
:
liautis cease, lou-8- Got. lausjan to loose E. E. lose.

luplnus pulse: 'sharp, bitter' (tristis Verg. Geo. 1. 75), fr. sq.
lupus wolf dialectic (Umbr. ? Sab. was hirpus or irpus) for *luquus,
: :
\vkos, cf. Praenestine Luqorcos Lupercus E. Schneider 48, v£kvos

Got. vulfs E., Lit. wilkas OSlav. vltikU, Arm. gail (= *galy *galg) Zd. t
vehrka- Sk. vfkas.

lured lurcho glutton
luridus yellow: fr. *leurus 'beaten,' \cvp6s smooth (for transition of

meaning see lived levis).
luscinia nightingale
luscus one-eyed: Mir. lose blind, lame = luxus Adj., see luxus. :
lustro illuminate = *luxtr6 loukv-s- see l&na, cf. lukv-s Zd. rukJish-
:
shine, fr. loukv- see lux.

lustrum morass = *hU-trum fr. lutum.
:
lustrum purification 'clearing,' fr. lustrd (for transition of meaning cf.

:
ONor. skcirr clear, bright, cleansed from guilt).

lutum mud Part, from lu- see lues.
:
lutum weld
lux light leukv- \cvk6s white Ae<W« see, Got. liuhatfi light E., OSlav.
:
luily cf. loukv- Olr. loche thunderbolt, Lit. laukas bald-faced, lukv-
see lucema.
luxus extravagance derangement,' fr. luxus Adj. dislocated, = *loxos,
:
'
\o$6s slanting, see luscus. —The transcription of luxuria as \€i£ovpla

(Ducange) must be due to popular etymology.
tlychnus lamp K^xvos, lukhv- by-form of lukv- see lucerna.
:
lympha water: pop. etym., quasi from *\vfi<f>rj (Varr. L. L. 7. 87 Av/jxpo-

\Jlirrovs) by-form of Nv^??, quasi 'fountain' Nymph: for *dumpa,
Osc. Diumpa-fs Nymphis, see llmpidus.
tlynx lynx : A£y£, lunk- cf. luk-s- OHG. hilis, Lit. luszis.
tlyra lyre : fAi5po : Semitic ?
tmaccis a spice (E. mace) : cf . imacir an Indian spice Plin. 12. 32,
Diosc. ifi6.K€p.
tmacellum meat-market (NHG. inetzger butcher) fr. *macelum : railing,

Hesych. /xdiceAos, enclosed by a railing \ *
macer lean (E. meagre) 'mauled,' fr. maco. :
maceria wall: 'moulded' of clay, fr. sq. (seefaigo).

macero steep (E. macaroni) mak- ci mak- maco. :
tmachaera sword pAx™?* (Heb. m'kera) : :
not used in war, so not fr. fidxv battle.

tmachina engine fidxcwd Dor. wxarfi Ion., maghv- cf. maghv- Olr. do-
:
iov-maig auget, Got. magan be able E. may &c. maw, OSlav. mogq,
am able.
maco maul
mactd 1 mactadh slaughter E. matador) praeced.
sacrifice (Ir. ; :
Hardly '
honour of a god,' sq.
offer in
mactd 2 honour, macte good luck mak- yMKp6s long, Zd. mac great, :
macula spot (E. mackerel mail-cl&d trammel) bruise,' fr. maco. :

'
Hardly add Got. mail (quasi *mahil) wrinkle, cf. E. mole1 .
madeo am wet fiatdw. :
tmaena mena sprat puairq : :
maered moered mourn mais- : :
tmagulia huts Heb. magor habitation (whence: also fityapov hall,

Meyapa a town?).
magraentum offering fr. mactd. 2 :
tmagnes magnet pdyrns, from Magnesia : in E. Thessaly.

magnus great (E. main Adj. master mayor merino) : = *meg-n6s meg-
ixcyas, Got. mikils much E., Arm. mec great, Sk. mahds.
tmagudaris stalk of silphium : fpayvdapis, Syrian (Plin. 19. 46).
tmagus magician : fpdyos, Median (the Magi a Median tribe).
majalis barrow hog :
*
offered to the goddess Maia (Isid. Mdja
' : fr. mdjus
great, = *mag-jus fr. mag-nus).
mala jaw : = *max-la, see maxilla.
tmalacus soft : hoXukSs, — *fia\'ii-K6s (see juveiicus) fr. a-fia\6s, see
malus.
malleus hammer (E. mallet maul ; OSlav. mall) :
tmalobathrum a plant : Diosc. fna\d&a0pov Indian (from

: its habitat).
malum apple : firjKoy (E. melon marmalade)

malus bad a-fia\6s weak, Mir. maile malum.
:
malus mast = * modus mazdos, Ags. mast E.

:
Hesych. fiaa-raKlês stakes is doubtful M. Schmidt conj. ffTa\Ltics. :
malva mallow (E. E. mauve) mal-va cf. Lucian ,uaA/3a£ (= */«U/ -a|), :
:
cf.
MAL- fiaXdxv :
mamma mother Pers. 3. 18, breast onomatop., mamma fidfi/iri mother, :
E. mamma, cf. mama OHG. muomd, Lit. mdma OSlav. mama, Pers.
mama Zenker 802 a, mam- mamilla breast, W. mam mother.
mancus maimed (E. mangle Vb. mullion) 'tamed,' *manicus fr. mantis :
(as x*lp ios '

m
one's power' fr. x*lp hand).
mando chew (E. mange manger) moisten,' mand- cf. mad- madeo. :
*
mando commit (E. commodore)'. It. *mandus *iaanidus Adj. of mantis,

1
hand a thing to a person,
'
tmandra pen f*dv$pa cf Sk. mandura stall, mand- linger ?

: : .
mane early in manageable time,' see immanis.

:
'
maneo stay (E. manor manse menial menagerie messuage) = *men6o, :
men- fievca, Arm. mnam I stay, Zd. man- stay.

mango dealer, furbisher = *mengtn, cf. Mir. meng craft, :
mani-festus manu-festus plain manus + ? :
manipulus maniplus handful fr. manus + Adj. -ending, see disci-pulus. :
tmannus cob: = *mandus (see grunnio), Basque mando mule (Van Eys).
mand flow
tmantele napkin, mantelum mantle (E.) :
'
cloth,' Spanish mantum cloak
(Isid. Orig. 19. 24. 15).
manubiae booty : fr. sq. + the same term, as dubius.
manus hand (E. maintain manage manner) mn- cf. mn- Ags. mund. :
tmapalia huts Punic (Fest.).:
tmappa napkin (E. E. apron map mop) Punic (Quint.). :
marced droop: fr. *marcus Adj., mb-kv6s cf. MR- morior.

mare sea = *morl, Olr. muir, Got. marei E. mere marsh, Lit. mares.
:
—
Sk. miras, mb-, is unauthenticated.
tmargarita pearl ffiapyapirrjs (Got. marikreitus Pers. merwdrid Zen-
: ;
ker 838 c)
hardly cf. Sk. manjari.f
margd edge: mBg- Got. marka E. mark marches fmarquis t marquee,
cf mrog- Mir. mruig boundary.
.
marisca fig :
'
big,' fr. mas.
tmarmor (term, after aequ-or) marble : pdpfiapos, cf. fiappaipw shine,
Kedupl. of mar- Sk. mdrlcis ray.
marra hoe :
tmarsupium marsuppium marsippium purse : /xafxTihnov, •ifxdpo'ivos :
kmarsp-, cf. Kpddirôv border of a cloak (in which the purse was
kept: so iicavMs t/*av5«J»7 from kmand-, •[kIvSos ffilv$a£ from fanind-):
Pers. (as fxavthq is).
mas male (E. E. mallard marry) : mas- :
tmassa lump ndfa cake, = */xdy-]a mag- fid^ffw knead (dialectic for
v»
:
tmastruca manstruga (Plaut. Poen. 1313 Goetz) sheepskin Sardinian :
(Isid. Orig. 19. 23. 5), i.e. prob. Phoen.

mater mother (E. madrepore) jucfrnip, Olr. mathir, Ags. modor (with d,
:
for d, from fader father, see paler) E. (with th, for d from the -er, }
see pater and cf. Ags. veder = E. weather), Lit. moterd woman OSlav.
mater- mother, Arm. mair, Zd. maJtar- Sk. mdtdr-.
materia stuff (E. Madeira) ready for use,' mat- see maturus.
:
4
tmateris matara madaris pike Celtic (Hesych. s. v. ixaSdpeis) :
matertera aunt: = mater + Comparative-ending as in 0r\\vr4fni fe-

male.
matula pot
maturus ripe, matutinus early (E. matins) : cf. OSlav. matorU old.
maxilla jaw
me mehe (Quint. ) me : Olr. me I, Zd. Sk. ma me, cf. me fit, Got. mi-k
E., OSlav. me,, Arm. raekh we.
tmeddix medix magistrate Osc. meddiss /t€Wet| metd(ix) : :
medeor heal stand in the middle, stop the disease,' see merus.
:
*
niediastinus mediastrinus drudge fr. *mediaster formed fr. medium (as :
surdastcr surdm, on anal, of Verbs in -<££« e.g. firirpdfa take after

fr.
my mother), between childhood and manhood

4
'.
tmedimnum bushel : n&ifivos, fr. sq.
meditor consider : lUto/uu think on, Olr. mess judgment : 'measure,' cf.
praeced., fi4rpov (for *p4Broov, see findo) measure, Got. mitan to

measure E. mete meet Adj.
meditullium middle *medus (see merits) + ? :
medius middle (E. mean Subst. mizen-m&8t moiety) medh-j- /j.4<r<ros, :
Grot, midjis E., OSlav. mezda n4<rov, Arm. ml) fi4o-ov, Zd. maidhya Sk.
mddhyas, see merus.

medulla marrow fr. *medus merus, in the middle of the bone.
:
'
'
mejo = *mijo *mig-j6 migh- b-fiix4oo, Ags. mice/an, cf. moigh- Arm. m«s
:
oSpop, mingh- mingo.

mcl honey (E. molasses) m«ZZ- *meZu- medhu fi&v wine, Mir. mid mead
:
(E. metheylin), Ags. m^w E., Lit. medius honey OSlav. medti, Zd.
madhu Sk. mddhu mead.
Not mel- fi4\i honey, Mir. mil, Got. milith E. mildew, Arm. meAr.
traeles maeles marten: dialectic for males (Caper, Keil 7. 110) i.e.
*mades *mazdes Ags. meard OHG. marder E. fmarten (Lat. martes in
Martial 10. 37. 18 is a figment).
melior better = *medior fr. merus, moderate,' a \n6rr\s.
:
'
traelos song /t^Xos song (' piece '), limb.

:
membrum limb: mems-rom Olr. mlr morsel (= *rries-ro-), cf. mems'-

Got. mimz flesh, Pruss. mensd Lit. mesa (dialectic for *m$8a, see anscr)
OSlav. meso, mem- see memor: also mems-r6- fiyp6s thigh (= *firi(rp6s),
mems- fxriviyl membrane (= *firjwiyi), Arm. mis flesh, Sk. mamsdm.
metnini remember Perf of *meno, men- fi4vos force, Olr. menme mind,
: .
OHG. minna remembrance E. fminion, Lit. menu I remember, Zd.

Sk. man- think, cf. mn- Got. mnns thought, OSlav. mlneti think, see
mens moneo.
memor mindful: 'discriminating' (see scio), mem- see membrum (in
mems- the s is a suffix, cf. anser mensis).
menda defect: Olr. mennair spot (Stokes), Sk. mindfi defect,
mendax lying defective,' fr. praeced., a \it6ttis.
:
'
mendicus beggar fr. menda, cf. praeced.

:
mens mentis mind mnt£- Got. ga,-munds memory Ags. mynde thought
:
E. mind, Lit. \%z-minVLs reason OSlav. ]>&-metl memory, Sk. mails

thought, see memini.
mensa table (Got. mesa) flesh-board,' = *memsa, see membrum.
:
'
mensis month me-n-s- Dor. pfe Ion. pels {yA\v from the oblique cases),
:
Olr. mis Gen. ml Nom. OSlav. meseci, Arm. amis, cf. me-n-es- Lit. ,
menesis, me-n- Got. m&noths Ags. monad E. month (and the words for
moon, fiiivri, Got. m&na Ags. mdna E., and the Lit. and OSlav. words),
me-s- Zd. maohh- Sk. mds, from me- measure meta.
mensus measuring : = *7nent-ttis, mnt- cf. mens, 'thinking over',
tmenta mint (E.) : *fi4v$a ifiivOa
mentio mention thinking,' fr. mens. :
*
mentior lie devise,' fr. mens, cf. com-mentum fiction.

:
*
mentula = *ineherUula, *mehens Part, of *meho meigh-

: cf . migh-, see
mejo.
mentum chin Mifao- Got. munths mouth E.
:
meo go (Fr. congt leave) take my way,' fr. mens mine :

*
(cf. suesco fr.
suus his).
tmephitis exhalation *jj.f<f>7ris : :
merces hire (E. amerce mercy) fr. merx. :
merda dung: 'pungent,' smeed- cf. smrd- Lit. smirdeti to stink, see
mordeo.
merenda lunch :
*
portion,' fr. sq.
mereo earn (E. turmeric) : fr. *merio (see jaceo paved) pay, = * medio see
meditor, ' measure out to \
mergae pitchfork fr. sq., dipping :
'
' into the corn,
mergo dip, mergus diver medgv- : Sk. madgus a water-fowl majj- (the
final j = gv palatilised before original e) sink, cf. modgv- Lit. mazgdti
wash.
meridies noon : formed from men-die Loc. of merus + dies.
tmerops bee-eater fiepo\\/ formed from fie pones men,
: :
* humane ' (geni-
tores suos reconditos pascens Plin. 10. 99).
merula medula (Isid. Orig. 12. 7. 69) blackbird (E. merlin) :
merus unadulterated : * central, essential,' = *mcdus medh- MeO^yt) a

town, Olr. medon nfoov, cf medh-j- medius. .
merx wares (E. market) : merkv- cf. mrkv- fidfyirrw seize, Hesych. pp&pai
Ppd£ai Inf.
-met self : Abl. -ending, cf -smet Sk. -smat (see tarn). .
meta moeta goal :

' measured point.' me- firjris counsel (' measuring,
estimating'), Got. mel season E. meal, Lit. mierd measure OSlav.
mera, Zd. Sk. ma- to measure.
tmetallum mine (E. medal mettle black mail) : ffieraWou
meto reap Mir. methel reapers.
:
meto measure fr. meta. :
metus fear metu- cf mtu- hr^Cofxai am dismayed.

: .
mica morsel smik- o-/xiKp6s fiiKp6s little.

:
mico quiver: = *miic6 strike,' muk- Lit. miiszti strike. *
migro remove meigv- a-pclfa change, OSlav. miglivU mobile,

:
miles soldier
milium millet (E.) : mel- cf. fiehivn
hardly 'honey-fruit' (mel frugum Plin. 22. 131), fr. mel, and fnKivi\ fr.
mille mile meile thousand (Olr. mile ; E. mile)

miluus milvus kite smid- Ags. smitan smite E. ? :
tmimus actor : tp*/io*

tmina pound : ffiva, Heb. maneh.
minae threats (the sense « battlements ' is a figment) :
'
pressure ' (cf
E. threat fr. Lat. trtido push), min- Low-Lat. minare drive (Ducange)
mcnare (E. mine2 ), Mir. msnad awl (' pressing '), Lit. minii I tread,
Ital.
from smin- o-fxivw) mattock.
mingd mingh- Lit. mizau, cf migh- Zd. miz- Sk. mih-, see tnejo mentula.
: .
tminium vermilion (E. miniature): Spanish (Propertius 2. 3. 11), cf. the

river-name Minius (now Miriho) in N. W. Spain,
minor less (E. minstrel ??mchief mystery-^lay) min- Got. mins E. fmince, :
OSlav. mlnij\ cf. min- Mir. min little pressed down,' fr. minae. :
*
minud diminish (E. minnow minuet) ixivvQw press down,' fr. minae.
: :
*
minus smooth min- cf. min- Mir. min

: pressed down, see minor. :
* '
fmirmillo a gladiator = *murmurulo fr. *murmurulus Dimin. of *mur-

:
murus, fiopfiipos a fish (as his crest).

minis wonderful (E. marvel mirage mirror) = *musus dazzling,' mus- : *
fjLvw shut the eyes.
misceo mix (E. meddle medley pellraeZZ) mi(k)-sk- Mir. mescaim I mix, :
OHG. miscan mix E. E. mash mess, from mik- Lit. BU-miszti get mixt,
Sk. micrds mixt, cf mik-s- Sk. miksh- mix. A word of the Ursprache,
. —
and so without compensatory lengthening of the -i-.
miser wretched (E. miser) mus- fiva-os defilement. :
mitis mild = *mHtis quiet fr. mutus.

:
4
'
tmitra turban ffilrpa, Phrygian (Aen. 9. 616-617).

:
mitto send (E. mass 2 mess-room message) = *smlto (cf. Fest. cosmittere :
committere)
mitulus mutulus mussel (E. niche)
modus measure (Olr. mod mode E. model modem mould Vb.) mod- cf. ; :
med- meditor.
tmoechus fioixts, fr. V«*X» = mingo.
:
moenia walls
moles mass (E. mole*) fia\os struggle? :
molestus troublesome : * crushing,' fr. mold.

mollis soft (E. moil) : = *molvis, molv- Got. %p.-malyjan crush E. mellow.
— Not = *mold-vis mld- Hesych. &j8Aa5e«s sweetly, Sk. mfdtis soft, cf.
m£d- b-ixaXtivvo) destroy, and mold- Got. ga.-malteins dissolution E. melt,
OSlav. mladU soft, Sk. mard- rub.
mold grind (E. mill) mol- fi6\rj mill, Got. malan grind E. meal mould,
:
Lit. malii I grind, Arm. malem I pound, cf. mel- Olr. melim I grind,
OSlav. melja, Sk. mar- crush.
monedula (for term, see acr-edula) daw :
* bird of omen,' fr. sq.
moned warn (E. mint money summon) : mon- Ags. manian exhort, cf.
men- meminx.
monile necklace: mon- pdvvos (dialectic for *fi6wos) 1 Olr. muin, Ags.
mene, OSlav. monisto :
* worn on the neck,' cf. OHG. mana mane E.
Sk. mdnya neck.
mons mountain (E. E. m&wnot) mont!- cf. mntI- Ags. mund protection :
E. mound refuge :
*
'.
monstrum prodigy (E. muster) = *mond-lntm sign,' mondh- OSlav. :

'
madrH wise, cf. mendh- pcvO'fipr) thought, mndh- fiadc?y learn, Got.
mundon consider, modh- Zd. mad- know (Spiegel).
mora delay (E. demur) : mb- cf. mb- Olr. marait they stay, see
morus.
morbus disease : mR-bhos cf. m$-bhos Olr. marb mortuum, fr. rnorior
+ -BHO- (see acerbus).
morded muse Vb. muzzle) smrd- cf. smerd- afxtpdaXeos
bite (E. morsel :
terrible, OHG.
smerzan feel pain E. smart Vb., see merda.
moretum salad fr. *moreo I pound, cf. *moro whence mortdrium.
:
morior die (E. murrain) mb- fiapatyw destroy, Lit. mirti die, cf. meb- :
OSlav. mreti, Arm. meranim I die, Zd. Sk. mar- die, and mor- Ags.
mearian weaken E. mar moor Vb. marline nightmare \moraine, Lit.
marhiti cause to die.
mdrdsus peevish stickling for etiquette,' fr. mos.
:
*
mors death MRTf- Lit. mirtis OSlav. sH-mriUl, Sk. mrtis, cf. mrt- Got.
:
maurthr murder E., fr. morior.

mortarium mortar see moretum : :
tmorum mulberry (E. mul-h&rcy murrey, Lit. moras) : *fiwpov by-form

of \fx6pov :
tmdrus foolish : fi<ap6s : mor- cf. mb- Sk. murds, and mb- mora (as E.
dull fr. dwell), ' halting '.
mos measure, custom (E. demure)

moved move (E. mob meeting) : mev- meu- a-/*ei5o/i<u, surpass, cf. mu- Sk.
mu- push.
mox soon mok-su* Mir. mos, Zd. moshu, cf. mok-sU Sk. makshu, from
:
mok- Olr. moch early + a case-sign -su.

mucrd point muk- cf. muk- mico.
:
Rather than mok- cf mok- Hesych. /a6kp<cv sharp. .
mucus muccus mucus: moukv- Lit. maUkti let slide, cf. mukv- atro-
fjiâ-a-w wipe the nose fiâ ( = *hvktjo.) phlegm (E. match), Olr. ?nucc
pig, Zd. Sk. muc- release, from smukv- Hesych. <rfivicT-fip nose a-fx^tcv
a fish (cf. sq.).
mugilis mullet slimy,' mougv- by-form of moukv-, praeced.
:
*
miiginor (sec. Nonius) murmur (E. curmudgeon miching): fr. sq., cf.
NUmbr. mugatu let him speak.
mugid bellow : moug- cf. mug- nvfa groan, OHG. ii-muccazan mutter,
mulced stroke, mulco beat melk- Sk. marc- touch. :
mulged milk mlg- : OSlav. vilUza I milk, cf. melg- d-êAyw, Mir.
Subst., Got. miluks Subst. E., Lit. rrtilzu I milk.
mulier woman: 'giving suck,' mud- 116(00 suck, Mir. muimmc nurse
(= *mud-mia).
mullus mullet (E.) cf. (with U) pvWos a-fivWa a fish.
:
mulsus honied softened,' Part, of mulceo.

:
'
tmulta mulcta fine Osc. (Fest.) :
multicia silks = multi-licia, of many threads '.

:
'
multus much = *mulctus Part, of *mulgo swell, see promulgd.

:
mulus mule (E. mulatto) :
mundus Subst. enclosure, sky, world, equipment, Adj. equipt, neat:

mund- cf mud- MHG. mutzen adorn ?
.
munis obliging, munus service moi-n- Olr. maini gifts, Got. g&-mains :
common E. mean 1 Adj., Lit. malnas exchange; from moi-, see mutd.
tmuraena murena lamprey fxtpaiva, smur- afivpos eel :
murex purple-fish : fr. mils sea-mussel, as /u»5a£ purple-fish fr. fids sea-
mussel.
muria brine : fifoos slime, cf moud- Lit. mdudau I bathe ?
mud- .
murmur (OHG. murmuron murmulon, Lit. murmeti grumble)

roar
morm- fwpfi-vp<a boil, Sk. marmaras rustling.
tmurra 1 myrrha myrrh fftvppa (also <r/jLvpva see smyrna), Heb. mor.: f
tmurra 2 agate or porcelain *n6ppa, ffiSppia Paus. Pers. (from Parthia : :
and Carmania, Plin. 37. 21).

murus moerus moiros wall
mus mouse (E. marmot muscle mussel) /ulvs Hesych. <rtivs Ags. mus E., :
y
OSlav. mysl, Arm. ??mkn, Sk. mush thievish,' cf. Sk. mush- steal ? :
'
musca fly (E. mosquito musket): mus- fiv?a (—*fiv<r-ja) i Lit. muse\ cf.
OSlav. muha :
'
mush- steal, see praeced.
greedy,' Sk.
muscus moss : mus- Ags. mos E. E. mushroom. Lit. mHisas mould, cf.
mus- OSlav. mUhU moss.

tmusso mutter /xiJfcw, see mugio. :
mustaceum bride-cake baked on :

*
bay-leaves ' Plin. 15. 127, fr. mustax
bay Plin., from mustus.
mtistela mttstella weasel
mustus fresh (E. moist mustard)
mutilus maimed mut- muticus docked, Theocr. fxlrvAos hornless (Dis-
:
sim. for *fivrv\os).

mutio muttio mutter (E. motto) formed fr. fmuttum a grunt (Lucil.), = :
*mutum> fivdos word.

muto change (E. mews moult), mutuus lent moi-t- Sicil. fioiros thanks, :
Got. maithms gift, Lett, meetot to exchange from moi-, see munus.
;
mutd mutto Subst. : moit-, cf. Lucil. ap. Non. p. 15 Mulier Moetlnus,
MHG. meidem stallion. (Mart, 's miito7iiatus a popular corruption.)
mutus dumb: mut- Olr. moeth tender, cf. mut- Hesych. fivrrjs fivrr6s
dumb : *
subdued,' cf. mutilus, and see mitis.
fmyoparo fivoirdpwv, fr. fids see mils + irapdv a light ship,

corsair :
4
mouse
(i.e. Paros \
thief) of
fmyrica tamarisk ffivpiicn = *T uvpl/crj tmor- cf ftamarix
:
i
.
tmyrtus myrtle fptpros, cf. Pers. murd Zenker 892 a.

:
tnablium naulium harp : *vdp\iov *vat\iov fr. fvd&\a vav\a, Heb. nebhel
flute.
naevus mole
nam for, -nam Enclitic = *nam *na-me (see tarn), from no-, see -ne -num.
:
nanciscor obtain : carry off,' nenk- l-veyiccTv bring, cf nek- Mir. coein-
* .
nacar potui, Lit. neszti carry OSlav. nesti, Zd. Sk. nac- attain,
tnanus dwarf vavos father,' a euphemism, nan- cf. nan- W. min
: :
'
grandmother, Sk. nantt mother,

tnarcissus daffodil vdpici(r<ros : :
hardly fr. ydpKV numbness Plin. 21. 128, quasi * narcotic '.
tnardus nard : fvdptios, Heb. nerd.

naris nostril nas- Lit. : ndsis, Zd. naohha Sk. n$s-, cf. nas- Ags. nam E..
OSlav. nosti, Sk. nds-.

narro nard gnarro relate = *gnar6, fr. gndrus. :
nascor am born = *gna-scor cf. gnd-tus Part., gn-, see genus.

:
nassa naxa weel

nasus nassus nose dialectic for *ndrus, see naris. :
natis (E. aitch-bone) = *notis not- cf. not- vSnov back? :
tnauclerus skipper: vav-K\ypos :

*
whose ship is his estate,' K\T)pos estate.
naucum trifle
tnausea seasickness (E. noise) : *pav<rla Ion. form of vavria, fr. vavrys
sailor, sq.
navis ship (MHG. nawe, E. nave of a church) nav- nau- vavs, Olr. naxu :
ONor. nor, Arm. nav, OPers. nam Sk. nails.

navus gnavus active: gn-vos, cf. gn- see ingens: so ONor. knar vigorous
fr. kna know.
ne- not Olr. ni, Got. ni E. E. nay no naught, Lit. OSlav. ne, Zd. na Sk.
:
nd, ne 1
cf. .
2
-ne Enclitic (in denique pone superne) see -nam -num, : cf. ne" .
ne 1 not Olr. nl, Sk. nil = sq. (see haud) ?

: :
ne 2 nae truly : rfi, cf. vai.
nebula mist : vc<p€\r) W. nifwl mist, OHG. nebul from nebh-

cloud, ;
veôs cloud, W. nef sky, OSlav. nebo, Sk. ndbhas mist, cf. nbh- Arm.
am& cloud.
nebul 6 worthless fellow: fr. praeced., * Child of the Mist,' obscure
skulking.
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 6s
ne-cesse necessary infallible, fr. ne- + cassus.

: ' *
'
need kill nek- vckvs corpse, Zd. nac- disappear Sk. nac- be
: lost, cf. nk-
Olr. ec death.
tnectar nectar : fvcierap :
nectd (Hesych. v€%as bedding) negh- Zd. naz- Sk. nah-.

tie :
ne-cubi lest anywhere ne + *quobi cube (Probi Appendix, Keil 4. 199) r

:
Umbr. pufe where, fr. quis 2 + a case-sign as in ibi ubl.

neglegd neglect (for the latter element see diligo) *ne-ge from ne- + ge :
yh at least, Got. mi-& me, see negotium.

nego deny (E. E. renegade runagate) : from *nege, praeced.
negotium business : *nege (see negligo) + otium.
nemo no one ne- + hemo (see homo).
:
nempe certainly nm- cf. %-va where, see : nam, + -pe.
nemus grove: vcôs, Gaul. v^x.t\rov temple Olr. 'nemed: 'portion' of

ground, fr. viyaa distribute.
tnenia naenia dirge : *vrjyia t fvrjvidrov Hipponax 129 Bergk, Phrygian
(Pollux 4. 79).
neo spin ne- j/etw, Got. nethla needle E., OHG. ndwan sew.
:
Not add sne- Zd. end- stretch, cf. sno- Olr. snathe thread, Got. snorjo
basket, for sn- would remain in Gothic.
tnepa crab, scorpion African (Fest.). :
nepos grandson (E. nephevj) nepot- Zd. : napdt- Sk. ndpdt-> cf. nepot-
reVoSes children Odyss. 4. 404 (with 5 from *j/îroSes footless), Olr.
niath nephew's, Zd. napat- grandson, see sq. So nepos spendthrift,
opposite of patruus uncle, the model of severity: not Etrusc. (as
Fest.).
neptis granddaughter (E. niece) nept£- a-i/c\j/i6s cousin (from *vtya for :
*v€irTJa), Got. ni(f)thjis kinsman, OSlav. ne(p)tij nephew, Zd. napti-

relationship Sk. napti daughter, cf. nept- Olr. necht, OHG. nifi, and
nep- Ags. nefa nephew, see praeced.
nequam worthless ne + -quam :
'
anyhow ' fr. quis 2 , '
naughty ' : orig.
Adv. cf per-quam extremely.
, .
nervus sinew nerv- vevpov, : cf. norv- Ags. nearu narrow E.

(* bound ').
ni unless: = *ne-i, ne- + -I Demonstr. see hie; *not,' cf. ni-mirum ('not
wonderful ') certainly, see nihilum.
nicto wink gnigv- cf coniveo
: .
nldor vapor
not cf. Kvitrn fat, smell of fat, quasi *yy\9-j'n from ghnidh-.
nidus nest nizd^s Mir. net, Ags. nest E., Arm. nist situation, Sk. nldcls
:
nest.
Hardly fr. Sk. ni- down + zd- cf. sed- sedeo.
niger black : negbo-, Fest. negritu grief ('gloom ')
5
nihilum nilum nihil nil nothing nl not, see nl, + Adj. -ending -ulo-. :
—
Ovid has nihil through a popular connection with hihim.
nimbus storm numbh- "So^^j) Nymph ( spirit '), cf nubh- nubes.
:
4
.
nimis exceedingly, too much (cf the two senses of &yav) = *numesum . :
Ace. of *numesus numerus (thus nimis altum = a quantity high, as

Fr. trop haut = a crowd high, Lat. turbam altum).
ninguit ningit it snows sninghv- Lit. sninga, cf. snighv- Pacuv. nivit,
:
see nix.
nisi nesei (E. Schneider 95. 5) unless : = Fest. nesl without, ne- + si.
nitedula (for term, see acr-edula) nitela nitella dormouse

nited shine (E. neat) = *gneteo 'am polished, rubbed,' gvnet- Ags.
:
cnedan knead E., OSlav. gneta I press, see nota.

nltor lean, strain = *gnlvitor gnigv-, cf. Fest. gnlxus Part, (which
: =
*gnlct-tus as nlsus = *gnit-tus)
nix snow snighv- vi<t>a Ace, Olr. sneckti Plur., W. nvf, Zd. gnizh- to
:
snow, cf. snoighv- Got. snaivs snow E., Lit. snaigyti to snow OSlav.
snegU snow.
no swim (E. alley andiron) SNA- vda flow, Mir. sndim I swim, Zd. gna- :
wash Sk. snd-.

By-form sneu- ve{f)<a swim, Mir. snuad river, cf. snu- Zd. piu- flow
Sk. snu- distil.
noceo hurt (E. nuisance) : nok- cf. nek- need.
nodus knot : nozdos, OHG. nestila band.
nomen -gndmen name (E. noun renoum; but not name) : OSlav. snamg
sign,from gno- nosco.
nomenclator ndmenculator usher: fr. *nomencul6 call by name, praeced.
+ cald.
non not: = nonne (used as Interrog.) i.e. *no-ne y from no- by-form (see
dodrans) of Tie, + -ne.
Not connected with noenum, which — ne-\- oinom unum.
nonus 9th = *novin-us from *novcn, see novem.
:
norma square = *nonma fr. nona ninth, shaped like L,' the 9th letter
:
*
in the Etruscan (acefzhOil) and Faliscan {acdefzhi I) alpha-

bets cf Rev. 22. 13 iyk to &\<pa koI to & vp&ros ical $o~xcitos.
; .
t
nos we no- v& Dual, OSlav. na Ace. Dual, Zd. nolo Ace. Plur. (Spiegel),
:
cf. nau Sk. ndu Ace. Dual, ni Olr. ni Ace. Plur.
nosco gnosco recognise gno- yiyvdxrKoo, Olr. gnath accustomed, OSlav.

:
znatiknow, Zd. zJind- (Spiegel) Sk. jnd-, cf. gne- Ags. cnavan recognise
E. know and gna- agnitus, gn- ingens, gn- navus.
;
ndster our: nos, Sk. nas us, cf. ns fyt/aes we (= *nff-fics), Got. uns us
E. E. our, Sk. cw-m^n, see nos.
nota mark rubbing,' gvnot- cf gvnet- nited.
:
*
.
fnothus spurious v6Bos obscure,' see umbra.

: :
'
tnotus south wind : v6ros :
novem 9 (E. noon) : nevm (-m for -n from the ordinal nevm-mos, see
decern) for nevn (see nonus) lv~via (' up to 9, 4v Aeol. and Dor. for 4s), '
Olr. noi n-, Got. niun E., Pruss. newints 9th Lit. dcwyni 9 OSlav,
from the words for 10), Arm. inn (= *e-ncn), Zd.
deveti (both with de-
w#van- Sk. ?kim the new number after 2 quaternions, fr. novus ?
:
'
'
noverca stepmother: = *nov-ri-ca fr. sq. with double Adj. -ending, cf.
vit-ri-cus.
novus new neVos : v4(f)os, Olr. nice, Lit. nawas OSlav. Zd. nova
novii,
Sk. ndvas, cf. nev-jos Ags. weove E., nev-i- Got. niujis, nevo-r- Arm.
nor.
nox night nokvt- vi*£, Mir. nocht, Got. watas E., Zd. nakhturu noctur-
:
nal, cf. NOKVTf- noctium Gen. Plur., Lit. naktis night OSlav. noUl, Sk.
naktis.
noxa imprisonment, injury : nogh- cf. negh- necto, ' bonds '.
nubes cloud : nu"bh- cf . ntjmbh- nimbus.

nubo marry :
* cover my face,' cf. obnubo veil, nubh- cf. numbh- vvyu$-r\
bride.
nudius ago : nu vvv now, Got. nu E., OSlav. ny-ne, Zd. nu Sk. ?itf, cf.
nxj Lit. nit, Sk. ?ii£ ; + diu- by-form (see diurnus) of die- dies.
nudus naked = *nodus : *ndvi-dus nogv- Lit. nilgas, cf n<5gvo-to- Mir. .
nockt, Got. naqatJis E., nogv-n<5- Zd. maghna (m- a mistake for n~) Sk.
nugae ndgae naugae trifles : naug- :
num whether: = *nu-me (see ta-m) from nu Olr. nu Verbal-Particle,

see nudius, •+ a case-ending.
-num now (in etiam-num) : cf. viv (in ro/iw), praeced.
numella tether :
* limit,' = *numerula Adj. Fern. fr. sq.
numerus number (E.) : = *numesus (cf. Numisius for Numerius)
nummus numus coin (Sicil. vodfifios) = *numsus (cf. Osc. Niumsieis =
:
Lat. Numerii Gen.), nums- cf. numes- praeced.

hardly add noms- Mir. nos custom.
nunc now = *num-ce, *num now (see -num) + -ce.
:
l
'
nuncupo name = *nom(e)n-cup6 (cf. oc-cupd) fr. nomen + capid.

:
nundinum nondinum noundinum 8th day fr. novem + din- day, : Olr.
tre~denus 3 days, OSlav. dlnl day, Sk. dinam, cf. din- Got. sin-teins
daily (see semper).
nuntius nountios messenger : = *noventios fr. *novens Part, of *noveo
1
am new,' fr. novus.
nuper lately, nuperus fresh = *novi-perus fr. novus + part. :
nurus daughter-in-law snus* w(<r)6s, OHG. snur, OSlav. snuha, Arm. :
nu, Sk. snusM.

niitd nod = *neu-t6, veiu.
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC X'

nutrid nourish (E. E. nurse) : = *notrio, Quint. 1. 4. 16 notrlx = nutrix

nurse : fr. *not-rus Adj., nod- cf. ned- y^bv/xos refreshing,
nux nut (E. newel but not nut) ; : nuk- :
tnympha bride vvfupn, see nubd. :
6 oh Interj. &, Got. o, OSlav. o.

:
ob around (sec. Fest. and Serv.), before: Osc. op apud: = *6pi, <wn-cr0ev
behind, Lit. api- around, Zd. aipi Sk. dpi by.
tobba ubba obua (i.e. obva) cup for libation to the dead : cf . Etrusc. uf-
lea (Bugge B. B. 10. 111).
ob-liquus slanting leikv- cf likv- licinus (Serv. Geo. 3. 55) with up-
: .
turned horns, linkv- Lit. linkiu I bend.

ob-liviscor forget smooth down, repress,' leiv- see levis lived.
:
*
oboedid obedio obey (E.) = ob-Udio from audio. :
tobrussa assay *6fyi>Cn fr« iofyv(os pure (of gold).

:
obscenus obscaenus obscoenus ominous

ob-scurus dark skvu- Ags. scua shade ONor. sky cloud E. sky, cf. skvu
:
Zd. cku- be blind Sk. sku- cover.

obs-olesco decay: obs- fr. ob (see abs), and see ad-olesco 2 .
tobsono (quasi fr. ob) cater otywvfa, fr. fyov meat, c^w boil, «Vcw prepare :
see sequ-or, + wveofiai buy, see venum.

ob-turd stop up: fr. taurus, 'put a bull (i.e. a heavyweight, stopper)
on, cf povs 4*1 y\<0ff<rri Aesch. Agam. 36.
' .
occo harrow: = *6c6 okv- cf. okv'- W. og Subst., MHG. ege Lit. aketi f
Vb.
oc-cul5 hide *celo, see celd. :
tocimum basil : &kiixov.

ocior swifter: ok- ookvs swift, OW. di-auc slow Zeuss 2 894 a, Zd. acus
swift Sk. df&s cf. ok- Zd. Sk. ac- attain. ;
ocrea greave foreign ? :
octavus 8th = *octov-os from oktou Got. ahtau 8, Sk. aslitdti, by-form
:
of octo.
octingenti 800 : for *octo-centi, sq. + centum ; with -in- from septingenti
( = *septem-centl) 700, and -g- from viginti, see quadringenti.
octo 8 : oktA, Olr. ocht, Ags. eahta E., Lit. asztu-nl OSlav. os(t)-ml,
Arm. uth, Zd. asta Sk. ashtd, see octavus.
oculus eye (E. antler inveigle) okv- 6o-<rc Dual (= *6k-jc) 6fi/xa ( = *tMr-juo), :
Lit. akis OSlav. oko, Arm. akn Zd. ak- see (Spiegel). y
odium hatred (E. annoy noisome) od- oStJa-tro/xat am angry inr-6$-pa :
fiercely, Ags. atol horrible, Arm. ateam I hate.

odor smell od- o5/x^, Arm. hot, cf. od- Lit. 'ildziu I smell.
:
toestrus gadfly : oT<rrpos :
toesypum unwashed wool : *o1<r\mov cf folo-farn .
offa ball = *ofa cf Vfella

:
y
.
officina workshop, officium observance: fr. ob around +facio, •com-

plete doing
6he Interj. cf + hei. : .
foiei Interj. *oU? cf. oloi. :
oleo smell od- odor. :
olim at that time Abl. (see inde) of *dlo, see Me. :
tolivum oil (whence *olevum oleum, and from this W. olew, Got. alev E.,
Lit. aliejus OSlav. olej) i\ai{f)ov (unaccented ai becoming i as in :
Achlvl from *Axai(f)oO, with 0- quasi from *olivus 'fragrant' Adj. of

oleo.
611a aula pot (E. olio) : = *aux-la, cf . auxilla Fest.

tolor swan
t omasum tripe Gaulish (Gloss. Philox.) :
omen osmen (Varr. L. L. 6. 76) sign: = *aux-men * authorisation,' from

aux- see auxilium, and cf. the meaning of augur.
omentum adipose membrane = *obs-mentnm : (see d-mentum), from obs-
ob around '.
l
omittd give up : = *6mitto (6- as in Plaut. Trin. 712 nihil ego in oculto)
*obs-mUto.
omnis all (E. bus) : = *op-nis ' comprehensive ' (see cunctus), fr. ob
' around '.
onus honus burden
tonyx onyx : tc>vu|, Egyptian, cf . Coptic ankoki ring-finger (Peyron).
op-acus (for term. cf. mer-dcus) shady :
' covered,' fr. ob '
around '.
op-eri5 cover : ob ' around ' + eb-, see aperio.

opllio (Plaut. Asin. 540) upiljo (Verg. Buc. 10. 19) shepherd
opimus rich: *well covered,' fr. ob 'around' + Adj. -ending (cf. pair-
with -£-).
imtis, prob.
opinor think: 'put before myself,' fr. *opinus (cf. nec-opinus) Adj. of ob
' before ' (as supinus of sub).
oportet is necessary :
• rises up,' fr. *op-ortum Part. Neut. of *op-orior
ob-orior spring up.
op-perior wait see ex-perior. :
op-pido exceedingly fitly,' fr. ob + ped- seize, hold, see ex-pedio, :

'
cf.
c/i-w€8os fixt, and pod- Ags. fabian seize 'Et.fit vat.

op-pidum town :
' hold, stronghold,' fr. praeced., cf. Sk. pat-tanam.
op-port-unus fit :
' conducive,' fr. portd (as <xv/x<popos conducive fr. <^>€pcw
carry).
ops power circumstance,' fr. ob around ?
:
' '
'
optimus opitumus best complete, perfect,' fr. : * ob (i.e. *opi)

around '.
•
opto choose put before myself,' fr. * opium Part. fr. ob

:
' before.
opus work (E. inure manoeuvre manure, use (Subst.) in law) : <5p- Sk.
dpas, cf. op- OHG. uoba festival, Sk. dpas a religious work.
6ra extremity, rope-end, coast (E. ullage) :
orbis circle
orbus bereft orbh- 6(xpav6s, Mir.
: orbe inheritance (of an orphan), Got.
arbi, Arm. orb orphan.
Hardly add Sk. arbhds small.
drca jar :
torchas an olive bpx&s (Nicander) fr. fy>x ts testis, from its shape.
: :
ordo row (Olr. ordd order)

orior rise r- atpa raise, Arm. y-ar-nem I rise, cf. er- Zd. ar- go Sk.
: ar-
raise, and or- UpvOfii stir.
ornd furnish *6s-n6 Varr. L. L. : 6. 76, = *6si-n6
ornus mountain-ash
not Sk. drnas stream, teak.f
toryx gazelle tfy>v| opvs, Semitic, Assyrian t-urahu antelope.
:
toryza rice tu-pufo, cf. io-piytfo Adj., vrind- vrid-, OPers., from Sk.
:
vrlhls (as OPers. d = Zd. z = Sk. h).

OS bone (E. osprey) = *ost (ossis &c. formed from Nom. os on anal, of
:
assis &c. from as) ost- 6<tt4ov, Zd. acta Sk. asthdn- refuse, not eaten,' :
'
fr. Sk. as- throw (cf. E. pluck, heart, liver, and lights of an animal, *
as plucked out after killing Skeat) ? '
os mouth = *aus, cf. Plaut. ausculum Dimin.

: orifice,' see auris. :
'
ostium austium door (E. usher) 'opening,' aus-t- OSlav. usta mouth, :
Sk. fishthas lip, fr. praeced.

tostreum sea-snail (E. oyster) : tiarpcov oyster, purple made from the
sea-snail, ostr- cf. forpctKov shell, potsherd.
tostrum austrum (Priscian, on anal, of plaustrum) purple = *ostrum :
*b<rrpovv (cf. for the termination hedychrum = yMxpovv and see remul-
cum) contracted form of forpcov, praeced.
otium rest aut- Got. auths deserted Ags. edde empty, easy OE. eath
:
easy (but not E. easy).

tovis sheep Osc. (the Rom. form would be *avis), <5vi- #(f)«, Olr. di,
:
Lit. awis OSlav. ovlca, Sk. dvis, cf. Got. avethi flock Ags. eavu ewe E.
OVO exult : = *ev6 ev- eu- eldfa shout cvai evo7 Interj.
ovum egg: o-vom d)(f)6v cf. o-v-eom &{f)tov tipcov; also oi- &iov $6v,
OSlav. aje.
paciscor agree pek- Zd. pac- bind, see pecu, cf pok- Got. fahan seize
: .
faginon rejoice fagrs fit E. fain fair Adj. fadge, and pok- Sk. pacas
knot.
tpaean hymn : firaiaiv, see paeon.
tpaedico : fr. *paed-icus (formed after am-ica) Adj. of *paes, va?s boy.
paedor pedor filth

tpaelex pelex pellex (quasi fr. pellicio allure) : *iri)\a£ Ion. form of
Dor. 7raAAa£ boy, cf. irpo-mjXaK'ifa abuse.
paene pene poene nearly :
' within a little,' *paenus little, see penuria
paenitet poenitet grieves: fr. praeced., 'does not satisfy, seems too
little '.
tpaenula penula cloak f<paiv6\r)s :
tpaeon a metrical foot iirauhv, see paean. :
paetus petus blink-eyed

pagina page ('joined' to the other pages: E. page 2 ), pagus district
(* station E. peasant) pag- wfiyyvfit fix, cf. pag- Ags. fdc interval
' : :
feccan fetch E., and pang- pango.

pala spade (E. palette pellmeM) :
hardly = *pas-la fr. pastinum dibble, on account of the difference of

meaning.
palam openly in the hand,' = *pala-m *pald-me (for the term, see
:
•
tarn)from *pala 'hand,' PL-, see palma 1 . .
palatum vault, palate

palea chaff (E. pallet) pel'- Lit. pelai, Sk. palavas.
:
palear dewlap fr. palea wattles of a cock, as resembling short straws^

:
praeced.
tpaliurus Christ's-thorn va\lovpos :
palla robe (E. pall taxpaulin) :
palleo am pale (E. pale Adj. pall Vb. appal) dialectic for *palveo fr. :
*palvus Adj., Ags. fealu yellow E. fallow, Lit. palwas OSlav. plavH
white,
pallium Greek cloak
palma 1 palm of hand pl-ma Olr. lam hand, cf. pl-ma ira\dfiri palm of
:
hand, Ags. folme E. fumble from PL-, cf pol- Sk. panis. : .
t palma 2 palm-tree: Heb. ftamar (E. tamar-md). With^? for t, ctpdvo; —

Im for m, cf. <ra\a/jL<li/Bpa salamander Pers. semender Zenker 519 a,
Italian calamandrea germander from x*P*l-tpvs, and see balsamum.
palor wander
palpo stroke dialectic for *palqu6 plkv- OSlav. plakati mourn
: (• strike
the breast).
paludamentum general's cloak : fr. *paludd Vb. cloak
palumbes ringdove
paliis marsh
palus stake (E. pale Subst. pole) : = *pax-Ins cf. paxillus peg, pag-s- cf
pango.
pampinus vinebranch Lit. pampti : swell.
pando spread (E. spawn) :
not = *pat-no fr. pateo.
pandus curved hanging by the two

:
* ends,' = *pendds fr. pended ?
Hardly cf ONor. fetta bend back.
.
pangd fix pang- cf pag- pdgina.

: .
panicula tuft : 'meshed,' Dimin. of *pdna, wfivn thread on the bobbin,

see pannus.
panicum panic-grass: 'swelling/ fr. pdnus tumor, ear of panic-grass
Plin. 18. 54, = pannus,

'meshed'.
Not fr. sq., cf. Plin. 18. 54 panis e panico rarus. . . .
panis bread (E. appanage company pannier pantry) fr. *pdnus, Messapian :
rdvSs Athenaeus 111 c = *pas-nus fr. pastillus ? :
pannus cloth (E. pane panel jxiwn 1 penny) = pdnus see pdnicum, icrjvos :
thread on the bobbin, pan- cf. pan- Got. fana cloth E. fgon-fanon
vane fond fun, OSlav. ponjava.^
tpantex paunch (E., NHG. panzer coat of mail)
tpanthera panther iirfoQrip : :
hardly cf. Sk. pwiddrikas a proper name, tiger, t

tpapae Interj. irairai, cf. ir6iroi.
:
tpapas tutor: vairds vdinras father, onomatop., see pappus, cf. Late
Lat. papa bishop (E. pope), E. papa.
papaver poppy (E.): fr. *papd swell (for term, see cadaver), papula,
1
with globular capsules '.
papilio (for term. cf. pumilio fr. pumilus dwarf) butterfly (E. pavilion)
fr. *pdpulus *pappulus Dimin. of pappus grandfather (cf luc-avus stag- .
beetle, grandfather of the grove,' Plin. 11. 97, t€tti£ grasshopper fr.
'
tctto father, and Eng. daddy longlegs '). '
pappo papo eat fr. papa food Varro (E. pap * pamper), onomatop.
:
pappus thistledown: irdmrosi 'greybeard,' irdmros grandfather, see

papas.
papula pimple (E. E. pebble) pap- cf. pamp- pampinus, swelling '. :
'
tpapyrus papyrus (E. paper) firdnvpos, Egyptian (as growing in Egypt). :
par equal (E. apparel pair peer umpire) pari- fr. pars, sharing '. :
'
parcus sparing cf. spar- Ags. spar E. spare, see parum parvus.
:
tpardus panther fvdptos cf. Sk. pfdakus snake, pantherf ?

: :
pared parreo obey: 'seem, appear (cf. ap-pdreo), offer oneself,' — *parsed,
NUmbr. parsest will be seemly, pe-s- irop<ralv offer, cf pr- part. .
paries wall (E. pellitory 1 ) boundary,' cf. ircTpap ircpas end.

:
*
parid bring forth per'- Lit. pcr'eti to brood, cf por- ir6pis calf, Ags. fear
: .
ox E. heifer, and PR- part.

tparma palma target: Polyb. firdpfiv *ird\fiv, Thracian (Fest. s. v.
Thraeccs).
paro provide (E. parachute parade parasol pare parry rampart) : PR-
iropelv to offer.
parra a bird : = *parsa, ' companion,' sq.
parri-cida pari-cida murderer : fr. *parrus *parsus companion, * offering

himself,' see pared, + caedo.
pars part (E. E. parcel parse) par-ti- fr. par6, what one gets '. :
i
parum but little Neut. of *parus Adj., cf. sq.

:
parvus small iravpos (= *irdp-pos) cf. spab-, see parous.

: :
tpasceolus purse *<j>oo'kIo\os by-form of <pdffK<o\os (as <pa<rio\os of

: (pdffri-
\os), seefascis.
pa-sco feed (E. pastern pester) pa- Zd. Sk. pa- protect. :
passer sparrow
passus step (E. pace pass) = *pat-tus, pat- vdros path, Zd. pathan Sk.:
pdth-j cf. tat- Mir. ath ford.

pastillus loaf
pastor paastor shepherd pas- fr. pa-scd .+ s. :
tpatagium gold edging f*iraray€Tov :
pateo am open (E. pail): pet'- ircrdyvv/jLi stretch, OW. etem flounce
Zeuss 2 148 b, cf. pot- Ags.ftidm fathom E., Zd. pathana broad,
pater father (E. patois pattern) pat^b pate- irar^p Nom. varp6s Gen. :
Olr. athir, Got. fadar E., Arm. 7wti>, Zd. patar- pitar- Sk. pitdr-.
patina dish (irardrn E. pan) fr. pateo, as ir4raxvov saucer fr. it«t<£i/-
; :
1/Vfll.
patior suffer lie open to,' fr. pateo.

:
*
patro bring to pass fr. pater, act as father,' i.e., as head of a legation,
:
'
pater patratus (' the father who acts as such,' from *patror Middle).
paucus few pau- pav- Got. favai E.
:
paulus paullus little = *paux-lus, cf. pauxillus.:
pauper poor (E.) pau- (see paucus) + part, provided with

:
* little \
tpausa stop (with term, on anal, of causa) : iravtris, fr. irai/w cause to
stop,
pauxillus pausillus little
hardly fr. paucus.
paved am afraid :
'
am struck '
(cf. QevX&ynv fr. t\4i<t<t(0 strike), fr. sq.
(seejaceo), cf. pavitd shake with ague.
pavio beat (E. pave) = *povio, Fest. puvio
(dialectic), pov- iro(f)^ grass
:
(cf. E. hay fr. hew), Lit. piauti cut, bite, Sk. paviram spear.
In Tola strike, Boeotian wfjco (cf. Boeotian k4\ for kclI), the ai is
original, not for avi.
tpavo peacock (E.) fraS>s (for the p- seepalma 2 ), cf. Arab, tails Zenker
:
593 a.
pax peace (E. E. pay) arrangement,' pak- cf. pag- pdgina.
:
'
-pe enclitic (in nempe prope quippe, quispiam = *quis-pe-jam, uspiam =

*us-pe-jam) : dialectic for -que.
pecco err
hardly = *ped-c6 fr. pes, '
get entangled '.
pecto comb pek- *r«c«, Lit. peszti pluck, cf pok- Ags. feax (i.e. *feah-s)
: .
hair E. Fair- fax ipax-wax.

pectus breast (E. paraph) framework, fastening,' from pek- paeiscor.— :
*
Not cf Sk. pakshds wing, side of the body, which would give *pexus
.
(see texo ursus).

pecii pecus cattle (Lit. pekus) Got. faihu property E. fee fellow feud- :
fief Zd. pac u cattle Sk. pdcus appropriated,' fr. paeiscor (as E. :
'
farm fr. firm).

pedis louse :
*
many-footed,' fr. pes.
pedd (E. petard) fist wind E. foist, Pruss. peisda podex,

: pezd- MHG.
bzd- jBSew pedo, Lit. bezd^ti (for *bzde*ti) pedere.
cf.
pedum crook to catch sheep with ped- seize, see oppido. :
pejero swear falsely: 'make worse, alter, violate,' fr. pejes- properly
stem of oblique cases of sq. (cf. majes-tds beside major).
pejor worse = *pec-jor fr. peccd.
:
tpelagus sea v4\ayos : :
pellax deceitful affecting,' fr. pello move.

: *
pellis hide (E. peel 1 &c. pillion plaid ; W. pilen rind) : pel-n- ircMa
pail (orig. of leather), Got. filleins of leather E. fell 2 .
pello strike (E. pelt pursy push) : = *pel-no, pel-, vfoas near.
tpelta target : firforn, Thracian (Hdt. 7. 75).
pelvis peluis (Nonius 543) pelluis (Velius Longus, Keil. 7. 65) basin :
=
*pelovis, Sk. pdlavl vessel.
pendeo hang (E. penthouBe), pendo weigh (E. avoirdupois pansy poise
spend; NHG. speise food = Lat. expensa) :
' swing,' cf. spend- Sk.
spand- quiver.
penes with (properly proclitic before a consonant, penes me, te, vos,
quern, or it would become *penis), penitus (for term, see in-tus) in-
wardly, penetro (cf intrd beside intus) enter fr. penus in the sense
. :
of closet,' Fest. penus locus in aede Vestae intimus {penes Loc. like
*
cues).
penis tail (E. pencil) :

* waving,' fr. sq.
penna pesna (Fest. petna is a mere conjecture for pecna i.e. *jjena,
:
penna) wing (E. pen Subst. pennon) = *pet-na from pet- vcrofiau fly, :
l
Mir. etc wing, Ags. feder E. feather, Sk. pdt-tram go,' see peto. ;
tpentethronica Plaut. Poen. 471, Ritschl conj. ptenanthropica *imjv-

i
avdpuyrriK-f) of birds and men,' Goetz ptenotherica *imjyo-0ripiicfi
* of
birds and beasts'.

pemiria paenuria want: *paenurus (for term. cf. mdt-u-rus) Adj. from
*paenus little, see paene.
penus store Lit. pinas food.
:
tpeplum robe ircir\osl :
per through Got. fair- Verbal-Prefix, Lit. per.

:
per- very peri ir4pi around, Zd. pairi Sk. pari.

:
-per enclitic (in nuper parumper paulisper semper) : ir\p altogether, cf

praeced.
tperabag: Hipd:
per-celld overthrow: from *cel-no, kvel-, cf. kvol- Lit. kdlti strike
OSlav. klati prick.
per-contor per-cunctor enquire :
' linger over,' from cunctor.
Not fr. contus pole (first in Verg., while percontor is in Plaut.), quasi
1
explore \
per-eg-re abroad fr. per + ago. :
peren-die day after to-morrow

per&ula booth: formed quasi fr. pergo go on ('projection'), for precula
(with -e-?) Quint. 1. 5. 12:
hardly cf NUmbr. praco bulwark.
.
periculum danger (E. peril) experience,' see peritus. :

l
perinde equally = *perim Abl. (see inde) fr. per- around,' + -de.
: '
peritus experienced: per- irc?pa attempt irepdw go through, Mir. erud

fear, Zd. par- go over (Spiegel) Sk. par- pass, cf per- Ags. faer danger .
E. fear, see portd.

per-mities ruin fr. meto, being cut down, reduced '.
:
l
perna ham (E. prawn) persna irrepvri heel, cf. persn7 - Got. fairzna,
:
from persn- Zd. pashna heel Sk. parshnis.

pernix (for term, cl.fel-lx) swift fr. praeced., strong in the ham '. :
'
tpero boot *trfipuv 'of leather,' fr. wfjpa leather pouch, see pera.
: i
perperam wrongly (Polyb. irepvepos vainglorious) fr. per- + parum, :
' insufficiently, unsatisfactorily '. For term, see tarn.

persona mask (E. parson) fr. *personus Adj. (with vowel lengthened, :
see cornis) of per-sono sound through.

pertica pole (E. perch 1 ) no ending -ga, see
: = *pertiga (Lat. having
praefica sublica, aniurca spelunca), from tango. fr. per-tingo reach,
pes foot (E. pawn 2 pioneer trivet vamp) ped- ir4(a, Arm. het track, cf. :
pod- vo$6s Gen. foot, Lit. pddas sole, Arm. otn foot, Zd. Sk. pad-, and
pod- Dor. irtfo, Got. fotus E. E. fetter, Zd. pad- Sk. pad-.
pessimus worst dialectic for *peximus pek-, see pejor pecco.
:
f
pessulus pexulus pestulus (Caper, Keil. 7. Ill) bolt = *ped-tlus : fr. pes y
1
foot ' of the door (see assula).
pessum down = : *persum, Plaut. Pers. 737 Persa me pessum (i.e. *per-
sum) dedit
pestis plague
hardly cf. irijpa woe quasi *irrjff-fia; or Fest.'s pesestds plague.
tpetaurum trapeze v4ravpov perch, fr. veronal fly, see penna.
:
peto fall on pet- go,' ev-ircr'fis easy, Zd. pat- fall, run, Sk. pat-
:
*
fall,
fly, see penna, cf pt- vt-irrco fall (with l from piirrw ?).
.
tpetoritum petorritum four-wheeled carriage : Gaulish (Quint.), from
petor W. pedwar four, see guattuor, + bit- Olr. rith course, see ritus.
tphaecasium shoe : ffaiicdo'tov, Qaiicds : Egyptian (as worn by Egyptian
priests).
tphalanx host, phalangae (formed from Ace. <p4\ayya) rollers <pd\ay£ :
battle-array, log (* bar,' and so line '), for *<$>4\y$ bbxng-, cf. bhlg- «
sufflamen, bholg- Ags. bale beam E. baulk bulkhe&d t balcony tcata-

falque fscaf/bZrf, Lit. balh&na cross-piece.
tphalerae bosses <pd\apa cheek-pieces, fr. <f>d\os boss.
:
tphaselus bean \-<f>da"n\os Pamphylian (cf the town-name

: i
. *>a<rr)\ls).
tphiala saucer (E. vial) <pid\-n :
tphilyra limetree <f>i\6pa: :
tphimus dicebox <pifi6s cup :
tphdea seal qAkt) : :
tphoenix a bird t<f>om£ (formed : after o?w( Phoenician), fr. Egyptian

bennu (Pierret).
tphii phy Interj. <pv, cf. ONor./y E. /oh phew.
:
picus woodpecker (NUmbr. peiqu Abl. E. pie 1 whence ; , W. pi magpie)

pikv- cf pikv- Sk. pikas Indian cuckoo.
.
But OHG. speh magpie goes rather with specio.

piger slow (' irksome '), piget irks pricks,' pug- cf. pung- pungd. :
*
pignus pledge handsel,' fr. pugnus.

: «
pila ball (E. pellet pile J pill platoon) :
hardly cf. Sk. pindas quasi *pU-ndas.

pila mortar, pillar (' shaft,' see pllum) = *pis-la fr. pinso. :
tpilentum chariot Spanish (Diefenbach Origines Europaeae p. 399) ?

:
pilleus pileus felt hat m\os felt compressed,' fr. sq.

: ;
'
pilo ram down, pilatus dense Aen. 12. 121 cf spil- Lett. spilet squeeze, : .
pilum pestle, javelin (from its shape) : = *pis-lnm fr. pinso.

pilus hair (E. c&terpillar plush urig)
hardly cf. irrl\ov down, on account of the difference of meaning.
tpina pinna mussel (E. periwinkle 2 ) \iriva wlwa : :
pingd paint (E. E. pimento pint) stipple,' pungo. :

'
pinguis thick = *penguis, pngm-v- iraxbs.

:
pinna wing (E. pin pinion) =penna. :
Hardly add Ags. E. fin.

pinso piso pound (E. piston) pins- cf. pis- witros pea m-iaea winnow,:
OHG. fesa hush, OSlav. plhati strike, Zd. pish- rub Sk. pish- crush,
pinus fir (E. pinnace)
tpiper pepper (E.) = *pipere *irlircpi (cf. Sk. pippalt) fveircpi.
:
pipilo chirp, pipulum outcry: fr. plpo chirp (OHG. /Ifa fife E.), pip-
onomatop., Ags. pipe pipe E. (W. pib) E. peep 1 fpibroch ipigeon fpimp
ipivot, Lit. pypti to pipe, cf. pipp- irnnri(u chirp, Sk. pippaka a bird.
pirum pear (E. E. 'pearl 'perry)

piscis fish (E. grampws) pisk- Got. fisks E., cf. pisk- Olr. tasc.
:
tpistris pistrix (both quasi pounding,' fr. pinso) pristis pristix sea- *
monster : îrpiffrts :
pltuita slime (E. pip 1 in fowls) formed (like Substs. dtra noxia satura :
from Adjs. dints &c.) from Adj. *pltuttus (for term. cf. fortu-ltus gratu-
ities) *putus fr. puteo.
pius plus holy (E. pity)
pix pitch (E. E. pay 2 a ship) pikv- iri<r<ra, Lit. pihis OSlav. plklti, Arm. :
fphiH.
tplacenta cake: formed quasi ir.placens, for *placunta, vKaicovs: 'flat,*
plak- x\<£| plain, Lit. plasztaka hand-breadth.
placed please (E. plea plead) stroke (cf. mulceo
muled) plokv- Lit. :
l
' ,
pl&kti strike.
placo appease plokv- cf praeced. : .
plaga net, region orig. rope Serv. Aen. 4. 131, hence net of cords
:
*
'
*
'
or belt of country (Nettleship), cf. plagula curtain (« hanging on a

'
'
cord ')
plaga blow plag- wKriyfi, Got. flokan lament (« beat

(E. plague play) :
the plag- OH&.flah flat ('beaten down') E. flake &c. fleck.

breast), cf.
plagiarius plunderer fr. \plagium kidnapping, ir\dyios crooked.
:
tplagiisia a fish: for *placusia (-g- from plaga 'hunting-net'), *w\eucov-

aia fr. w\aK6eis flat, see placenta.
plango beat (E. complain) plag- plaga.
: plang- cf.
planguncula doll Dimin. : vKayydv Callimachus

of f*plango,
planta sprout (' spreading Olr. eland offspring, whence E. dan), sole
' :
of the foot : = *plont& plont-, cf plot- Zd. frath- spread Sk. pratJi-, .
PLOT-tf- Lit. platits broad, plot-no"- Arm. lain, plt-tj- *Aarfc, Zd. perethu
Sk. prthils, plt-no*- Olr. lethan.
tplanus cheat tt\<Ivos, tt\6.vt) wandering.
:
planus flat (E. plain plan) Lit. pldnas thin, from pla- : Lit. pUti beat
out.
tplatalea spoonbill : *v\ardk4a Fern, of Adj. *ir\ara\4os fr. vKaris, see
planta.
plaudo beat
tplaustrum plostrum wagon = *plaux-trum, see ploxenum. :
plebes people
not cf. v\rj0os multitude, Dor. fr\ados.
plecto plait plek- w\4ku, cf. plok- Got. flahta plaiting E. flax, Sk.
:
pracnas basket.
plector am punished
plenus full: ple-n<5- Mir. lin number, from ple-^?Zco fill (Fest.), w\€-'ios
full, Arm. li, Sk. pra- fill, cf. pel- Zd. Sk. par-, pl-n<5- polled.
ple-rus most fr. praeced. :
2
plied fold (E. plait plight ply &c. plot splay supple) : = *plec6, see
plecto.
pldro cry out : = *plaudd fr. plaudo, ' beat ' the breast.
fploxenumploxemum wagon-box: Gaulish (Quint. ),kvlaug-s-, kvlaug-
= Celt, plog-, whence OHG. fphluog plough E., Lit. \pliugas.
pluit rains (E. plover) = *pluv-it cf. pluv-ius rainy, *plovit, Fest. per-
:
plovo leak, plev- ' flow, float,' n\4if)a> sail, cf. plov- vîflos voyage,
OHG. flatcen wash, Lit. plduti OSlav. pluti flow, sail, and plu- Olr.
luam yacht, Sk. plu- float pru- flow,
pluma feather: means for floating,' plu- ' cf. praeced.— Not pleugh-,
Ags.fleogan fly E. E. f/Zi'buster ffuglem&n.
fplumbum lead (E. plump Vb. plunge pump) : mlumb- cf. mlub- ffi6\v-
j38oj fj.6\ifios.
plus more : = *pliis, cf . plurima plouruma plisima ploirume ploera, *pleus

from *ple-us *ple-jus, i.e. ple- plenus with Comparat.-ending, cf ONor. .
fleiri (= *fla-is-i) and TrAe-fow/, Olr. lia> Zd. frayao.

pluteus shed : *
defence from rain ' i.e. from missiles, *plut6s « rained on,'
Part, from plu-, see pluit.

podex pozd- cf pezd- pedo (for the sense cf grffajros beside x*C» caco).
: . .
tpodium wall round the arena: 'foot' (i.e. lowest part) of the amphi-
theatre, *6Ziov little foot, see pes.
tpoena punishment (E. pain pine Vb. punch 2 repine) : *oirt\ fine, kvoi-na
OSlav. cena price, Zd. kaena punishment, from kvoi- cf. kvi- riu
value, kvi- Sk. ci- observe.
tpoeta maker, poet *irorir'i\s dialectic for irotr/r^s, as iroew for iroUu
:
make,
tpolenta pulenta pearl-barley (a Greek preparation, Plin. 18. 72, 84)
formed (quasi fr. pollen) from *vdKvvri\ Part. Fern, of iraXvvw sprinkle.
polio polish rub,' cf spod- <riro1>4 beat, see pudet.
: ' .
pollen fine flour: = *polen:

polled prevail = *polneo am full,' pl-no- Got. fulls full E., Lit. pdnas
:
'
OSlav. plunti, Zd. perena, cf pl-n<5- noWol many, Olr. Ian full, Sk. .
purnds, see plenus.

pollex thumb: fr. *pollus (cf. allex fr. alius) 'projecting,' = *por-lus from
por-.
pol-lingo dress a corpse
polluced offer in sacrifice (esp. to Hercules) properly offer to Pollux,' : «
fr. Pollux (from *Tlo\v\cvKris by-form), Etrusc. Pultuke (from UoXv-
5eu/cr?s), whence Etrusc. pultace he sacrificed Bugge B. B. 11. 43.
pdmum fruit (E. pomade pommel) :
pondus weight (E. pound 1 ) Mir. onn stone, pond cf. pend- pendo. :
pone behind : = *pos-ne, pos- see post + -ne.
pond put (E. post 2 provost'., but pose Subst. and compose &c. are from
pausa) : = *posno *po-sind, po (see post) + sino.
pons bridge: 'passage,' pdnti- cf. OSlav. pati way (see saeta), Sk. pdn-
than- road.
tponto punt (E. E. pontoon) : Gaulish (Caes. B. C. 3. 29).
tpontus sea ir6mos :
popa priest's assistant

popina cookshop Oscan form of coquina kitchen, fr. coquo.
:
poples ham of the knee rounded (whence called in OHG. knie-rado :

'
'
1
knee- wheel '), see populus,
populor ravage enring,' fr. sq. :
'
populus people (E.) Umbr. puplum Ace. : : dialectic for *quoclus, kvo-
kvlos 'ring' of people, k6k\os circle, cf. kvekvlos Ags. hveohl (Skeat)
wheel E., Zd. cakhra Sk. cakrds.
populus poplar (E.)
por- forth pb-, ndpa beside.
:
porcus pig (E. pork &c. porcelain porpoise) : v6pKos y Mir. orc Ags. fearh f
porker E. /arrow, Lit. parszas pig OSlav. prase,.
porricio poricio offer = *por-jici6 from por- + jacio (j lengthening the

:
t
preceding syllable and then dropping, cf. obicio from objicio).

porrigo scurf (for the term, cf mcnt-lgo ost-igo pet-lgo scab) fr. porrum . :
'
head in the slang dialect, cf Moretum 74 capiti nomen debentia
' .
porra.
porrd forward : Abl. Neut. of *por-rus Adj. from por-.
porrum leek : pbsom vpdo-ov.
porta gate :
'
passage,' Fern. Part, from pr-, see portd.
porticus colonnade (E. porch) : fr. portus ' passage '.
portio share : prti- cf. pbti- pars.

portisculus baton
portd carry (E. disport sport) : fr. *portus Part., pr- cf. por- Got. faran
go E. fare ferry seeperitus. ,
portdrium toll : = *portitdrium fr. portitor douanier, = *portu-tor fr.
sq.
portus harbour (' passage ' to land), house (which one enters) : pr-t'-
Ags. "Et.ford, Zd. hu-peretu with a good ford, see portd.
pd-sca pu-sca vinegar fr. po-t6 + term, of e-sca. :
posed ask = *porc-sco prk-sk- OHG. forscon, Arm. karths enquiry, cf.
:
pSk-sk- Zd. pares- ask, prek-sk- Sk. prach-, see precor.

post poste behind (E. puny) formed (on anal, of ante quasi an-te) from :
*po-s, i.e. po after (Quint.), irtJ-ôros last, Lit. pa~ under OSlav. po
about, + -s (see abs).
postis doorpost (E. post 1 ) : Sk. pastya dwelling: 'strong,' cf. Got. fastan
hold fast E. fast.
postulo demand = : *p6scitul6 f r. *poseitus Part, of posed (as ustuU f r.
ustus).
potis able (E. power puissant) potis *6(ris husband, Lit. pats (from
:
pedis), Zd. paiti lord Sk. pdtis, cf. p6t- mfTj/ta lady, Got. bmth-faths
bridegroom, pot'- Ags. fadian arrange E./arf.
poto drink, potus drunk (E. pot porridge) po- Wirowa have drunk, Sk. :
pa- drink.
prae before Loc. of *prd (as Romae of *Moma), see pro-.
:
praeco crier = *praevico fr. prae + iwcd (cf calcitro epulo erro incubo
: .
mandueo paedlco palpo praedo Substs. from Verbs in -6).

praeda booty (E. prey) = *praehida from prae + ghed- Got. hi-gitan
:
find E. get gait gate guess.

praedium estate fr. praes. :
praefica hired mourner = *pracfiga : (see pertica) fr. prae + jingo, simu-
*
lating '
grief.
praemium profit : = *prae-imium 'what one takes before others,' fr.
prae + emo*
praeputium : = *prae-poutium fr. prae + pavio, cf. Lit. ap-^'aw-klas.
praes surety : = *prae-vis, OLat. praevides Plur. ,from prae + vas.
praestigiae praestrigiae tricks (E. prestige) :
'
enchantment, glamour,'
fr. prae + strlga witch, see strlx.
prae-stino buy set before other things, choose,' see de-stint.

:
*
praestd praestu ready Abl. of *praestus = *praesitus (cf. postus

: posi- =
tus) Part, of *prae-sind 'set before'. Hence praestd warrant, exhibit —
(opp. prae-std excel).
praestolor praestulor wait set oneself by,' stol- Got. stdls seat E.
:
*
stall stale still stool, cf. stel- <rr4xx<a place, Lit. steliuti order, stl-
stolidus.
prandium lunch
pratum meadow (E. prairie) : = partum acquired, prt6- Part. fr.
par 6.
pravus crooked: '
perverted,' pb-v6s, cf. PR-ôr-, and wapa-palvo) trans-
preciae praeciae (vocalic relation obscure) a grape-vine

precor pray (E.) peek- Got. fraihnan ask, cf. perk-s- Umbr. persnimu
:
let him pray, see procax posed.

prehendo prendo seize from prae- + ghvend- W. genni be held, cf.
:
ghvnd- ix a&ov I contained,

prelum praelum press-beam = *pres-lum pre-s- pressl have pressed, :
from pre- sq. (cf. rpe(<r)<a beside rpffico).

premd press (E. E. print sprain) pre-, cf. praeced. :
pretium price (E. E. praise prize Vb.)

prldem long ago = *pris-dem, see sq. + -dem.
:
primus first (E. •prim primrose privet) Paelignian prismu Abl., from
:
*pris, =s *pro-is fr. pro- + the same term, as bis.

prior former Dissim. for *prlr-or *pris-or it. praeced.
:
pris-cus pris-tinus old prls- see primus. :
privignus stepson: 'born before the second marriage,' fr. sq. (in the
orig. sense of * before ') + gn- see gigno.
privus single * put in front, selected,' Dissim. for *prir-vus *pris-vus,
:
see primus.
pro- Prefix: irp6 before, Olr. ro- Prefix, Got. fra~ Prefix, Lit. pra-
Prefix OSlav. pro before, Zd. fra- Sk. prd-.
pr5 before (E. purlieu) OSlav. pra- long form of praeced. :
y
pro 2 proh Interj.

probrum disgrace
probus good (E. prove reprieve) pro- + -bho- see acerbus. :
procax shameless: 'importunate,' fr. proco demand (Fest.), prok-

dtoirpdicos priest ( = :
*0€o-irp<fe-/ os), Lit. praszpti beg OSlav. prositi, Sk.
pracnas question, cf . pSk- Mir. com-aimm I ask, see precor.
procella storm : = *pro-ceUna i see percelld.
proceres chiefs
proc-erus tall fr. *pr5-cus Adj. of pro (see sinc-erus), advanced '.
:
'
procul far = *proculum Neut. Dimin. fr. *procus forward, fr. pro-.
:
procus suitor demanding,' see procax.

:
'
prod-eo go forth from *pro-du (see in-du) + eo.

:
prod-igium portent *pr6du praeced. + agh- q/5, cf the deity Ajus

: .
LociUius the voice that spoke '.

'
proelium praelium battle

proin-de just so *pr5-im according to that,' see deinde.
:
'
proles offspring = *pro-olSs see adolesco*.

: i
pro-lixus stretched out flowing forth,' Part, of *pr6-liquor. :

'
promo bring out fr. promus cellarer, pro + Adj.-ending (see emd d&mo).
:
pro-mulgo publish: 'cause to swell forth,' m^g- Lett, milst swell Lit.
milhnas giant, see multus.
promunturium promontorium (quasi fr. mons) headland : fr. pro-mineo
jut out, mun-, see emitted.
prope near (E. approach reproach) pro- : + -pe.
pro-perus quick fr. parti, ready '. :
*
pro-pi tius favourable fr. peto in the orig. meaning of 'go '. :
proprius special = *proprius Dissim. for *pro-prir-U8 *pro-pris-us t see

:
primus.
pro-sapia race
prosper prosperous = *pr5'8pSr (-e- shortened Sefore final r), prd +
:
sperd hope, fr. spfy.

pro-telum row : fr. tsla, *
series of threads '.
protervus (Plaut.) protervus wanton :

* trampling down,' fr. pro {pro-) +
terd.
Plaut. True. 266 proptervS is either amis-reading or from a different
word.
provincia province: 'governorship,' fr. *pr6vinquus Adj. fr. *provus (as
longinquus fr. longus), cf. OSlav. praviti lead from prd. ;
prox Interj. (for term, cf. euax) from prd 2 . :
proximus next = *proc-simus fr. *pro-que Rom. form of pro-pe.

:
pruina rime Dissim. for *prurina *prusina, pbeus- Got. frius frost E.
:
E. freeze fr. sq. (cf Verg. Geo. 1. 93 frigus adurit).

; .
pruna live coal = *prus-na preus- cf. prus- Sk. plush- burn,
:
tprunus plum-tree (E. plum) *vpovvos cf. *vpovfwos fvpotpvri Syrian : :
(from Damascus Plin. 13. 51).

prurio itch :
' burn,' preus- see pruna.
tprytanis chief magistrate : irpfoavis, from **p6 dialectic for *p6 before,
see pro-.
tpsalld play (Mir. salland sing) \pd\Xoo pluck (i.e. the strings), :
tpsittacus parrot f^lrroucos, also filrraicos ffirrdicn, Indian siptace Plin.

:
10. 117.
tpsythia psithia a vine : tyteios tyl6ios a vine
-pte self pt- : rl-irrc why, cf . pot- Lit. pats self, see potis.
pubes adult
publicus poblicus poublicos public = *poubdico8, Umbr. pupdike Dat. :
fr. praeced.? Poplicus, fr. populus, is a different word,

pudeo am ashamed : « am stricken,' cf spod- see polio. .
puer pover (Oorssen Aussprache 2 1. 362) boy: pev- ct pu- W. 10-yr

grandson.
pugil boxer : fr. pug-nus.
pugna battle
pugnus fist PUG- : irvy/x-fi.
pulcer pulcher polcer beautiful plkv- cf plokv- placed. : .
pulejum pulegium fleabane (E. penny-royal) = *p&lec-jum (see bdjulus), :
fr. sq.
pulex flea (E. puce)= *p6lcx fr. *&\os see sq., young \
:
*
Not pul- cf pul- Sk. pulakas a kind of grain, verminf (2) cf.
(1) . :
tyvXXa flea, or Ags. fleah E., or Lit. blusa OSlav. bl&ha, or Arm.
lu.
pullus Subst. foal, chicken (E. pool 2 poultry polecat pulley Punch) = :
*pul-nus pl- Got. fula foal E. E. filly, cf. pol- ira>\os young animal,
pullus Adj. dark: pl-n<5s cf. pel-no's *c\\6s dusky, Cyprian ti\p6s
(Hesych.).
pulmentum relish : « affecting ' the appetite, see pellax, PL- ct pel-
pelU.
pulmo lung :
' beating, pumping,' ir.pellopulsd ; pop. etym. for *plumo pleu"-
mon icXetfxnv, cf. pleu-tji- Lit. plaucziai lungs OSlav. pluttaiung: 'float-
ing,' fr. pluit (as Ags. lunge fr. lungre light, and E. lights — lungs).
pulpa solid flesh: * tangible,' plkv- cf. p%kv- palpo.
pulpitum stage
puis pottage (E. poultice pulse 2) polti- cf. p<5lto- v6\ros. :
pulvinus bank, cushion (E. pillow) :
hardly cf. splv- Lett, spiltoens cushion, fr. bpilwa marsh-grass.

pulvis dust (E. powder)
pumex pumice (E. pounce Subst.): 'like foam' (as E. meerschaum =
4
sea foam '), pom- foam E. Ags. fam
pungd prick (E. point pounce Vb. punch Vb. puncheon) :
puniceus purple: Punicus (Carthaginian) in

proper sense of
fr. its
1
Phoenician, purple coming from Tyre.
'
tpuppis stern = *pupis (quasi fr. sq., the boy's i.e. the steersman's
:
*
'
*
place ') for *epopis, *&r«irfe fr. fjrarjr^ lookout-place.
pupus boy (E. puppet puppy):.
tpurpura purple ficopftpa: Phoenician? :
purus clean (E. spurge) pU- Sk. pu- cleanse, cf. pu- putus Adj. :
pus matter pu-s pustula blister, ct pu-s *6(<r)os matter ; from pu-, cf.
:
pdi- Sk. pdyas, see puteo.

pusus boy, pusillus petty pus- pus- : :
puteo stink: fr. *putus Part, from pu- iru0» make to rot, Mir. &r
mould, ONor. Jui rottenness Got. fats rotten E. foul. Lit. puti rot,
Zd. pu- stink, cf pui- Sk. puy-. .
puter rotten pu-, cf pu- praeced.

: .
puteus dungeon, pit, well (E. pit) :

putd cleanse, think (' sift my thoughts) fr. putus Adj. ' :
putus Subst. boy: * young,' put- Lit. putptis chick OSlav. p&ta bird, Zd.
puthra son Sk. putrds.
putus Adj. pure Part, from pu- trritov winnowing-fan, OHG. fowen sift,
:
cf pu- purus.
.
tpyelus bath tm5eA.os trough:
tpyga: iru-y^:
tpyramis pyramid : irvpa/xis wheaten cake, pyramid (from its shape), fr.
wheat.
irvpds
tpytisso spit out : irvrlfa, Dissim. for *wrvrifa spjTj- see spud.
quadra square (E. E. quarry 1 squad squadron) : for *quat-ra (with d from
quadra-), cf. triquetrus, kvad-, 'pointed' (i.e. at each corner), Ags.
hvat keen E. whet.
quadringenti 400 : for *quadru-centi i sq. + centum, on anal, of septingentl
(see octingenti).
quadru- four- (E. carillon quarantine) : for *quetrti- (with d from some
Celtic dialect, cf. the Belgic town-name Quadri-burgium?), Zd. cathru-,
kvetvb- see quattuor.
quaero seek (E. query) kvais- : :
quaeso ask = *quaes-so (for term. cf.

: capesso &c), fr. praeced.
qualis of what kind fr. *qualus Adj. : of qua where, case-form from qui,
see talis,
qualum basket : = *quas-lum, see quasillum.

quam how = *quam *qud-me from qua see qualis, and see tarn.
:
quantus how great formed from quan-tum (taken as Adj. Neut.)

: i.e.
quam turn correlative of tantum (see tardus), cf. Verg. Geo. 4. 101
nee tantum dulcia quantum et liquida.
quartus fourth (E. quart) = *ctvar-tos kvtvS- ct kvtvb- (ir)rpd-ir€(a :
*four-footed table, and kvetvr-tos r4rparos fourth, Lit. ketwirtas

'
OSlav. fetvr&tl quarter, Sk. caturthds fourth, see quattuor.

quasi quasi quasei as if from the phrase tarn quam si (cf tarn qua :
'
' .
'
sei sei old form quansei, Key), with Dissim. of -m.

' :
quasillum basket kvas- Lit. kdszius OSlav. koSa (= *kos-ja).

:
quater four times = *quetru, Zd. cathrus, see quattuor.

:
quatio shake (E. cask casque fracas quash rescue) kvat- irarct<r<ra> strike. :
quattuor quatuor quattor quator four kvetv6 cf kvetvb Osc. petor, : .
rcffffapcs (= *Kf erfopts), kvetver Olr. cethir, Lit. ketweri OSlav. let-
veril Zd. cathware-, kvetv6r Got. fidvor Ags. fedver E., Zd. cathwaro
Sk. catvftras, kv(tv)or Arm. thSor-kh..
-que -que (Attius) and -kvo -kve fr. qui cf -kve ri, Zd. Sk. ca and : , .
t
Got. ni-A neque.

queo am able = *quej-6 kvei- cf. kvi- W. piau to own.
:
quercus oak = *querquus cf Pest, querquetum oakwood, = *quorqum

: .
kvbkv- Ags. furh- fir E. (for confusion of tree-names see fagusfraxi-

nus).
queror complain (E. quarrel) 'sigh,' k-ves- Sk. cvas- blow, cf. k-ves- :
ONor. hvaesa hiss E. wheeze weasand whizz whistle, K-vos- Mir. cai
lamentation.
qui who : r= *quo-i (for term, see hie) NUmbr. poei Osc. pui, kvo- vov
where, W. pvjy who, Got. hvas E., Lit. kas quis 1 , 2 OSlav. kova quando .
Zd. ka quls, Sk. kds quis.

quia because = *quia *quo-i-ja fr. praeced. + Instrum. ending, cf.
:
(without the -$-) Sk. kd-ya ir«s ;

quidem indeed * somewhat/ fr. quid Ace. Neut. of quls + M see autem.
:
quies rest (E. coy decoy quit quite) = *qui-es Kvf- OSlav. po-&tf to :
rest.
quin but that : = *qui-num, qui Abl. of quis + -num.
qufni 5 : for *quinc-ni fr. sq., on anal, of bini 2 = *bis-ni.
quinque 5 = *quinque, cf. Olr. coic (kve~ becoming ko-), kvenkve (with
:
kv- from the word for 4) for pe'nkve ireVre, Got. Jimf (-/ by assimila-
tion) E., Lit. penki OSlav. petl (for *penk-ti), Arm. king, Zd. pancan-
Sk.pdnca.
quippe certainly = *qui-pe, qui Abl. of quis + -pe.
:
quirito wail (E. cry) fr. Quirts, demand the rights of a Roman
: '
citizen '.
quia 1 who Interrog. : kvi- rls, Olr. da, OSlav. clto Neut., Zd. cis Sk.
kim Neut. (with k, for c, from kds, see qui), cf. kvo- qui.
quis 2 anyone: NUmbr. pis, rls, OSlav. clto Neut., Zd. md-cis ne quis
Sk. ne quis, fr. praeced.
ntti-kis
quispiam anyone see -pe. :
quisquiliae droppings of trees = *quesqueliae *quosquoliae cf . cuscolium :
scab on ilex Plin. 16. 32, KoffKvKpdria shreds of leather fr. *Ko<rictWo*
tear, kvoskv- cf kveskv- kcvkIov tow. .
quo-que also: for *quoquo Redupl., see -que.

quot how many (E. quote) — *quoti Sk. kdti, : cf . kve-ti Zd. caiti ; Loc.
of sq.
quo-tus which : from kvo- see qui + a term. -to-.
rabies rage (E. E. rave reverie)

rabula brawling advocate mad dog/ : ' fr. praeced. (cf. Quint. 12. 9. 12
rabulam latratoremque).
racemus bunch of grapes (E. raisin)
radius staff (E. ray) : *
scraped,' = *rodids bod- see rodo.
radix root (E. radish) : ved-, cf. vrd- W. gwreiddyn, Got. vaurts E. E.
orchard wort whortleberry.
rado scrape (E. ra-ck s rail Vb. rascal rash Subst. raze <fcc. graze 1 ) : BD-,
cf.r5d- rodo.
traeda reda rheda (the last from t*^^, see epiredium) coach Gaulish :
(Quint.), beidh- Olr. riad journeying, Ags. rldan ride E. E. raid

road.
ramex hernia, ramices blood-vessels of the lungs: 'branching out,'
fr. sq.
ramus branch arm,' rmc^s armus.
:
'
rana frog
rancens putrid (E. rankle but for rank Adj. see rego) ;
traphanus radish frdQavos by-form of frd-rrvs, see rdpum ?

: :
rapid seize (E. ravage raven Vb. ravine ravish)

rapum turnip (E. rape 2) bap- OHG. ruoba, Lit. r6pe, : cf. bap- fxhrvs,
OHG. raba by-form bep- OSlav. repa.
;
ra-rus thin : fi-, cf. b- Lit. Irti to separate ; by-form be- see rete.
ratis raft : = *retis, bet-, see remus.
raucus hoarse = *ravi-cu8 fr. ravim.

:
raudus rodus nidus roudus piece of brass

not fr. rUfus.
ravim Ace. hoarseness
ravus grey (between yellow and blue Fest.)
re- back, up (Verg. Geo. 3. 76 crura reponit = lifts his legs ; so &ya =
back, up. —E. rear)
re-cello spring back :
'
strike back/ see per-celld.
recens fresh * coming up,' Part, of *reced Vb. fr. *re-cus Adj. of
: re-.
recipero recupero regain (E. recover) fr. *recus, see praeced., : + par6,
cf.Varr. se quiete reciperare * recruit '.
reci-procus returning demanded back,' :
*
fr. *recus % see recens> -+- procd,
see proedx.
red- back (whence reccidi repperl reppuU rettuli Perfs., redducd rellatum
relligio relliquiae, reded &c.) = *re-du *re-do (see indu), from re- + -do. :
red-imio bind round

redi-vivus used again : = *rcdu-vlvus ' alive again,' see red- and vlvus.
reduvia reluvium (Fest.) whitlow : ' shed off,' red- + *avo see exuo induo.
re-fert profits: mea refert = mea res fert 'my interest tends,' med
archaic Nom. (with -a preserved because re- was taken as Abl.).
re-fragor oppose : cf. suf-frdgor.
rego direct (E. escort rule source surge) : 'stretch,' cf. regio tract, reg-
6-p4yo> stretch, cf.rog- Got. ui-rakfan lift up E. reach rich right rank
Adj., rg- Mir. rigim I stretch, Zd. erezu straight Sk. rj- direct,
stretch, attain, RG- Zd. arez- be straight, see rex.
relligio religid religion : = ^red-ligidy fr. red- + *legd care, see diligd.
remeligo hinderer : = *re-mealgo fr. re- + Sk. mad- linger wand- (see
mandra) ?
tremulcum tow-rope : formed as tho' from re-> for *rHmulcum^ pOfiov\-
kovv Part. Neut. of fiv/xovKictw tow, pvâ tow-rope + €*.*» drag.
fr.
remus oar : = *resmos (cf . triresmds, Duilian inscr.) *ret-m6s, l-per-ii6v,

Mir. ram, from ret- ratis.
renes kidneys (Plaut. rien Sing, on anal, of Urn. OE. reins) — :
re-nideo smile fr. nUdus show the teeth,' cf. Catull. 39. 1 quod can-
:
f
•
didos habet dentes renidet.

trend fur pelisse Gaulish (Varr.). :
reor reckon (E. arraign rate reason) = *rBor, Ri-, cf. ra- ratio reckon- :
ing, Got. rathjo number,

repens sudden : vrep- j>4ir<a
fall, cf. vrp- Lit. toirpeti shake.
repo creep r2p- Lit. replidti, cf rep- Zd. rap- go.

: .
re-pudium divorce beating back,' see tri-pudium.

:
'
res thing (E. rebus) Sk. rfis property. :
treslna resin *faa\rr\ Ion. form of ifarirn

: :
restis rope
rete net Lit.
: retis sieve, bS- see rams.
reus disputant = *revus *rivus (see deus divus) — rivalis (for the termi-
:
nations cf. aequus aequalis).

rex king: Olr. rig Gen., Got. reiks rule E. drake (see andts), Sk. raja
ruler (E. rajah) raj- to rule, beg-, cf. reg- rego.
trhetor rhetorician: tfrwp speaker, vbe- Olr. briathar word, cf. veb-
cXpv (= *F4p-]o») say.
trhd B. : ij>u, for *fius from Heb. rM (with -«- from £ ^€701 ?).
trhomphaea spear: ffiofupala sword (used as a missile?), Thracian (Gel-

lius).
trhythmus harmony : j>v-6-n6s, fr. fta> flow.
rica veil :
*
torn reik- ^-pcfow tear.' (see lacerna),
ricinium recinium a square garment
rideo laugh
riged stiffen stretch,' fr. rego? :
*
rigd moisten
rima crack running along,' bi- see ritus.
:
*
ringor show the teeth

ripa bank (E. arrive river) torn (see littus), beip- i-pdirw tear down, :
'
'
ONor. rifa to tear E. reef rift rifle Subst. rive, cf. rip- 4-pinvri cliff,
triscus chest tfil<ricos, Phrygian (Donatus on Ter. Eun. 754).
:
ritus ceremony: * course,' bi- b-pivw stir, cf. bi- Olr. rith course (see
petorritum), Got. rinnan run E.
rivalis rivinus rival : biv- see rev*, cf. biv- OSlav. rivinti.
rivus brook = *ru-vus *rur-vus fr. rud 1
: .
rixa brawl beik-s- cf. beik- rica, split

:
' '.
roblgo riibigo rust 'red,' boudh- see rufus, cf. budh- Lit. rudls, budh-
:
4-pvcri$T] mildew, Ags. rust E. rust, OSlav. rtizda rust.
robur strength: Mir. rUad: boudh- see rufus, 'red' as the sign of
* freshness,' cf
rudis Adj. So robur oak, from its buds and young
.
leaves being red.

robus Juv. 8. 155 Schol. red see rufus. :
rodo gnaw: b5d- cf. bod- Ags. rat rat E., see radius rado.
rogo ask bog- cf. beg- rego, try to attain '.
:
'
rogus pyre bog- cf. beg- Got. rikan to heap E. rake.

:
Not from j>oy6s silo.

1
rorarii skirmishers: 'rushing,' bous- 6-f>oi5(<r)« rush, see rud .
ros dew (E. rosemary) bos- cf bos- Lit. rasa OSlav. rosa, Sk. rasas sap. : .
trosa rose (E. E. coppe?-ew) dialectic for *rossa, Osc. (cf. Verg. Geo. 4. :
119 rosaria Paesti, Paestum in Lucania where Oscan was spoken) for
*rodia (cf. Sabine Clausus for Claudius), *pob*la Adj. Fern. fr. -\p6Zov,
*Fp6$ov, cf. Arab, werd Zenker 930 b.
Digitized by VjOOQlC r
rota wheel (E. barouche rile roll roue" round) bot- Olr. roth, OHG. rod, :
Lit. rdtas, Zd. ratha- chariot Sk. rdthas wagon.

rubed blush fr. sq. :
ruber red (E. rouge ruby) budh-b- i.pvBpts, OSlav. rMrti, cf. budh-b-
:
Sk. rudhiras rudh-, cf. roudh- rufus.

:
rubus bramble with red berries,' cf. praeced.

:
*
ructd rbugv- i-ptiyoftai, cf. bugv- Lit. rugiu OSlav. rygaja, rugv- Ags.
:
rocetan Inf., Arm. orcam vomo.

rudens rope: rattling' in the wind, Part. fr. rudo (Nonius, cf. Ov.
*
Trist. 1. 713 stridunt aquilone rudentes).

rudis Subst. rod rudh- cf budh- Ags. rod E. E. rood.
: .
rudis Adj. raw: 'red,' and so applied to earth, metal, meat (cf. E. bran-
new 'fire-new,' fresh and bright), budh- see ruber.
rudo roar: bud- Zd. Sk. rud- weep, bud- OSlav. rydati, beud- Ags.
redtan, cf. boud- Lit. raudd wailing.
rudus broken stones fresh,' cf. rudis Adj. : '
rufus red (E. roan): dialectic for * rubus, robus, NUmbr. rofu rubros,
boudh- Mir. ruad, Got. rauds E. E. ruddy, cf. budh- Lit. rudas, see
ruber.
ruga wrinkle
rumen throat
rumex spear, sorrel (' with hastate leaves ')
rumis breast
rumor (for term. cf. clamor) talk: bu- at-piofiai howl, Ags. runian,' cf.
beu- OSlav. ruii, bu- Lit. rujd rutting, Sk. ru- cry.
rumpd break (E. rout route rote rut) bump- cf. bup- rupes, Lit. rupeti to :
trouble, bup- Lit. rupas rough, Sk. rup~ break, beup- Ags. bereofan
be broken off E. bereave rove rob ruff rubbish rubble gruff.
runa dart
runcina plane (j>vK&rn) fr. sq., twigs being compared to hairs.
:
runco deprive of hair (Pers. 4. 36), weed out Sk. lunc- tear. :
ruo 2 fall, rush *ruo Dissim. for *ruro *ruso, bous- see rorarii hence
; :
irruo obru5 J proruo 1 .
ruo 2 demolish Sk. ru- break to pieces, cf. beu- Got. riurs corruptible
:
hence deruo diruo eruo 1 prdruo 2 subruo 1 semirutus.

ruo 3 heap up hence adruo obruo 2
: :
ruo 4 dig up bu- OSlav. ryti dig, cf. bou- Lit. rduti dig up hence ruta
: :
4
minerals eruo 2 subruo 2
' .
rupes rock : broken,' see rumpd.

*
rus country (E. roistering) bu-s Mir. roe plain, cf. bu-m- Got. rums :
room E.
ruscum rustum butcher's broom (E. rush Subst.) used in the country :
*
to make brooms ' Plin. 23. 166, fr. praeced.
russus rusus red (E. russet) : = *rud-tus, cf. budh- rudis Adj.
triita rue (E.) : j>vr4\ :
''
curative,' Part. Fern, from fiuofiai cure Hdt. 4.
187 fin.
rutilus red : budh-los, see rudis Adj.
tsabbata sabbath : frdpfiara, Heb. shabbdth.

sabulum saburra sand psabh- cf psabh- \yrj<pos pebble ? : .
Not = *samvdum samadh- &fiados sand cf. samdh- Ags. E. sand.

tsaccus bag (E. sack) : fffdiacos, Heb. fsaq : Egyptian, cf.Coptic sok.
sacer consecrated: = *sec-r6~ fr. sequor, 'followed,' i.e. regarded, by the
gods, cf. secundus propitious, facts retribution.
saeculum seculum saeclum seclum race : SAf-TLOM W. hoedl life :
'
con-
nexion,' sai- see saeta.
saepe often short for saepe-numero with the tale inclusive,' saepe Abl.
: '
(cf. Ov. perenne Abl.) of *saepis Adj. fr. sq., ' crammed, fenced in
(see cunctus).
saepes sepes hedge (E. transept) : ' enclosure,' dialectic for *saeques
saikv- OSlav. sektt sheepfold.
saeta seta bristle (E. satin seton) :
'
bound together ' to make a brush or
/
line, 8AI-t - Ags. sad noose, Lit. saitai prison ('place of binding')
OSlav. sell noose, Zd. haetu- bridge, road ('connecting') Sk. situs
binding, from sai- see saeculum.
saevus sevus fierce
sagax acute: 'pointing out the way,' sag- Olr. saigim I visit, Got.
sakan contend (' point out the adversary) E. sake, cf. sag- sagio. '
saglna cramming: svagv- <rdrru (dialectic for *<rd(a> *<rfdy-}a>) load,

Zd. qaj- surround Sk. svaj- embrace.
sagio am keen: 'find the way,' rjycofiai lead, Got. sokjan seek E., see
sagax.
tsagitta arrow
sagmen sacred herbs
fsagum cloak (E. sail ?) Gaulish (Varr. L. L. 5. 167). :
sal salt (E. salad s&lt-cellar) sal- &\s Masc, Olr. salann, Lit. salunka :
salt-box OSlav. soli salt, Arm. a\, cf. sal-do- Got. E. salt.
tsalaco braggart <rdk&K<t>v fr. <xd\os tossing, see solum.
: ;
tsalaputium mannikin deserving a slap,' cf. fsalapitta { = *salapita

: '
*8alaputa) box on the ear

salio leap (E. sally) sal- &\\ojjlcii, Mir. tui-sel fall.
:
tsaliunca Celtic nard Gaulish (to judge by its botanical name).

:
saliva (for term, cf ging-iva) Mir. saile Gaulish (as first in Catullus) ?
. : :
salix willow salik- Arcadian 1\Ikti (for *a\licn, cf Arcadian (epcdpov

: .
for fidpadpov), Mir. sail, cf. salk- Ags. sealh E. sallov) Subst.
salsus salted: Part, of sallo (as falsus of /alio) I salt, = * sal-no fr. sal.
saltern at least :
' swiftly, without difficulty/ fr. saltus leaping, solid, +
M see autem.
saltus woodland: 'running-ground' for cattle (see ager), Zd. har- go
Sk. sar- run.
tsalum sea : <rd\os tossing, sval- Ags. svellan swell E. E. swallow Subst.
salus safety saint- = *salUvi-t- fr. *sal-ilvu8 = sq.
:
salvus safe sl- Olr. sldn sound, cf. sl- solidus.

:
tsambiica harp to-o/ijSoicij, Aramaic sabVka.

:
sancid ordain senkv- cf. sekv- sacer.

:
tsandalium slipper cay9d\iov Dimin. of f<rdy$a\ov Pers. sendel Zenker

: t
521 a.
tsandapila bier
tsandiz sandfz vermilion: f<rdv$iZ (rck50|, Lydian (Lydus de Magis-
tratibus 3. 64).
sanguis sanguen blood sangvbt cf. sagvn- hyviov (for *h&viov) bowl to
:
catch the victim's blood

sanies matter
tsanna grimace (not E. zany) *(rdvmj fr. iafovas buffoon, :
sanus sound OHG. suona expiation (' making whole ').

:
sapa must dialectic for *saqua, Lit. sakai resin OSlav. sokti, juice.
:
tsaperda a fish t<rdir^>$7;$, Pontic (as coming from Pontus).

:
sapid taste, understand (E. savour): sep- Ags. sefan understand, ct

sop- b*6s juice.
sarcio mend: sarkv- Lit. szarlcas garment (ONor. serhr shirt Scotch
sark) OSlav. sraka.
tsarisa sarissa spear io-dpio-a (rdpuraa, Macedonian. :
sarpo prune sbp- cf. sep- harps.

:
/tsarracum serracum wagon: Gaulish, like other names of wheeled

vehicles (carpentum carrus petorritwm, raeda, covinnus essedum) ?
sarrapis in Plaut. Poen. 1312 (Goetz) deglupta mena, sarrapis semen
tium:
sarrio sario weed (E. assart)
sartago frying-pan: fr. sartum 'in good repair,' Part, of sarci6\ putting '
the ingredients in good order, making them serviceable '.

tsatelles attendant Etrusc. zatlaS Bugge B. B. 11. 1 : a bodyguard of
:
satellites first introduced by Tarquinius Superbus, an Etruscan by

origin,
satis enough (E. assets sate) sat- Mir. sathach satisfied, Got. saths full
:
E. sad OHG. sat satisfied, cf. sat- Lit. sotus satisfying,

tsatrapa viceroy: to-aTprfmjs 4ârpdmi$ OPers. khshatrapdva fr. khsha- t
tram dominion + pa- protect.

satureja savory :
' satisfying,' fr. satur full, see satis.
satus sown (E. season) : = *set6s se-, cf. se- semen.
tsaucaptis a spice : tVafocwrm :
saucius wounded: fr. *savicus, Chian <rafyuc6s rotten (Hesych.).

savium suavium kiss : from *vasium, basium, quasi fr. su&vis.
saxum stone (E. sassafras) sakso- OHG. sahs knife (orig. of flint).
:
scabellum scabillum scamillum (Terentius Scaurus, Keil 7. 14) Casta-

net from *scab-lum skvabh- scamnum (the castanet, inserted in the
:
performer's shoe, being compared to a bed-step).

scaber rough, scabo scrape (Nonius' scapres pro scabres should perhaps
be * scabres pro scabra es ') skvabh- <ncdirru> dig, Got. skaban shave :
E. E. shaft shabby scab, Lit. skabeti cut OSlav. skobll scraping-

iron.
tscaena scena stage ckt?^ booth :
scaeva omen: 'seen on the left,' scaevus left, <riecu6s (for *<rKaif6s),
ONor. skeika to swerve (for the second -k- see on vivus).
scaiae steps : = *scddae skvad- cf . skvand- scando.
tscalmus thole : 0*0X^5 :
* pointed stick,' cf. <tku\os stake and (nccC\A«
I hoe.
scalpo carve : sklp-, cf. sklp- sculpo.
tscammonea scammony: to-Kawavla, coming from Mysia (Diosc. 4.
168).
scamnum stool (E. shambles): = *scab-num 'support,' skvabh- Lit. skaba
horseshoe OSlav. skoba buckle, cf. skvambh- Zd. ckemb- to prop Sk.
skambh-.
scando climb (E. scan): 'jump up,' skvand- <rKav$4\ri6pov springe (E.
slander), Olr. ro-sescaind he leapt forth, Sk. skand- leap, see scaiae.
tscapha boat <tk&$t\ trough * scraped out, hollowed,' fr. scabo.
: ;
scapulae shoulderblades bearers on which to carry a burden, skvabh-

:
'
'
scamnum.
scapus yarn-beam :
' supporter,' skvap- (ncrjirrpov staff (ncfiirro/xat support
myself, by-form of skvabh- scamnum.
tscarus wrasse <ricdpos fr. aicalpu skip.
: ;
seated gush skvat- Lit. skatau I leap.

:
scaurus large-ankled (<ricavpos, 10th century a.d.) :
scelus crime: 'debt, requiring expiation,' skvel- cf. skvol- Got. skal
I must E. shall, skvl- Lit. skllti become indebted.
scheda sheet of paper (<rxfty, 12th century a.d., so scheda cannot be
borrowed from it E. sketch) pop. etym. (quasi fr. rx&ios common)
: :
for scida, see scindo.

tschoenus rush cxoivos :
scindo split skhvind- cf. skhvid-

: o*x^f«, Zd. ccid- break Sk. chid- cut
off.
scintilla spark (E. stencil tinsel) : fr. *scintHils Part, of *scino shine, skin-
cf. skin- Got. skeinan shine E.
scio know (E. nice) :

' discern,' = *sclo skei- * separate,' Mir. scian knife,
cf. kei- Ktlu split.
scipio staff : gkvkuv :

'
for throwing,' skvTp- OHG. sella ball, cf. kvsip-
Sk. kship- throw.
scirpus sirpus rush (OHG. sciluf?), surpiculus rush-basket
sco bis sawdust
tscomber mackerel : <nc6fi&pos
sedpae twigs (E. scullion)
tscopulus rock <nt<forcAos place of observation,' fr. <r/toWa> see specio.
: ;
'
tscorpius scorpion <ricopirlos :
scortum hide cut off,' skvrt<5m Part. Neut., see cerno.

:
'
screo hawk = *screjd skrei- cf. skbi- OHG. scrlan cry, skbi- Mir. scret
:
a cry, cf. E. scream screech shriek, onomatop.

tscribllta cheesecake: pop. etym. (quasi fr. sq., 'marked' with notches)
for *strebllta, Vrpe/SXiTij* fr. <rrp€$\6s twisted (cf. <rrp€irr6s cracknel
fr. <rrp4<pa turn, E. tart Subst. from Lat. tortus twisted).
scribo write (OHG. scriban, E. descry scribble scrivener shrive) : skribh-
cf.skribh- (TKapi<pdofiai scratch.
scrlnium chest (Ags. serin ark E. shrine OSlav. skrina chest) ; : = *scrH-
n-ium fr. scru-ta, place for keeping odds and ends '. '
scrobis ditch (E. screw) dug out,' skvrobh- Lett, shrabt scrape. :
'
scrofa sow dialectic for *scr6ba t skvbobh- cf. praeced., scratching up

:
'
the ground '.

scrupus sharp stone : = *scr6pus skrop- cf. skrp- Ags. sceor/an scrape E.
scurf scurvy.
scruta trash Ags. scrUd garment E. shroud, skbut(5- Part, of *scruo.
:
scrutor examine (Olr. ar&scruta ut scrutetur, OHG. scrutdn explore)

1
cut up,' fr. praeced.
sculpo carve sklp- see scalpd, cf skolp- <tk6\o$ stake.
: .
sculponeae wooden shoes

tscurra buffoon = *scura *scora *<ricapas (cf the slave-names 'AAefo*
:
t
.
Artfuis 'Eiccuppas 'Epfws) from *(rKwp-<pdyos 'dirt-eater' (cf. E. toad-

eater).
scutale thong :
'
strip of hide,' fr. scutum.
scutica lash :
'
cf. skut- scutum.
strip of hide,' skut-
scutra square tray (E. scuttle Subst. skillet) :
tscutula roller <ncvrd\ri staff :
scutum oblong leather shield (E. escutcheon squire) cf. o-kvtos hide, :
tscymnus whelp : (tkv^vos :
tscyphus cup : <TKv<pos :
se Ace. himself: sve (see me), cf. sve t, Gk)t. si-k E. basfc busk, OSlav.
sg, see suus.
se- apart :
'
by oneself,' Abl. fr. praeced.
sebum sevum tallow = *saebum saib- Ags. sap red antimony E. soap
:
(Gaulish sdpd pomade Plin. 28. 191 from Teutonic).

seed cut (E. risk scion sickle) sekv- OHG. seh coulter ONor. sigde sickle
:
E. sithe sedge fhassock, cf. sokv'- Ags. saga saw E., sekv- OSlav. seka
I cut.
seed 3 follow Aen. 10. 407, Hor. Epp. 1. 16. 42 : fr. sequor.
secta path (E. sept suit suite) fr. praeced. :
sectius (Gell. 18. 9) setius less

hardly cf. Got. seithus late, which will not account for sectius.
secus otherwise, sequius worse sek- eicds apart, Olr. seek beyond. :
Enn.'s Prep, secus 'by,' Sk. sded with, is fr. sequor: from it come
altrinsecus extrinsecus intrinsecus,
sed set without (Fest.), but : = *sed, OLat. se-dum, see se- and
-dum.
sedeo sit (E. assize hostage see Subst. siege size surcease) : sed- c5os seat
eCofiai sit,Got. sitan E. E. seat set fseize, OSlav. sedlo saddle, Zd. had-
sit Sk. sad-, cf. sod- (?) Mir. saidim I settle, see sldo.
sed-itio discord fr. *se-du (see in-du), see sS-, + eo.
:
sedo settle sed- Olr. sid peace, Lit. sedHi sit, cf. sed- seded.
:
sedulo diligently (whence sedulus diligent) :

'
without deceit,' a without
(Fest.), see si- and sed, + dolus.
seges cornfield seg- cf sog- W. hau sow.
: .
segnis slow cf. Sk. saj- hang ?

:
sella sedda (Terentius Scaurus, Keil 7. 13) seat = *seda, see sedo. :
semel once Oscan (see famulus) for *semul *semulum Adj. Ace. Neut.
:
from sem- €v one Neut., see simul.

semen seed sS-mn cf OHG. samo, Lit. shnenys OSlav. seme,, from se-
: .
Olr. sll (E. shillelagh). Got. saian sow Ags. saed seed E., Lit. seti sow:
'throw,' cf. trifii (= *<rl-<rri-ni) send.
semi- half: ijju-, Sk. sami-, cf. sem- OW. hanther Zeuss 2 149 b, Ags. sam
E. saw^-blind.
semis half -as: from *semissis = *sem(i)-issis *sem(i)-e8sis (cf. quitiquessis
five asses), fr. praeced. + as.
semita footpath (E. sentinel) : fr. semi-, * half the width of the road '.
semper always sen- Got. : sinteind, Arm. hanapaz, Sk. santit, + -per : '
as
of old,' fr. senex.
sempiternus eternal : for *semper-nus fr. praeced., on anal, of aeviternus
(fr. aevitds).
senex old (E. sir sirrah surly) : sen- wos, Olr. sen, Got. sineigs E. fsene-
schal, Lit. sinas, Arm. hin, Zd. hana- Sk. sdnas.
senticetum thorn-brake : fr. *sentex formed from sentis on anal, oifrutex
ilex.
sentina bilgewater : snti- &<ris mud for *&ns ?
Digitized by G'OOglC
sentio perceive (E. scent) :

'
recognise as being, realise,' fr. *sens Part.
(cf . prae-sens) of sum.
sentis thorn
sentus rough
sepelio bury
tsepia cuttlefish : <micia, ir. \<rf\ty snake
septem 7 septii (-m for -n from the ordinal septm-mos, see decern) for
:
sept£ kxrdy Olr. secht n- Got. sibun E., Arm. evthn, Zd. haptan- Sk.
s
saptd, cf. Lit. septyni OSlav. sedml ( = *sept-mi).

septuaginta 70: formed on anal, of octuagintd 80, i.e. *octuagintd *octo-a-
gintd f see trlgintd.
sequor follow (E. sue) sekv- «ro/xai, Mir. sechur I follow, Got. saikvan
:
see E. ('follow with the eyes'), Lit. sekti follow, Zd. hoc- Sk. sac-
accompany.
serenus dry, serescd Lucr. 1. 306 get dry
seria jar ' heavy,' sq.
:
serius grave sveb- OHG. swari heavy Got. svers honorable, ct sveb-
:
Lit. swerti weigh.

sermo speech * connected discourse, fr. sero 2
: ' .
sero 1 sow: ses- W. haidd barley (= *hei-ja *hes-ja), Zd. hahya corn Sk.
sasydm, cf. Plin. 18. 141 secale (' rye ') Taurini sub Alpibus sasiam (so
Stokes conj. for asiam: hence Span./eja) vocant. Perf. sevz from se- —
semen, Part, satus from 8E-.
sero 2 join (E. concert seraglio) : seb- tlpoa (= *€p-j«), cf. ser- Lit. seris
thread,
serperastra splints ^for term, see mediastinus) : fr. *serperv& Adj. of sq.
serpo creep Spra, Sk. sarp-.
:
tserpyllum serpullum serpillum thyme ?pm/AXos, fr. Sp™ creep, spelt :
as though direct fr. praeced. (cf. salm-acidus sour from Hkm brine,
with s- from sat),
serra saw
serum whey seb-, cf. sob- 6p6s Sk. sdrasas juicy,
:
t
serus late (Fr. soir evening) Olr. sir long. :
servo keep
servus slave (E. serf) fr. praeced. * protege '. : ,
tsesamum sesame fa-faa/iov, for *<rdfio-afiov Arab, semsem Zenker 518 b

:
1
Assyrian samassammu.
sescenaris of 600 pounds' weight (Graevius) Liv. 41. 15 bovis fr. sescenJi :
600 ( = *sex-cent-n%, sex + centum).

tseselis hartwort f<r4<rc\is : :
sesqui- 1 J : fr. semissi- (see semis) + -que.

tsetanium medlar: 'fresh,' <rrirdyiov (Neut.) of this year, fr. Vipm Att.
ttjt€s this year, = Vf-jjre* fr. r6 this + term, -vo- + &ros.
ETYMOtOGICAL LEXICON 95
severus serious :
* fixt,' Lit. segii I fasten.
sex 6 (E. siesta) sees Got. saihs E., Sk. shdsh, cf. (1) sjeks OSlav.
:
hstl, (2) 8VEKS c|, Lit. szcszi (unless these two are from seks), Olr.
s5 W. chwech, (3) vers ^, Arm. wtffo, uks Pruss. uschis sixth, (4)
KV8VBKS Zd. khshvash 6.
si sei if : proclitic form of *svai Osc. *ral, ol : from svo- Got. smsoE.?
Hardly add cl if, which rather = Lit. jei.
slbilus sifilus whistling

•
sic thus : = *so-l-ee (see hie), so Enn. sam earn, 6 he, Olr. se this Neut.,
Got. sa he, Zd. ha- Sk. #&.
sica dagger : cf . Lit. sykis stroke.
siccus dry (E. sack sherry) : = *sU-cus fr. sitis, cf. Mir. seise (= *sit-kios).
si-cubi wherever : from si, see nS-cubi.
sido settle : = *si-sdo- zd- Arm. n-stim I sit down (Bedrossian), cf. sed-
sedeo.
sidus constellation : praeced., 'fixt,' as opposed to the moon.
signum mark : sig-, cf . sigilla images
siled am silent (Got. an&-silan abate, of wind) : 'settle down,' fr. seded.
siler brookwillow: 'growing by rivers,' cf. Siler SUarus river in Lu-

cania:
silcx flint
sili-cernium funeral feast: 'meat at which they sat' (the old Bom.
fashion) instead of reclining, fr. seded + *ctrsna dinner, OUmbr. cers-
natur cenati, see cena.
siligd winter-wheat (ffiklyvtov)
siliqua pod : fr. silex, ' hard '.
tsilurus shad : f<ri\ovpos : Egyptian, Plin. 9. 44 silurus in Nilo.
sflus snubnosed : svi-, see simus.
silua silva wood (E. savage)
simia ape simus.
: fr.
similis alike: from *stimulus som-l6s d/xa\6s level, som- 6/x6s in common,
Got. soma same E., cf. sm- o- together &-îa with, Got. sums some
E. E. game-some, Arm. ham- together, Zd. Kama like Sk. samds, and
bom- OSlav. samu ipse, see semel simul.
simltu at once (for term. seepituUa) sm-, see simul. :
simplex simplus simple (for terms, see duplex) sem-, see semel. :
simpulum ladle : fr. sq., cf. OUmbr. seples Abl. Plur.

simpuvium bowl
simul at once (E. assemble) : = *simulum sm-lo- cf. Olr. samal likeness,
from sm- see similis,
simultas quarrel match,' fr. similis. :
'
simus snub-nosed <ri><fe, svf-, see sUus. :
sin but if : = *si-num ' if now '.
tsinapis mustard (MHG. sen/) : *<rlya*vs Dor. for t<rlt>Tnrvs, cf. (o-)vawv :
Egyptian (Plin. 19. 171 semen optumum Aegyptium) ?

sincerus clean (for term. cf. sev-erus): fr. *ain-cii8 simple, sem-, see
simplex.
sinciput half a head slmi- + caput. :
sine without sn- Av^v, Zd. hanare, cf

: . &rtp t Got. sundrd privately E.
sunder, Sk. sanitdr without.
singuli each dialectic (?) for *sinculi Dimin. from *sincus, see sincerus.
:
singultus sobbing fr. *singulio Vb., sing- cf. sig- Ags. sican sigh E. ?
:
sinister left (for term. cf. magister minister): sen- senex, * elder' (a
euphemism like ev&vyixos '
well-named, left, ' and Ags. vinster left fr.
Sk. van- to desire).
sino leave (E. site)
hardly cf. ONor. svina subside (of a swelling) svi- cf svi- Ags. svima .
dizziness E. swim 2 am dizzy,

sinum bowl
sinus fold
siparium curtain : = *sUparium fr. supparum.
tsipho pipe : <ri<puv
sirempse (Plaut. Amph. 73) siremps (for loss of -e see instar) : = *sur-
em-p'Se Inf. Perf. of *8urim6 take up, Fest. suremit Perf., from sus +
emo ; so that siremps lex esto quasi = '.let an assumption be law, as
though,' &c.
tsirpe (see caepe) silphium : for *sirpium, *<rlp<piov by-form of i<ri\<piov
sisto stop : formed from Inf. sistere = *si-st&-re Bedupl. of sta- see st6 y
cf. iffrdvai place (= *<rt-<TT<i-voi).
tsistrum rattle <r*?<rrpov : : Egyptian (as used in Egypt), but formed

quasi fr. velta shake.
tsisura coverlet : <rur6pa
tsisymbrium mint : <ri<r6fi&piov> Bedupl. (with 6 softened in Ion. before
v, cf . ipxtoi&n wlffwos) fr. dvfi&pa savory, see thymbra.
sitis thirst
tsittybus label ; *<tIttu&os, trirrvfrov piece of leather
situla jar
tsmaragdus emerald (E.) : fcr/jApaytios (for <r- see murra 1 ), cf. Sk.
marakatam.
tsmyrna myrrh : \tfyJtpva, see murra 1 *
sobrinus cousin (E. E. cozen) = *svesr-tnus * sister's son,' Lit. seserynai

:
Plur., svesb- Lit. sesers sister's, and (with -t- from the words for
*
brother') svestb- Olr. sethar, Got. svistar sister E., Pruss. swestro
OSlav. sestra cf. svesob- soror.
y
sobrius sober free from drunkenness,' 86- by-form (see dddrans) of s8~,
: '
+ *brius see ebrius.
tsoccus slipper : *<r<fex°*> Zd. hakha sole, cf Hesych. t<r«5«xof Phrygian .
shoe.
socer father-in-law svekur- €Kvp6s, Lit. szesziiiras, Zd. qacura Sk. g v&-
:
furas, cf. Arm. skesur mother-in-law, see socrus.

socius ally sokv- hnwuv attendant, cf sekv- seguor.
: .
socors dull fr. so- see sobrius + cor wit.

:
socrus parent-in-law svekbu- W. chwegrwn father-in-law, OSlav. svekrii

:
(-k-, for -s-, from Teutonic?), cf. svekron- Got. svaihra, see socer.
sodalis fellow :
'
going ' with one, see solum.
sodes pray = : *saudes t si audes ' if you are inclined,' cf. Aen. 2. 347
audere in praelia.
sol sun saul- W. haul, Lit. sduU> cf sauel- Got.
: . sauil, from sauel-
ijfKios (= *<raf4\ios).
tsoldurii vassels : Gaulish, t<rtA<foov/>o< (Athenaeus).
solea slipper for going in,' see solum (as ipfyLs
:
'
fr. &alvw go).
soled am accustomed go my way,' see solum. : '
solidus firm (E. soda solder soldier) sl-, cf. sl- salvus. :
solium seat = *sodium t Olr. suide, sod- cf sed- sedeo.

: .
sollemnis sollennis (quasi fr. annus) appointed coming when the : '
round is completed,' fr. sq. + *amnus round, Osc. amnod circuitu.

sollus whole Osc. sollo totum (Fest. ) s<5lvos, ol\os, Zd. haurva- all
: :
Sk. sdrvas.
solor comfort make to go,' sod- cf. sod- sq. ?
:
'
solum ground for going on,' sod- 684s way, OSlav. hoditi walk,
:
'
~
{
solus alone (E. sullen) by oneself,' from so- (see sobrius). :
solvo loose (E. assail) let go, fr. *sol-vus Adj. from sod- see solum.:
'
'
somnus sleep svop-nos Lit. sdpnas Zd. hvafna- Sk. svdpnas, cf. svep-
: y
nos Ags. sve/n dream, sup-nos fhrvos sleep, OSlav. sUnti, Arm. khun,
sup-nos Mir. suan fr. sopor.
. ;
sons guilty sonti- cf. snti- OHG. sundea sin Ags. syn E.
:
sonticus serious (of a reason or disease) svent- avd-4vrrjs (fr. avr6s) :
perpetrator (E. Effendi) avdemicas authentically, Got. svinths strong,

cf. svht'- Ags. sund sound (Adj.) E.
sonus sound (E. E. sonnet Olr. son word) sven- Olr. senim Ags. svin ; :
t
song, Zd. qan- to sound Sk. svan-.

sopio lull : fr. *sopus Adj. (see comis) fr. sq.
sopor sleep: svep- Ags. svefan put to sleep E. softy Zd. qap- to sleep Sk.
svap't cf. sup- OSlav. s&pati, see somnus.
tsoracum hamper : <rtibpaicos
sorbed swallow sebh- OSlav. sriibanije swallowing, Arm. arbi I drank,

:
cf. 8BOBH- fio<t>€u swallow, srebh- Lit. sriebiu.
sorbum sorvum (Plin.) service-berry (E.) : srv-, cf. srov- f>ovs sumach
po(f)id pomegranate, Sk. sravdf a plant.
7
sordes dirt: svbd- fyffa, cf. svobd- Got. svarts black E. swarthy, see
suasum.
sorex saurex (Plaut. Poen. 1313 Goetz) shrew-mouse : saub- cf . sur-
6pa| (Nicander).
soror sister : svesob Olr. siur, Arm. khoir, cf . svbsob- Zd. qa&har- Sk.
svdsar-, see sobrinus.
sors lot (E. sorcery) 8RTf- Olr. aneftA row, fr. *«ro 2 'connected'.
: ,
sospes sispes (i.e. **&spe$) safe

tspadix nut-brown palm-coloured,' <nr£5l£ palm-branch
: '
tspado: <nri9ctfv:
sparged scatter
tspartum esparto-grass: 'used in making ropes,' fr. mrdprow trirdpros:
rope, spbt- see sporta, spobt- Lit. spartas band, cf.
tsparus spear: Gaulish? cf. Ags. sp#r E. spar (W.par), and speb- Ags.
sper E.
tspatha broadsword <rw<i$n broad blade, Ags. E. spade.
:
tspatium space Etruscan (see Idus) for *spadium from

: (nrttSier Aeelic
for (rrddiov race-course.
specio spicio see (E. pillory spice spite) spek- OHG. spehon watch E» :
tspy, Arm. spasem I await, Zd. cpac- look Sk. spa? - perceive, cf. spok-
SKOP- (TKOirew.
specus cave: 'refuge,' spek- skep- (cf. praeced.) o-Kfiras shelter,
tspelaeum cave <rirf\\aiov : :
tspelunca cave : <rirfi\vyya (see on pertica) Ace. of <rirq\vy$, fr. praeced.

sperno sever, despise kick off,' Ags. speornan kick E. spurn,, from
: '
speb- NHG. sperren struggle E. spar Vb., cf. spb- oW/w, Lit. spirU
kick, Sk. sphur- jerk. •
spes hope : go on,' Lit. sp'Sti have leisure OSlav. speti advance,
spe- '
Sk. sphd- grow fat (' advance '), cf. spo- Ags. spovan succeed E. speed.
tsphaera ball <r<pcupa: :
splca speca (rustic, Varr.) point (E. spigot spike spoke)

spina thorn spin- cf. spin- OHG. spinula pin.
;
tspinter (Neut.) bracelet : ' compressing,' = *spincter (with term, on

anal, of tuber), ctfuyKT'fip muscle, fr. <r<t>lyya> bind,
tspinturnix (with term, from cot-urnix) avis carbonem ferens ex aris
Plin. 10. 36 fr. *spinter, (rrnvd^p spark,
:
tspira coil <rwt?pa speb- cf spb- Lit. spira ball,

: : .
spiro breathe : emit breath, = * spurt fr. *spu-rus Adj. fr. spud.
' '
spissus thick = *spid-tus Part., spid- Hesych. <nritiv6s close Horn.. <r*t-
:
5^s broad,
tsplen milt ffvKfri see ^*»
:
splended shine (Lit. splendliu) : = *splenideo fr. *splenidus yellow, Adj.

fr. praeced. (cf. ardeo fr. aridus).
spolium spoil
1
-fsponda side of a bedstead: 'place of preliminary libation before
getting into bed, (nrovd-f) libation, see spondeo.
*t*spondalium hymn : fr. *sponddlis Adj. of *sponda libation, o-wovti-fi, see
sq.
spondeo promise (E. spouse) : spond-of. spend- <rtr4vtiu> offer.
-f-spongia sponge : <riroyyid, fr. fa^yyos, see fungus.
sponte freely
sporta basket : * plaited,' spbt-, see spartum.
spuma foam : fr. sq.
spu5 spit (E. scupper) : spju- tttiJw, W. ffum a puff, Arm. thukh saliva,
cf. spiv- Got. speivan spit E. spue, spjeu- Lit. spiduti OSlav. pljuti,
and stju- stiv- Sk. shthlv-.
spurcus dirty spbk-, cf. spobk- Sk. spare- touch,
:
squalor roughness = *squddor cf sq. :

t
. :
squama scale : = * squad-ma fr. praeced.

squilla prawn : <ricl\\a
st Interj, : cf. E. hist whist, and pst ij/vrra, French^,

tstadium furlong : o-rddiov, Aeol. <rird8iov (see spatium)
stagnum pool (E. stanch staunch tank) : from *steg-nus Adj., cf. <rrcyav6s
close, fr. trriya hold water, see tego.
stamen warp (W. ystaf) : cf. <rr^/*a>j>, Got. stoma stuff set up,' :
•
fr. st6.
tstatera steelyard : arar-fip a weight, from sta- cf stI- st6. .
fstega deck : <rrcyri roof, see tego.

Stella star : *stela (French itoile), = *ster-la t
steb- k-trr^p, W. seren, Got.
stairnd Ags. steorra E., Arm. o,-st\, Zd. ctare Sk. star-: fr. steroid,
'strewn* about the sky?

stellio stelio stillio newt praeced., 'marked with stars '. :
stercus stircus dung cf stcrquillnium mixen Metath. (quasi fr. : . : sterno)

of *squertus *squortus skvbt-, cf. skvbt- W. ysgarth offscourings,
skvobt- <ricd>p dung.
barren steb-
sterilis : trrtipos, Got. stairo, Arm. sterj, Sk. starts barren
cow :
' hard,' cf. <rT€pc6s solid, Ir. seirt strength.
sternd spread (E. stray street) steb- OSlav. streti, Zd. ctar- Sk. star-, cf. :
stb- Olr. srethi substernendum, Ags. E. storm, stb- stravl Perf. stra-
tus Part., ffrp&vvvfjLi <rrop4yyvfii ffrSpvvfju; also STBEV- Ags. streovian
strew E., stbou- Got. straujan Ags. strea straw E., stbo- Lit. strdja
stall.
sternud sneeze: psteb-n- Arm. phrngal, cf. pstb-n- irrdpyvfiat : fr. sq.,
'
make a noise with the nose \
stertd snore : psteb-, cf pstb- Olr. srenim. .
stilla drop (E. still Subst.), stilicidium (fr. cado) dropping: *stila=*stlr-la
fr. stiria.
stilus stake : = *studns, studh- Ags. studu. pillar E. stud 2 .

stimulus stake, goad (Mir. sibal thorn, pin) : = *stib-lus stub- (or STtJBH-) r
see stipula.
stingud quench :
'
strike asunder,' sting v- Got. stigqan push,
stipendium pay : = *stip-pendium, fr. stips + pendo.
stipes log : stIjp- ONor. stufr stump, Sk. stfipas tuft, cf. stup- (frxmos
stump, Sk. stupds tuft,
stipo press (E. costive stevedor) : st5p- of. stuppa :
stips gift
stipula stalk : = *stupula (whence the forms in the Bomance languages,
and W. sq/l stubble, OHG. stupfila E.) * stub-la stub- (or stubh-)
OSlav. sttiblo stiblo stalk.
stipulor bargain :
* take earnest-money,' fr. stips.
stiria drop
stirps stock
stiva plough-handle :
' tail,' stiv- cf. stiv- OHG. stiuz haunch,
stlatarius stlattarius deceitful: fr. stldta stlatta pirate vessel (not 'broad/
as Fest., quasi fr. latus Adj.)
stloppus scloppus slap onomatop. :
sto stand (E. stage stanchion stanza) sta- uttij/u set, Lit. stdti tread :
OSlav. stati stand, Zd. ctd- Sk. stha-, cf. stai- OHG. stan E. stay stow
stithy, and see destind.
stolidus dull : stlo-do- cf. stl-do- Ags. stolt rash E. stout :
'
set,' see
praestol&r.
storea mat spread out,' stb- cf. steb- sterno.
:
'
tstrabo squinting (rrpdfiwy, stbb-, cf. stbeb- (rrp€&\6s crooked,

:
strages overthrow making a strewing,' = *stra-ages from stb- see

: '
sterno + AG- amb-dges circumlocution, see ago, cf. sq.

stragulum coverlet made for strewing,' = *stra-dgulum from stb-
: '
praeced. +
ag- co-agulum bond, see ago.
stramen straw stb-mn (rrpv/ia bed : strewn,' see sterno. ;
'
tstrangulo choke : <TTpayya\d, stbng- <rrpayya\is knot (* tight ') o-rpay-

yevofxai hesitate (' am tied ') <rrp6.y\ drop (' pressed out). '
tstrena strenna omen : Sabine for health (Lydus de Mensibus 4. 4),

« '
cf. sq.
strenuus brisk: stben- arprjvos health, cf. stbn- Ags. styrn stern (Adj.)
E., Pruss. sturnawiskan earnest.
strepo make a noise onomatop. :
striata scallop fluted,' fr. stria furrow

:
'
strido creak onomatop.:
tstrigilis scraper quasi- Adj. for *strigila *stregida from Ace. of *arpeyU
: ,
by-form (cf. <pdpvya later cpdpvyya) of fa-rpeyyis ffrXeyyis.

strigosus thin drawn together,' stbugv- cf. stblngv- sq.
:
'
stringo 1 bind, draw tight: stbungv- cf. stbeugv- o-rpetyofiai grow

weary ('am tied'), stbugv- striga row of hay ('raked together'), see
struo.
stringo 2 strip off, pluck: stbungv- cf. stbugv- Lit. strugas shears,
strugv- OSlav. strUgati shave.
strings 3 graze, touch lightly: stbingv- cf. stbigv- Got. strife tittle
('stroke' of the pen), stbigv- OHG. strihhan to smooth E. strike
stroke.
strix strix screech-owl cf. striga witch (' bloodsucker,' as the screech-
:
owl was supposed to be): 'squeaking,' onomatop., cf. <rrpl(u rplfa

squeak.
struo arrange : 'bind together,' = * struo *struvo stbugv- cf. stringo 1 .
studeS am eager: pstud- cf. psteud- ffirefoo) hasten, pstoud- Arm.
phoith zeal,
stultus foolish stl-tos Part., see stolidus.
:
stupeo am 'am struck,' stup- airo-<rTvir<L(u beat off, cf.

amazed:
stump- OHG. stumbal mutilated also tup- tiWw beat, OSlav. ;
tiipati throb,
stuppa stiipa stipa tow (E. stuff) a-rivrj compressed,' see stip6. : :
*
stuprum dishonour (E. strumpet) 'being beaten,' see stupeo. :
suadeo recommend: 'cause to please,' svId- Ags. svete sweet E., cf.
svand- avdduw please, Olr. sant desire, Zd. qand- be merry (Spiegel),
svad- Sk. svad- sweeten, sud- Got. siUs pleasant, see suavis.
suasum dark colour = *stcarsum *svard-tum Part. Neut. from svbd-,
:
cf. svbd- sordes.
suavis sweet (E. assuage) = *sudd-vis, ytivs, Sk. svadus, see suadeo.
:
suavium (quasi fr. praeced.) savium kiss popular perversion of *vdsium, :
bdsium.
sub under (E. sudden suzerain) : = *sup (see ob) *s-upo there-under,' '
from so see sic + u*po foro, Olr. f-o, Got. uf E. eaves often, Zd. upa to
Sk. upa.
suber cork-tree :
'
with wrinkled bark,' crv<pap old skin
sub-lestus slight: from las- Got. lasivsvreak E. less, OSlav. loH cheap,
+ Part. -ending.
tsublica stake : Volscian (Fest.) : = *sub-liga (seepertica) fr. ligti.
sub-Hmis high :
'
obliquely up,' fr. Zimus Adj.
tsubo : *<rv$doo, fr. Hesych. crv&as lewd
sub-oles sob-oles (dialectic, cf. Cato jogalis for jugalis) offspring : see
adolesco 2 .
subtemen subtegmen woof : fr. tego, ' covering ' the warp,
subtilis fine : = *sub-telis fr. tela, '
suited for weaving '.
subiicula shirt : fr. *sub-uo put under from *avo, see exuo.
'
'
subulcus swineherd : from su- see sus, with term, from bubulcus.
Digitized by VjOOQlC jT
sucus succus juice (E. sewer) sukv- OHG. tugan sack, cf. sunkv- 1A%.
:
sunkti pour out see sugo. :
sudiculum flagri Plaut. Pers. 419 whipping-post: Dimin. of *sude Neut. r

by-form of sq.
sudis stake
sudor sweat: svoid- Ags. svat E., Zd. qaedhem (Fick), cf. svid- Arm.
khirtn, Sk. svid- to sweat, svid- Uos sweat i$pdos> W. chwys, Lett.
swidri.
sudus clear : = *sus-dus ' dry,' saus- ados dry Hesych. <rawrap6s (dia-
lectic), Ags. sedrian dry up E. sear sere sorrel Adj., Lit. sausas dry
OSlav. suhUy cf. sus- b-vvrdKios squalid Odyss. 19. 327, Zd. hush- to
dry Sk. cush-.
suescd am wont : sev6- suus, cf. Perf. suevi (disyllable) from sv<5- is
his, OSlav. svoj one's own, Zd. hva- Sk. was-: 'have my own way/
with meaning extended to all persons,
tsufes suffes consul (at Carthage) Punic (Fest.), Heb. shofit judge. :
sumo fumigate = *sub-fu6, dhu- smell, see fimus thymum. tus.

:
sufflamen drag = * sub-flag-men under-beam, bhlg- see phalanx.

:
'
'
suf-fragor vote for from *fragor vote :
sugillo beat black and blue Dimin. of sq. draw blood '. : ,
'
sug5 suck: sugv- Mir. sugim Ags. sucan E. E. soak; by-form of sukv-
t
see sucus.
sulcus furrow s£kos Ags. sulh plough, cf. solkos 6\k6s furrow.
:
tsulfur sulphur sulpur (Sk. culvaris) brimstone :
sum am formed from Plur. sumus, for *em es-mi tl/xi, Olr. amy Got.
:
im E., Lit. esmi OSlav. jesmi, Arm. em, Zd. ahmi Sk. dsmi, es- cf.
esse Inf.
summus highest: = *sup-mus from sub ('upward,' see super) , cf. Sk.
upamds.
sumo take: fr. *sumics Adj. 'taking up,' sus + Adj. -ending (see emo
demd).
Slid sew = *suo sj&- Ka-<r<rva stitch, Got. siujan sew E. E. seam, Lit.
:
siuti OSlav. hti, Sk. syu-.

super over (E. somersault sovereign) so (see sub) + upeb fhrep, Olr. i-or :
( = *f-w-ar), Got. w/ar E. E. orlop, Zd. upairi Sk. updri: fr. «m&, 'more
upward, higher,' see summus.

super-bus proud praeced. + term, -bho-, see acerbus.
:
supercilium eyebrow above the eyelid,' cilium eyelid (Fest.), = *ciilium

:
'
t
cf. Kv\a Plur.
sup-inus backward from *sup see sub 'up,' cf. fa-nos backward,
:
tsupparum sipparum smock (worn over the subucula Varr. L. L. 5. f
131), topsail: Oscan (Varr.), = *suparum 'upper,' see suppus.

sup-pedito am at hand : from sub + peditd go on foot, fr. pes.
snp-plex submissive, supplicium offering : fr. *placo — placed.

suppus inverted :
* turned up,' = *supus from *sup sub (cf. c&mis from
com-).
sura soera calf of leg = *soira cf sums stake (cf . ONor. Uggr leg, : : .
trunk of a tree), the calf compared to a shaft

surculus sprout = *suriculus Dimin. of sUrus, praeced.
:
surdus deaf
sus up (in susque deque up and down, suscipio suscito suspends sustined
sustuli ; also su-, surgd = *sU-rigdt su-splcid, sU-splcio, su-splro ; and
see sirempse) : NUmbr. surur also
cf .
sus pig (E. sail Vb.) sti- fe, W. hw-oh sow
: (not E. hog), OHG. su E.,
cf. su- Zd. hu pig.
su-spicio suspicion fr. sus : + spica, * pricking,' cf. spik- sU-spicor sus-
pect, sUspectus suspected.
susurrus hum = *su-sUr-us Redupl. of sTJr-, cf. sur- Lit. surma, sver-
:
Sk. svar- to sound, svor- OHG. E. swarm ('humming').

Not add <rvpiy£ pipe, as primarily hollow '
suus (from *suvus) sovos his: sevos, lifys, Lit. sdwa, Arm. iur («
*sev-r), cf. svo- see suesco si.
taberna booth (E. tavern) made of boards,' fr. tabula. :

*
tabes wasting
tabula board = *teb-l&, tebh- cf stebh- Sk. stabh- to prop, stembh-
: .
Zd. ctemb- Sk. stambh-, stebh- Lit. st&bas post.

taceo am silent tak- Got. thahan Inf.:
taeda pitch-pine
taedet irks
ttaenia fillet: rawia, fr. *rcuv6s Adj., = *Tav-]6s from tn- see tendd (as
(polvios fr. <poiv6s, = *<pov-]6s).
taeter titer offensive taetro- = *taed-rd- fr. ta-edet. :
talea staff (E. tailor &c. detail intaglio tally) OSlav. : talij young branch,
ttalentum talent r&Kavrov weight,' see tollo.
: :
'
talis such : fr. * talus Adj. of *ta thus, case-form from to- see tarn, and
see qualis.
talpa mole
talus ankle (E. talon) : = *tax-lus, see taxillus.
tarn so : = *tam tame i.e. *td-sme from td- (see talis and ito), TO-
(Fest.)
r<f this, Got. thata that E., Ags. E. the Ags. *A«s this E., Lit. tas> Zd.
to- Sk. to'- ; + a case-ending -smo, cf. OUmbr. pu-sme to whom, Got.
tha-mma to him, see -met.
tamen yet: 'in spite of all,' Ace. of *tamen (Neut.) contempt, tm-n
from tm-, tm- temiv5.cf.
tandem at length = *tam-dem t tarn : + -clem.
io 4 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tango touch (E. taste task tax but for touch see died) tang- cf. tag- ; :
Tcraydv seizing.
tantus so great formed from tan-turn only (taken as Adj. Neut.) i.e.
:
'
'
tarn turn correlative of quantum, see quantus.

ttapete carpet (E. tapestry tape tabard tippet) *rdirriTi by-form of trt&in?* :
tidiris :
tardus slow (E. tarry) : * smitten, crippled,' cf. Sk. tad- beat.
tarmes woodworm
ttarpesslta banker : *rapir€(irq* rpaireCfays, fr. r/wkrefa table.
tat tatae Interj. : cf. toto?, E. tut, see atdt.
ttaurus bull : ravpos (OSlav. turti), = *rdpfos, Gaulish tarvos Olr. tarb.
tax sound of blows: onomatop., cf. E. thwack.
taxillus die (E. tassel) :
ttechna techina trick : rixvn art : tegh- Ags. thicgan touch, cf . tengh-
Ags. E. thing.
tego cover : tegv- rtyos roof, Olr. teg house, Ags. theccan to cover E.
thatch fdeck tight taut ; cf . stegv- vriyw shelter, Sk. sthag- cover,
tegula tile (E.) : tegv- cf. praeced., and stegv- Lit. stkgiu I cover,
tela web (E. toilet toils) : = *tex-la fr. texo.
tellus earth : = *tel-os (for term. cf. ald-6s i)-6s) tel- 'flat,' cf. tel- Ags.
thelu board, Sk. talas level ground, and tl- OSlav. tllo pavement.
telum spear Mir. tal axe : : = *tex-Um fr. texo, '
shaped '.
temere by chance: Neut. (cf. facile Adv.) of *temeris 'blind,' tem-es-,

see tenebrae.
temetum wine
tetnno scorn confuse,' tm- see timed ?
:
*
temo pole = *tex-mo fr. texo, shaped, cf. Ags.

:
l
' thisle pole.
tempero qualify (E. tamper): 'fix the limits of,' temp- Lit. tempti
stretch, sq.
templum open space: 'expanse,' cf. cx-templo 'on the spot,' see prae-
ced.
tempora temples of the head :
'
spaces,' see praeced.
tempus time extension,' see:
'
tempero.
tendo stretch (E. tent) : fr. *tendus Adj., ten- *tend whence Part, tentus
and Fest. obs-tinet ostendit, relvw, Zd. Sk. tan-, cf. ton- Got. ui-thanjan,
tn- Olr. tet harpstring (E. tether), see tenuis.
tenebrae darkness: formed quasi fr. teneo, 'detaining,' for *tcmebrae

*temesrae, Sk. tdmisrd, cf. tem-es- OHG. demerunga twilight, Zd.
temanh darkness Sk. tdmas, tm-es- OSlav. tlma, tem-s- Olr. temel,
tom-s- Lit. tamsd and tem- Lit. Umii grow dark, tm- Zd. tarn- perish
;
Sk. tarn- to faint.

teneo hold (E. rein tenoii) :
' stretch to,' see tendo.
tener soft (E. tender tendril) : tn-, see temiis.
tensa car for images of gods

tento (quasi fr. teneo) tempto handle (E. taunt) stretch,' see temper 6. :
'
tenuis thin TN-tJ- raw- long-, Sk. tawds thin, cf. ra- rava6s long, Olr.
:
tana thin, Ags. thyn E., OSlav. tlnlM, see tendo.

tenus Subst. snare ('stretched out') Prep, as far as ('stretching to ')
ten-, see tendd.
teped am warm: tep-, Olr. *e hot (= *tepent-), OSlav. teplo hotly, Zd.
tap- burn Sk. tap- be hot.
ter thrice : = *tri f rpl-s rpt- t Gaul, tri-, Zd. thri- 3, Sk. trl-, cf. trei-
tres.
tterebinthus turpentine- tree (E. turpentine) frcpc&ivdos, Syrian (as :
growing in Syria, Plin. 13. 54).

tergd wipe :
hardly = *trigvo rpi&a) rub, or Perf. would be *trixi.

tergum tergus back: terghv- cf. trghv- rpAxvôs neck; and sterghv-
<rr4p<pos skin.
termes (for term, cf Times beside limen) bough cut off

. :
'
end, ' fr. sq.
terminus termen limit ter-mn repfia, Sk. tarmanf : point, from ter-
Zd. tar- go over Sk. tar- pass.
tero rub (E. try) = *trio (cf. trivT Perf. tritus Part.), tru- rpiw weary
:
(for the meanings cf. E. tire Vb. fr. tear Vb.), cf. trou- Ags. thredvian
threaten E. throe.
terra earth (E. terrace terrier tureen turmeric) = Hera ter- Osc. teer[um], :
Olr. tir.
terreo frighten = *terseo ters-, cf. trs- Mir. tarrach timid, Zd. tarec-
:
be frightened, and tre-s- Tpe'(<r)eu flee, Sk. tras- be terrified; see

tremo.
territdrium land round a town: 'land subject to octroi,' formed fr. terra
on anal, of portitorium custom-house fr. portus. '
'
ttesca tesqua deserts (an augural term) : Sabine (Schol. Hor. Epp. 1.
14. 19)
ttessera die (' square-sided ') reo-o-apa 4, see quattuor. :
testa brick (E. Ust tester) = texta Part. Fern, from tcxo, :
'
shaped '.
testis witness, testiculus : = *tcrstis *tristis, Osc. tristaamentud by will

texo weave, construct : tekth- (see ursus) shape, t€ktcw carpenter,
'
'
OHG. dehsen to shape, OSlav. tesati cut, Zd. takhsh- hew (Spiegel) Sk.
taksh- fashion, cf. tokth- Lit. taszyti hew.
tthalamus bower: fed\afxos, Egyptian (Isid. Orig. 15. 3. 6).
ttheca case: d^xy, cf. €0r}Ka I placed, see Jacid.
•fthesaurus thensaurus treasure (E.) fd-qcavpos *B-nv<ravp6s :
ttheta TH f^ra, Heb. teth.

:
tthiasus dance fdlaaos :
ttholus dome : 66\os :
io6 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tthorax cuirass : dupd^ :
tthunnus tunny : Bfovos Bvvos : fr. Bvv rush, see/Umus.

tthymbra savory dvp&pa odorous,' dhumbh- cf. dhubh-
: :
' rt<p<a smoke.
tthymum thyme 06fiov dhu- smell, see suffid.
: :
tthyrsus stalk, Bacchic staff (E. torso) dipaos : :
ttiara turban fri&pas, Persian (as worn by Persian kings).

:
tibia shinbone toibh- cf stoibh- Lit. staibiai shinbones, staibis post.

: .
tignum beam : tig- cf. tigillum Dimin.

ttigris tiger: frlypis, oriental (cf. the river-name Tigris, Zd. tighri
arrow),
tilia linden:*
spreading,' = *ptelea t m-cK^y elm (see on fraxinus), from
pt-, cf.PKT-pated?
timed fear * faint,' tem- see tenebrae.
:
tinea tinia worm * tenacious,' fr. tened ? :
tingo tinguo wet (E. stain taint Tent) tungv- Mir. tummim I dip (== :
*tumbim), OHG. duncon dip.

tinnid tinio jingle onomatop. :
tintinno tintino jingle onomatop. Redupl. of tn-, cf. Tiravi<rfi6s singing

:
of paeans Strabo p. 281. 34 Muller and Dubner, Lit. titinoti brag.

tinus laurustinus
tippula tipula water-spider
tiro recruit
titillo tickle (for E. tickle see digitus): Dimin. of *tit6 * inflame/ cf.
tilid brand (E. entice), see Wolfnin's Archiv. 1. 244.
tltivillitium trifle: coined by Plaut., 'nullius significationis (Fest.). '
titubo stagger : Redupl. of tub-, cf. stub- ONor. stupa stoop E.

titulus inscription (E. tittle)
ttofus tufa : foreign, cf . Heraclean rcxpidov tufa-quarry

toga cloak : togv<- cf. tegv- tego, and cf. OSlav. o-stegU garment.
tolero tulero bear, tolld raise (= *tol-no), toliitim trotting (E. trot), tull
have borne tl- r&Kavrov weight, Mir. tlethar carry off, Got. thulan
:
endure Scotch thole, Sk. tul- lift, cf. tl- r6kfm daring.
tomentum stuffing : tvom-n- o-a/xa body,
tondeo shave
hardly cf t«V5» gnaw
. : meaning too different.
tono thunder: ton-, cf. tn- Ags. thunian, Sk. tan- roar: * continue,' fr.
Undo.
tonsa oar: '
bough stript of leaves,' Part. Fern, of tondeo, cf. Fest. ton-
silla stake,
tonsillae (quasi fr. praeced.) tossillae tosillae tussillae tusillae toxillae
tonsils : Fest. toles tumor in faucibus
tox-, cf.
topiarius ornamental gardener fr. Utopia ornamental gardening, land- :
scape-painting, *r6*ia fr. t6icos place, ' making the most of a space '.
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 1.07
ttornus lathe (E. attorney tornado tour twrri) r6pvos boring,' tor-, of. : :
*
ter- rcpcrpou gimlet reipv weary, OSlav. treti rub, Sk. tdrunas tender,
Tf- Olr. tarathar gimlet.
torpeo am stiff (E. sturdy) trp-, Lit. tirpti stifEen. :
torqueo turn (E. tart Subst. torch tortoise trousers truss trousseau) trkv- :
&rpaicros spindle, of. torkv- OSlav. traffic bandage, Sk. tarkus spindle.
torreo burn (E. toast) = *torseo trs- Got. thaursjan to thirst E. E.:
thrush 2 Arm. tharanim I wither, of. trs- Olr. tart thirst, ters- r4p-
,
cofiat dry up, Zd. taresh- to thirst Sk. tarsh-.

torus knot
torvus fierce
tot so many = *toti, Sk. tdti, cf. toti-de?n, Loo. of sq. (see quot).
:
tdtus so great from to- see tarn + a term, -to- (see quotus).
:
totus tottus whole (E. teetotum) fr. *to Abl. of to- see tarn (and see :
cottidie), + a term. -to-.
ttrabea robe of state Sabine, as introduced by Numa (Lydus de Men-

:
sibus 1. 19).
trabs beam (E. architrave travail travel) trabh- Tpdtfyql- stake. :
tragula dart attached to a strap = *tragla *trd-veg-la fr. trans : + veho,

cf. sq.
traho draw (E. portray trace &c. train tret) : = *traho trd-veho from trans-
+ veho.
trama woof :
* across ' the warp, = *trans-ma from trans.
frames crossway : = *trans-m-es from trans.
franquillus calm
trans across (E. trance trespass) : NUmbr. traf trahaf (=*tra,s), W. trach
beyond (= *trass *trans).
fransenna network praeced., with same term, as antenna.
:
tremo shake (E. turmoil) tre-m- rpefiu, cf. tr-m- Lit. trimti, tre-m-s- :
OSlav. tresti] and tre- under terreo (see premo).

trepidus alarmed trep- OSlav. trepetU tremor, Sk. trap- be abashed.
:
tres 3 = *trei-es trei- rpels, Got. threis E., Arm. e-re-kh, Sk. trdyas, cU
:
tri- Olr. tri, Lit. trys OSlav. tri, see ter.

fribuo assign divide, cf sq.:
'
' .
fribus trebus tribe: OUmbr. trefi Abl., Mir. treb: 'division,' cf. praeced.
tricae tricks (E. intrigue but not trick) ; :
ttrichila bower Caes. B. €<. 3. 96 (E. trellis)

trig-inta 30 : formed after vi-gint-J (with -a of old Neut. Plur.) for *tria-
conta rpi&Kovra, cf. tri-kot- Zd. thrigala, trin-k6*t Sk. tringdt; see
tres.
ttrigo game at ball : rpiywv : fr. rpl-ycwos triangular, yavla angle, as

being played by three.
ttrigonus trugonus sting-ray : *rpVyovos by-form of rpvydoy roach
tri-pudium a dance :
* striking thrice,' tri- see ter + (s)pod- seepudet.
tri-quetrus triangular: = *tri-qued~rus 'with 3 points,' see quadra.
tristis bitter : Ags. thrlste bold
trit-avus strit-avus (Fest.) ancestor in the sixth degree :
hardly strut- Olr. smith ancient, noble,

cf.
ttriumphus triumpus triumphal procession (E. trump-card) *rpion~ :
<po$ by-form (as T<i0mj of fdryrj) of *0plo/j.$os fOpian&os hymn to
Dionysos
ttrochlea troclea pulley = *trochilia, rpoxt\(a, fr. rp4x<* run. :
trua ladle (E. trowel) tvr- cf. tvor- roptivri, ONor. thvara stirring-stick,
:
tver- OHG. dweran mix up Ags. thviril churn-handle E. twirl, Sk.

tvar- hasten.
truoidd (for term. cf. formidd fear) kill: 'mangle,' truk- W. trwch
maimed, cf trunk- truncus . :
trudis pike : trud-, cf. sq.
triidd push : treud- Got. us-thriutan to trouble E. thrust threat, OSlav.

trudil toil.
truncus Adj. maimed, Subst. stem (E. trounce truncheon trunnion) :
TRUNK- Cf TRUK- truddd. .
ttrutina balance (Scotch Tron) rpvrdvv : :
trux fierce : tvrk-, cf.tverk- Got. thvairTis angry.

ttryblium plate : rp6$\ioi/ bowl
tu thou tu ru-vrj, Olr.
: tu, Got. <M E., OSlav. ty, Arm. du, Zd. tu turn,
cf. tu (tj5, Lit. tit, Sk. tu-, tv- Sk. tvdm.
tu 2 cry of owl Plaut. Men. 651: onomatop., E. toowhoo, cf. Hesych.
tvt<£ owl.
tuba trumpet (E. E. trombone trumpery trunk of elephant) : cf. tubus
pipe
tuber swelling (E. trifle truffle, NHG. k&rtoffel potato = terrae tuber)
tum-r- from tum- W. twf growth, Ags. thuma thumb E., cf. tum-
tumeo.
tuburcinor devour
ttuccetum tiicetum salt beef: Gaulish (Schol. Pers. 2. 42), cf. NUmbr.
toco.
tueor watch
tugurium tigurium tegurium (quasi fr. tego) hut foreign, cf attegia ? : .
tuli have borne see tolcro. :
tum then = *to-me (for term, see tarn), to- t6-t€, cf. Ags. th-on E., see
:
(am.
turned swejl tum- Sk. tumras strong, cf. tum- see tuber.
:
tumultus uproar cf Sk. tumulas noisy, praeced. : .
tumulus mound: tum- rv/xfas (= *rvfi-yf: os: E. tomb, whence W. torn),

fr. tumco.
tundo beat (E. 'puree) tund- Mir. tond wave, cf. tud- Sk. tud- push
:
and stoud- Got. stautan strike E. stoat stutter.

ftunica shirt = *ctun-ica Heb. k'thoneth, whence also x i<T & v
: '
turba uproar (Fr. trap too much E. troop trouble) tvurb- rvp&ri dis- ; :
order crvp&rivefc noisy, cf. STVURB- (rrvp&dCw stir up.

turbo whirl (E. turbot) praeced. :
turdus thrush: turzd- cf. truzd- Ags. E. ^ros^le, and strozd- Lit.
strdzdas, cf Bohemian drozd (Miklosich with dr- from OSlav., see note).
. :
A different bird (Carmen de Philomela 11 droscam 17 turdus) from

Late-Lat. drosca, with which cf. Ags. thryssce E. thrush, OSlav.
drozgii.
turged swell :
'
am rubbed ' (so that a blister is raised), trg- cf. terg-
tergo.
turma torma (late) troop
turpis ugly trp-, cf. trep- trepidus, frightful '.

:
*
tturris tower (E., Ags. torr rock, NHG. thurm tower, W. twr) : frvppt?
rvpcris :
turtur turtle-dove (E. turtle) quasi-Redupl., for *tetrur tetr- rerpa^ :
grouse, ONor. thidurr partridge, Sk. tittirds, cf. tetr- Late-Lat.

tetrinnio I quack, Mir. tethra scall-crow, and teter-v- Lit. teterwa
moor-hen OSlav. tetrevl pheasant, Pers. iczerw Zenker 273 b.
ftiis incense : = *tuus, d6os, see suffio.

tussis cough : = *tud-tis tud- Got. î^-haurn trumpet, cf. teud- Ags.
theotan howl E. toot tootle.
ttiiticus public : Campanian (Liv. 23. 35. 13), from teuto- Osc. tovto
people, Got. thiuda (and Lat. Teutones, E. Dutch), Olr. tuath, Lett.
tauta.
tutus safe : Part, from tu- OSlav. tyti grow fat, cf. tu- Zd. Sk. tu- be
strong.
tuxtax sound of blows : Redupl. of tax, cf. E. thwick-thwack.
ttympanum typanum drum (E. timbrel)-, rvfiirauou rxmavov, tump- tup-
rvvroo beat, see stuped.
ftypus figure rfaos, see praeced.:
ttyrannus despot frtpawos : :
iiber Adj. rich, Subst. breast : oddap udder (for *'vdap, to avoid a double
aspiration), Ags. uder E., Sk. udhar-. cf. Lit. udr&ti get milk.
ubi where (for term, see necubi) u- Relative, cf. vo- 8s who. :
ulciscor volciscor take vengeance wound,' fr. sq. 4

:
ulcus sore = *vulcus *velcus H\kos wound.

:
t
ullgo moisture : = *uvili-go fr. *uvilis moist, see uvidus (ct.fuligo).

ulmus elm: elmos Ags. E. elm, cf. lmos Ir. lem, Russian ilemu (Mik-
losich).
Digitized by VjOOQlC S
no ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
ulna elbow : olen- wA^Vij, cf. oln- Sk. anis axle-pin ; also olen- Got.
aleina cubit (mis- written for *alina), oln- Olr. uille Ace. Plur. elbow,
Ags. eln E. eZ-bow ell.
tulpicum leek: Punic (Columella 11. 3).
-ultra ills beyond ud out, cf. ud- tUerus.:
ul-ula screech-owl: ul- $\<Lu> bark. Lit. uUti to halloo, cf. ulueus
screech-owl (Servius), Sk. ulukas, and ul- ONor. yla howl,
ululd howl (E. E. hurly-burly) : Redupl. of ul- praeced., cf. 6\o\t(u
( = uluUti shout.
*v\-v\'v(u>), Lit.
iilva sedge ud see ultra, growing out in the marsh, not in the field,
:
'
'
umbilicus imbillcus navel from *ombolos ombh-l- 6fi<pa\6s, cf . mbh-l-

:
Mlr. imbliu, nobh-el- Ags. nafela E., nobh-£- Sk. nabhllamf from ;
nobh- Lett. naba, nobh- Sk. ndbhis: 'centre,' cf. sq.

umbo boss ombh-, cf nobh- Ags. na/u nave (of wheel) E. E. auger.
: .
umbra shade (E. sombre umber umbrage umbrella) ondh-, Sk. andhds :
blind, cf ndh- Zd. afidao, see ater and nodh- Hesych. wB6s dark, see
. ;
nothus.
umeo hiimed am moist : fr. *uvimus Adj., see uvidus.
umerus humerus shoulder : omesob, cf. o*msos NUmbr. onse Abl., Grot.
ams, Arm. us, Sk. dmsas, and <5m- &/jlos.
um-quam ever : um- from *u-me (for term, see tarn), u- see ubi.
uncia one-twelfth (Sicil. ovyicla, also oyicla quasi fr. fryieos mass ; E. inch
ounce) : = *unicia fr. unicus single, see unus. ^ "
uncus hook : = *vuncus vonk- fry/cos. Lit. wgszas.
unda water *vunda vond- Lit. %oand&, cf.
(E. sound Vb. surround) : =
vod- Got. wato Ags. voter E., Ags. vat wet E., OSlav. voda water, ved-
Arm. get river; also und- Lit. undll water, ud- OUmbr. utur, w8«p
(Gen. vtiaros), ud- Mir. u-sce (E. whisky), Sk. Man-, cf. Zd. ud- flow
Sk. ud- to wet.
un-de whence from *um Abl. (see inde) of u- see ubi.
:
ungo ungud smear ongv- OHG. anco butter, Sk. anj- anoint, cf ngv-
: .
Olr. imb butter.

unguis nail onkhv-, cf. nkhv- Olr. ingne Ace. Plur., nokhv- 6-wl-, Lit.
:
ndgas OSlav. nogiiti, Sk. nakhds.

ungula hoof fr. praeced., cf. nokhv-el- Ags. nagel nail E.
:
Not add Arm. magil claw,

unus oinos one (E. onion) : oin- oKvr\ ace, Olr. din one, Got. ains E. E.
any, Pruss. ains Lit. wtinas OSlav. inil.
upupa hoopoe (Fr. huppe E.) : op-op- tiroty (for *8iroty ; formed quasi fr.
Mm-ns on-looker, Aesch. fragm. 291) Hesych. kwa<p6s, from its cry
op or ap.
= *vurbs vordh- OPers. vardana; 'concretion,'
urbs city: fr. Zd. vared-
promote Sk. vardh- grow.
urceus pot (Gk)t. aurkeis; E. lurch Subst.) : = *vurceus vbkv- OSlav.

vri&l.
Hardly add tipxa jar.
urged urgued : = *vurgueo vbgv- cf. vebgv- verg6 4-(f)4pya shut
press t
up, vobgv- Lit. wargas distress OSlav. vragu enemy.

iirina water = *vur-ina vob- Sk. v&r, ct ub- Lit. jtires sea, vob- otyor
:
water (= *f=6p-[: ov), Ags. var sea, Zd. vairis.

urinor dive :
4
get into the water, ' f r. praeced.
urna water-pot
uro burn eus- efa singe,
: cf us- Ags. ysla ashes,
. Zd. Sk. ush- burn.
ursus bear £kthos (see : texo), Zpfcros, Arm. ar), Sk. fksJicui, cf. rkthos
Ir. art.
urtica nettle : = *vurtica vbt- see verto, * altering, poisoning \
fiirus wild ox: Gaulish (Macrobius), borrowed from Teutonic, OHG.
uro.
iisquam anywhere, usque continuously : us- from u-, see ubi f + a case-
sign, see abs.
iisurpo use: fr. Adj. *Hsu-ripus * getting by prescription,' usu Abl. +
rapidy cf usu-capio acquire.
.
ut as = *u-tl, u- see ubi + -ti Loc, see ast.

:
uter skin utri- = *od-ri-> od- Lit. tida.

:
uterus womb ud-ro- Sk. uddram, from ud out (i.e. beyond the
: * '
stomach, cf extremus furthest off from ex out) Got. ut E., Sk. ud,
.
i
'
cf. va-repos behind, wr-Tepa womb.

uti utei as : u- see ubi + ti from to-, see tarn.
utor oitor use : « take as my portion,' oit- cf. olros fate ('portion ').
iiva grape : = *6va ogv-, OSlav. vm-jaga Lit. Uga berry.

uvidus huvidus moist ugv- cf ugv- : . vyp6s, Mir. ur fresh, and vogv-
ONor. vbkr moist E. wake of a ship.
uxor (from *vuxor) voxor wife
vacca cow (E. bachelor'})'. = *vet-cci (for term. cf. juven-ca), vet- Sk.
vat-s-d8 calf, see vitulus.
vaccinium whortleberry: fr. *vaccinus Adj. of praeced., 'eaten by cows',
vacillo stagger : Dim. of *vac6 vakv- Ags. vah crooked E. woo, Sk.
vakrds : also vaccilld stagger, from *vaccd *vacd vakv-.
vaco voco am empty am :
' open to an offer,' vok- Arm. vasn on account
of, cf. vek- kit&v willing, Zd. vac- be willing Sk. vac- be eager.
vadd rush : vadh-, cf . sq.
vadum ford: 'passage,* vadh- Mir. fonnadh travelling, Ags. vadan go
E. wade waddle.
-vae Interj. (oval) : Got. vai Ags. va woe Subst. E. E. wail well&way,
Lett, wax Interj.
ii2 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
vafer cunning vaf-ro- vaghv-, Lit. wagls thief.

:
vagina sheath (E. vanilla)

vagio cry
vagus roaming (E. tennagant?) 'broken,' vagv- &yvvm break, Mir. farm-
:
weak.
van vaha Interj. = *va (see aha). :
valeo am strong: gval- £<&€ oh that ('mayst thou be able'), Lit. gaUti
be able.
valgus awry = *volgus volgv- Ags. vealcan roll E. walk fgalop, Sk-
:
valg- to spring, cf. vlngv- Olr. lingid he leaps,

valles valley (E. E. avalanche) ' shut in,' cf. sq. :
vallum palisade (Ags. veal rampart E. wall), vallus stake for a palisade:
= *valno- * enclosing,' cf Mir. fal hedge.
: .
valva door : = *volvci fr. volvo, ' revolving ' on its hinges.
vannus fan (E., OHG. wanna)
vanus empty (E. vaunt)
vapor steam
vappa flat wine = *vapa, *vapus Adj. fr. praeced. (see comis), that has-
:
'
emitted its bouquet '.

vapulo am flogged: 'wriggle,' vap- vappo moth (= *vapo), cf. vap- Ags.
vafer unsteady E. wave waver waft.
varius variegated (E. miniver vair) = gvodios (with accent of vo\t6s) r :
dialectically Varr. badius brown (E. bay Adj. baize), cf. Olr. buide
yellow.
varix dilated vein: 'blotch,' vr- varus pimple, cf. vb- Lit. wiras.
varus crooked
vas surety (E. engage) VEDH-f- cf. &-(f)€0-\os contest, W. gwystl pledge
:
(= *vedh-tlion), and vodh- Got. vadi E. wed fwage, Lit. waditti

redeem.
vas vessel (E. E. flask) OUmbr. vasus Abl. Plur :
vastus waste (E.) vast- Olr. fas empty, Ags. veste waste,
:
fvates vatius (Caper, Keil 7. 112) : voti- Celtic ovar€is priests (Strabo
4. 4. 4)Olr. faith prophet, cf. Ags. Voden a god E. TFecfoesday, and
Got. vods mad OE. wood Adj. ('inspired,' cf. /xdyris prophet fr. fialvopat
am mad), Rhys, Hibbert Lectures, p. 278.
-ve or -ve rt-(f)4, cf. VE Zd. Sk. va.
:
ve- vae- depreciative particle (ve-cors ve-grandis ve-pallidus ve-sanus, see
vescus vestibulum) :
vectis lever mover,' fr. veho.

:
'
vejreo arouse: = *vogeo vog- Got.

vakan watch E. E. wake wait fbivouacy
cf vog- Zd. vaza strength Sk.
.
v&jas quickness also UG- vyi-fts healthyr ;
Olr. di-uch-t-r&d to wake.
veheraens (-ehe- dialectic spelling of -£-, see aha ; in poetry always a

veemens vemens violent
disyllable) mad,' ve- + mens. :
4
vend carry vegh- Olr. fen wagon, Got. g&-vigan move E. wag wagon
:
weigh wall-eyed whit wight earwig fvogue. Lit. wezit I carry OSlav.
veza, Zd. vaz- drive Sk. vah- carry, c£. vogh- &x os chariot.
vel or : choose,' Imperat. fr. void (cf. die ducfacfer fr. died &c).
'
veles skirmisher fr. *velus, see vSlox.

:
vello pluck = *vel-no, vel-n- W. gwellaif shears.

:
vellus fleece = *vollus voln-es-, cf. voln- oZkos woolly (=*f6\vos)

:
t
and vln- Grot, vulla wool E., Lit. wilnos OSlav. vl&na, Arm. gain
lamb, see lana.
velox swift from *velus (see atrox) *veh-elus fr. veho, carried away '.
:
l
velum 1 covering: Olr. fial = *ves-lum see vestis. : t
velum 2 sail = *vex-lum, see vexillum.

:
vena vein = *vex-na conductor,' vegh- vehd + -s-

:
* see vexd?
venenum poison (E venom) = *venes-num philtre :
*
' (Hor. Epod. 5. 87),
fr. Venus, sq.
veneror beseech : ven-es- cf. Venus goddess of love, from ven- Ags. vine
lover, Sk. van- to love.
venia kindness = *vonia von- bvivîxi help, cf. vn- MHG. wunnan be
:
happy.
venio come (E. adventure saunter venue) gvn-jo &alva> ( = *fidy-j») for :
t
gvm-jo, cf. gvem- Olr. beim step (= *bem-men, Stokes Remarks),

Grot, qiman come E., Lit. gemii am born, Arm. ekn he came (= *e-
gem-t), cf. gvom- Zd. Sk. gam- go.
venor hunt (E. venison) gain,' fr. venum. :
i
venter belly: sq., wind-bag'. *
ventus wind: vent- Got. vinds E., cf. vent-jo- W. gwynt; from ve-
(with shortening before -nt-) &-(f)i\iu blow, Got. vaian, Lit. wejas
wind OSlav. Zd. Sk. vd-.
vejati blow,
venucula venniicula venicula venuncula a grape for preserving Fern. :
Dimin. from *v$nticus or *venilnquus preserved for sale,' fr. sq. *
venum vaenum sale ven- OSlav. veniti sell, Arm. gin price, cf. von-
:
&vos, Mir. Uain loan.

Not add Sk. vasndm price, for -sn- would remain in OSlav.
vepres briar
ver spring ONor. vdr.
:
veratrum hellebore: corrective, purgative,' fr. *ver6 set right,

* fr.
virus.
verbenae herbage (E. vervain) = *verbes-nae fr. sq., shoots '. : *
verbera whips (Nom. Sing. *verbus, cf. Plaut. sub-verbustam slightly l
beaten ') = *vorbera vbb- fid&os wand, Lit. wirbas rod OSlav. vrfiba
:
willow.
8
ii 4 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
verbura word : = *vorbum vrdh- Got. vaurd E., cf. vobdh- Lit. wardas
name.
vereor reverence look to,' = *voreor vor- dpdw see, Got. vars wary E.
:
'
E. ward warrant <fcc. wormwood worthy wraUh t garnish &c. fgarret.

vergo bend (E. verge Vb.) see : urged.
vermina gripes = *vert-mina : fr. verto (as arp6<f>os colic fr. a-Tp4<pv
turn).
vermis worm = *vormis vrm- fi6fios woodworm (Lesbian for *frdftos),
:
Got. vaurms serpent E. worm.

verna home-born slave born inawr sacrum (Nonius). :
' '
Not = *vesina from ves- dwell, see villa.

verpa Wos, verpus circumcised
verres boar vers- tppaos ram cpo-at young lambs, Lit. werszis calf, Zd.
:
varshni ram, cf. vrs- Sk. vrshnis.

verrd vorrd sweep: vrs- OSlav. vr&Jia, cf. vers- fa6-{f)ep<re it swept
away, vors- ONor. vorr pull of the oar.
verruca wart, steep place (Cato) rising,' = *vorrûca vrs- Lit. wirsziis :
'
top OSlav. vrUhUj cf. vers- Arm. i-ver up, Sk. vdrshman- height.
verrunco turn out: *rise' (cf. averruncd avert, 'prevent from rising'),
= *vorruncd fr. *vorr-unquu8 Adj. from vrs- praeced. whence also ;
urruncum (i.e. *vurruncum) top of stalk of corn (Varr.).

vertd vorto turn: vort- tprvl- quail ('dancing'), Lit. wartad I turn
over OSlav. vratiti turn, Zd. varet- turn to Sk. vartakas quail vart-
turn, cf. vert- W. gwerthyd spindle, Got. vairthan become E. worth
(in '
woe worth the day ') weird Got. and-vairths present E. toward.
verfi spit:gverv- OUmbr. berva Plur., Olr. beura stakes: 'of wood,'
cf.gvr- Hesych. papves trees, Lit. glre forest.
verus true (E. very) ver- Olr. ftr> Got. tuz-verjan to doubt Ags. vaer
:
true E. warlock, Lit. wiera faith OSlav. vera.

vervex berbex (Petronius 57) wether
vescor eat = *voscor gvo-sko &4<rie<a feed.
:
1
vescus small = *ve-squus from ve~.

:
ves-ica vens-Ica bladder vens- : :
vespa wasp = *vospa vosp- Ags. vdsp E., cf. vops- Ags. vaps, Pruss.
:
wobse OSlav. vosa.

vesper evening (Olr. fescor) to-vcpos. :
vester voster your vos Sk. vas you Enclitic, cf vos vos.
: .
ve-stibulum porch ve- + stabulum stall, inferior building

:
'
' (cf . Fejovis
'
little Jupiter ' Ov. Fast. 3. 447).
vestigium track
vestis garment (E. travestie) : = *vostis Got. vasti E. \gaiter % from vos-
Got. vasjan clothe E. wear, Zd. varih- Sk. vas-, cf. yes- wvO/u, Arm.
z-oe-num I dress.
veterinus of beasts of draught :

* of yearlings,' vet-es- see vetus, and cf
vitulus.
veto voto forbid speak,' gvot-, see arbiter, cf. gvet- Got. qithan speak
:
'
E. quoth bequeath.
vetus old: 'full of years,' vet- tros year, Lit. wetuszas old OSlav. vetHhU,
Sk. tri-vat-s-as three years old.
vexillum standard carried,' fr. *vexus Part, of veho.
:
•
vexo shake move,' from vegh- veho + -s-.

:
•
^
via vea (Varr.) way (E. envoy invoice voyage) OUmbr. vea ; : = *veha fr.
veho, cf. Ags. veg E.

vibex vibix weal: Lett, vlbele: 'mark of a whip,' vib- Lit. wyburti
wag the tail, cf vib- sq. .
vibro shake: vib- OHG. wipph vibration E. whip wipe wimple quip
fgimp, cf. praeced.
viburnum wayfaring- tree : ' quivering,' vib- see vibex.
vicem Ace. change vek-, cf. vek-s- OHG. wehsal
(E. traffic):
change.
viceni 20 = *vlcent-ni, viknt-, see viginti.
:
vicia vetch (E. Galen &Uiov bean) ;

'
sown at intervals,' thrice a year :
Plin. 18. 137, fr. vicem.

victima victuma victim: 'return' to the gods, fr. *vectus Part. fr.
vek- vicem.
vicus veicus quarter (E. -wick ~wich in place-names QUi.flch village) ;
voiK- oIkos house, Sk. vecas tent, cf. veik- Got. veihs village, vik- Zd.
vie, vik- OSlav. vlsl farm.
video see (E. advise survey view visage vista) vid- fair to : see, W. gwedd
aspect, Got. vitan watch E. tcit &c. twit fguide, Zd. Sk. vid- know, cf.
vid- OSlav. videti see.
vidulus wallet (Fr. valise ?) : v!dh-, cf. vidh- ' bind,' Olr. co-beden con-
nexion, Grot, gprvidan bind E. wallet wattle &c. wad weeds wind Vb.
&c.
viduus bereft (E. void; Qli.fedb widow) = *viduvus *vidovus vidh-ev- :
illOeos ( =
^-pidepos) bachelor, OSlav. vldova widow, Sk. vidhdva, cf
vidh-u- Grot, vid-u-vo E. from vidh- 'separate,' see di-vidd, lo-6/j.6s ;
(= *ftO-0ix6s) neck of land, cf. vidh- Ags. vid wide E.

vietus vjetus withered : Part, of *vieo '
overpower,' = *vieo from vi- see
vis Subst.
viged thrive = vegeo. :
vigil awake (E. vedette) : see vegeo.

cf. viknti Dor. pticari, Zd. vtcaiti,
viginti 20: dialectic for *vlcintl vikjsti
VEIKNTI cfeo<n (with 0, for a, from rpiixovrc), vn*K$n Sk. vincati,
viknti Olr. fichet Gen., Arm. khsan.
vilis cheap (E. revile) common, from a farm,' sq. :
*
Digitized by VjOOQlC s
n6 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
villa vella (Varr.)farm: = *vlla *vela cf. vllicus bailiff, * toes-la 'dwelling,*
ves- Got. visan to stay E. was wassail west, Zd. vanh- dwell Sk. vas-,
cf. vos- MIr./oss a staying, Arm. gom I am.
villus shaggy hair (E. velvet) = *vellus from *vollus, vlno-, see vellus.
:
vimen withe vi- vied weave, cf. vi- Sk. w-, and vi-t- see vUis vitta.
:
vincio bind (E. periwinkle 1 ) :
vincd conquer (E. vanquish) : vinkv-, cf. veikv- Got. veihan fight E.
wight Adj., OSlav. vekfi strength, and vikv- Mir. fichim I fight, Lit.
wikrhs active.
vindico vendico claim (E. vengeatice) declare the price,' see venum :
'
and died died, with the -e- shortened before -nd-.

vinnulus delightful ven-, see veneror.:
vinum wine (Got. vein E. E. vignette vine vinegar vintage win-hercy) :
voin- ofoos, Arm. gini, Heb. ydyin (borrowed from Europe).

viola violet : Dimin. of *via, cf. lov (= *fiov).
violo injure : fr. *violus Adj. from vi-, see vis Subst.
vipera adder (E. wyvern) 'wriggling,' voip- ONor. veifa to wave E.
:
waive waif, cf. vip- W. gwibio wander, Ags. vifel weevil E., Sk. vip-
tremble.
vir man: viro- Qlx.fer, Got. voir ]£. wervroli wo?-ld, cf. viro- Lit. tofrras,
Zd. vira Sk. vlrds hero.
virago heroine acting like a man,' fr. praeced. + ag-, see strdges.
:
'
vired am fresh, green (E. farthingale verjuice) fr. Adj. *virus gvi-ros :
Zd. jira eager, cf gvi-R(5s Sk. jirds lively from gvi- Zd. ji~ live Sk.
. ;
ji- quicken.
virgâ twig (E. verge Subst.) vidga (see mergd), OHG. wise wisp E.
:
virgo maiden
virus poison: visds Us, cf. visom Zd. visha Sk. vishdm: from vis- Sk.
vish- be active ?
vis Subst. strength : vi-s- from vi- U, cf . vietus.
vis Vb. thou wilt : vi- UfMt desire, Sk. vi- enjoy.
Vois in the Dvenos inscription (E. Schneider 19) is too obscure to
compare.
viscum misletoe visk-, cf. viks- ll>6s.
:
viscus internal organs visk- cf viks- t£ffe waist :

: .
' growth, develop-
ment,' fr. praeced. (as E. waist fr. wax Vb.).
vita life = *vivita gvivo-t- Lit. gywata, fr. vivus,
: cf. Gvrvo-T- &iott)
Olr. beothu (E. usquebaugh).
vitilena Plaut. Most. 213 (204), corrupt.
vitis vine (E. vice 2): fr. vi-Td"- Part, from vied, see vlmeii, cf. vltex
chaste-tree (Plin.), Ma willow, Ags. vldie withe E., Ags. vldig willow
E. vrithy, Lit. wytis withe OSlav. vitl twisted, cf. voi-t- OSlav. vetr'i
branch, Zd. vaeti willow.
vitium defect (E. vice 1) :
vito avoid :
* feel loth towards, dislike,' fr. *v\tus '
forced ' Part, of vi-,
vis Subst., see invltus,
vit-ri-cus stepfather: * marrying a widow,' fr. *vid-ra widow, see
viduus.
vitrum woad, glass (as of a bluish tint E. varnish : vitriol) : vit-, cf.
voit7 - Ags. vad woad E.
vitta band 'woven,' = *vlta Part. Fern, from vi- see
: vied v'ttis.
vitulor keep holiday (E. fiddle viol): 'enliven myself,' fr. *vltula Dimin.
of vita*
vitulus calf (ira\6s E. veal vellum) yearling,' see vetus, vet- cf. Got.
; :
'
vnthrus lamb E. wether.

vivo live (E. viands): avfv- Arm. keam I live (= *kivam), Zd. Sk.jiv-
live, cf. gveiv- fcloficu shall live, sq.
Perf. vlxi and Supine vlctum are fr. vigeo.
vivus alive gvivo- Olr.

: OSlav. UvU, Sk. jivds, ct gvivo-
blu, Lit. gijwas
filos life, Got. qius alive Ags. cvic cvicu- (with -c- developed before -u)
E. quick whitlow, cf. praeced.
vix hardly = *vic-su (for term,
: see mox), fr. vicem, '
at the chance of
circumstances '.
voco call: vokv- faa Ace. voice, OHG. gi-wahan to mention NHG.
ev-wahnen, Pruss. wackis war-cry, cf. vekv- tiros word, Zd. Sk. vac-
speak.
tvolaema volema warden-pears : Gaulish for « good and large
(Serv.).
void wish : vol- cf. vel- velle Inf., Got. viljan to will E. E. well weal
wild, Lit. wilyti wish OSlav. veleti, Zd. Sk. var- choose.
void fly (E. volley) 'drop,' gvl-, see balanus.
:
volup agreeably
hardly cf. velp- 4\irls hope.
volva vulva integument vlv- Sk. tilvam caul, cf. sq. :
volv5 roll (E. revolt vault) volv- Olr. fulumain rolling W. olwyn :
wheel, Got. &i~valvjan roll away E. loallow, cf. velu- 4\v<r0els rolling.
vomer vomis ploughshare
hardly = *vox-m4s from voghv-s-, cf. vonghv-s- ONor. vangs-ni
(Fritzner), from voghv- Hesych/o^Ws, OHG. waganso, Pruss. v)ag-
nis coulter.
vomd :vom-, cf. vem- i/U« Lit. wemiu vomo, Zd. Sk. vam- vomere, and
t
vem- ONor. vdma qualm.

voro devour gvob- Zd. Sk. gar-, cf. gver- Lit. girti to drink, Arm. ker
:
food, gvro- Ir. broth, gvb- OSlav. grillo throat, gvb- Ptfydaicw devour
&opd food.
vos ye : vo- OSlav. va Dual, Zd. vdo Ace. Plur., see vester.
S
n8 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
voveo vow (E.) OUmbr. vuvci a vow

:
not from (1) ovo- &<rfi cry or ty-yfai pledge, or Umbr. would be *bov$i;
(2) voghv- cf Sk. vagh&t sacrifice, or Perf. would be *wxi.
.
vox voice (E.) vokv- Sk. v&k, cf. vokv- vocd.

:
vulgus volgus multitude volgv- Sk. vdrgas class.:
vulnus volnus wound = *volinu8 vol-en-es- cf vol-na ov\4i scar

: .
vel-n- vello.
vulpes volpes fox : dialectic for *volques, vlkv- see lupus, beast-names
being confused,
vultur voltur vulture vol-, ci. vel- vello.
:
vultus voltus face :

hardly fr. volo> which gives too weak a meaning.
tzamia loss : (afiia Dor. = Cn/xla Ion. :
tzephyrus west wind : (tyvpos, cf. (6<j>os west.

tzdna girdle fl&nj, =
: *(<r-vn from jos- Lit. jiisiu I gird OSlav. jn-jasfi
girdle, Zd. yah- gird oneself (Spiegel).
COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
(Letters given in Capitals are those of the Ursprache.)
LATIN.
i remains, see e.g. is pix vir; before j it = tjejUnus, seejent6] unac-
cented before r (from s) it = e miser. Final it = e ante mare, which
often drops (orig. before an initial vowel), ad- amb- ast aut et hie ob
post quot tot utj instar siremps. —
Dialectic compression by omission of
unaccented i (of whatever origin) between consonants, see forceps
sesqui- sinciput, splended j Uncus uncia, 6rn6 usurpd drded, ipse abdomen,
mulficia antestor fasttdium portdrium pdstuU, pond sumo, and below
on v. Contraction i + hi = I bimus, ae + hi = ae praeda.
:
u cutis furd lucerwi. After Lingual it = later v calvor mtlvus pelvis sal-
mis 8ilva, larva Metathesis after dl dulcis. Final it drops mox, see
:
vix red-.
ij written u, later iclued culullus domusfrutex jungd lacruma lubet lunter
:
luo manubiae numerus pugnus pungd supd surpiculus sus- opp. cliens
culillus domidlium frUillus igitur lacrima libet linter lito manibiae
nimis pignus pingo dissipd sirpus sirempse; seefimus ligo miser nimbus
redivivus stipula stringd supercilium lingo and below on the short
sonants. Unaccented before r it = e socer. Dialectically it = o
soboles.
E ego jero sequor ; dialectically it =i cicer cicur filix fistula in milium
nisi niteo pinna plied sileo singuli sinister spicid tribus via vindicd vitu-
lus, see quinque and below on m n. —
Before nasal + g" it = a anguilla
frangd before 1 + any consonant but v it = u mulced ulcus ulmus,
:
see below on adulter indulged before v it = o foved moved novem novus

;
ov6 sows or (see on o) u juv6 pluit viduus. It = o after initial s

from 8V, socer sonus sopor soroi', or initial c from kv, cold coqud
—
corium cortex (also u, cucumis culina). Pretonic e, unless saved
by analogy, = a in Noun-stems in eS palea, n6 (na) alnus catena
:
magnus stagnum taberna, l£ tabula, r6 aper sacer, k£ vacca, i as ratis

vas, u gradus manus, j£t aries, id lapis Verb-stems in f capid facio
;
jacid sapid, e canded maneo pateo, & amoflagrd, isko nanciscor paciscor
and Prepositions ad- af. —Unaccented e (i.e. in any syllable but the
first) before two consonants remains haruspex or (diaiectically, see
above) = i see semis ; it = ii i.e. u famulus
before a single consonant
nuncupo occulo or compitum diligo inquilinus inquino memint
i arbiter
oppido permities, unless preserved by Kecomposition elegans intel- '
'
legd neglego impetus, —

Final b drops (see on i) in ceu haud neg-lego non vel.
domus ob potis diaiectically = ii, i.e. u or i, locus-lucuna-Uico, colober-
;
coluber colpa-culpa dolus-sedulo locusta-lucusta poUer-pulcer, polio-pudet,

clupeus-clipeus cunctus-cingo recupero-reciperd umMlicus-imbilicus, see
cunctor cupio gumia humus luxus murmur umbo umbra ungo, cinis imber
similis, and below on l b. —
Later = u in atonies cum (Prep., cf. hunc
sunt) and before consonant in final syllable of polysyllables centum
filius genus robur &c. Initial vo remains by analogy in vocd void
volvo, else later = ve vegeo vellu-s venia verbum verto vespa vester (or,
pretonic, va, varius vocd, see below) so initial vo from gvo = ve
;
vescor veto. Initial quo remains by analogy in quot quotus, else = que
(see on b) or qui (see e above) quisquiliae (o canis see below). —
before v = a avis caveo cavus faveo favilla favus gravis lavo pavid,
unaccented u (see above on a) exuo. Pretonic o, unless saved by —
analogy, = a in Noun-stems in & ansa valva 6 valgus (or in these two
:
the al may = l) i6 radius varius t6 amarus airox (and see catus), f

canis; Verb-stems in e cracens (see gracilis) placeo a vaco. o final = f
—
—
e illc iste tame (see tarn). Contraction o + o = 6 proles, and so o + a :
cogitd.
a ago caper pater. Unaccented before two consonants it = e convexus
identidem necesse peregre sollemnis sublestus or i (see above on e) am-

cinnus, or, before 1 +
another consonant, u, adulter see indulged; ,
before a single consonant it = o aboleo (cf. Hecoba from 'E/cciiStj), later
ii (see above on o), i.e. u (contubemium) or i adminiculum conquinisco
destino vestibulum, which before r = c properus recipero sistere. Con- —

traction : a+ 6=6 do, no.
1 acclinis vitex vivus; diaiectically = e avhia, reus (so covehriu, see curia
= *co-verio), and see spica villa.
u cupafumus mus.
u spelt u fucus mutulus muius pitted scruta stupa t see supparum trugonus,
or I ficus mitulus mitis pituita scrinium stipa, siparium trigonus, see
flofrvgd gibbus limpidus minis spird stipes: also oe amoenus (see below
on oi, eu, au).
E femina res rex (to show the length spelt also ee see bald penna veTie-
mens or che ehem mehe vehemens later Rtfaecundus laevis nae praelum
;
vaenum, fcaepe fchaela fnaenia fpaelex fscaeptrum, or oe foecundus

foetus moeta) diaiectically it = I sinciput subtllis y seQ farina villa and
;
perhaps spica, and below on ei, ai.
COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y 121
ddnum ndsco potus (to show the length spelt also oh oh proh) dialec- ;
tically it = ii i.e. ufur hue jucundus nudus nutrio praestulor ulna upilio
Pre tonic, un-
iter uva, see septuagintd, or I renldeo slspes (see sospes). —
saved by analogy, it = a deer pldcd.
less
Ifdgus mater suadeo (to show the length spelt also ah ah vah or aha aka
vaha, see trans).
Original vowel-length is often denoted by doubling the consonant

following
i immo, hinnio (?), illico ille millia pilleus villa, cippus lippus quippe,
gibbus, littera-littus mitto vitta (and fsagitta?), crisso (fsarissa).
u dummetum nummus, cunnus, cucullus culullus culleus, cuppa stuppa
fsupparum suppus, friguttio futtilis glutlio gutta muttio mutto, buccina
muccus ftuccetum, suggillo, fussus russus.
E penna strenna vennucula, belluafelld hellud mustella pelluis sella (from
sedda) stellio tellus, susurrus terra (cf. Fest. fcreterra from Kprjrrjpa).
nonne, lolligo, porricio.
1 damma flamma lammina, annus pannus, failed allium allucinor cal-

llgo, narro parriclda sarrio, vappa (cf. appludd sapplnus), attdt battuo
quattuor stlattdrius, accipiter baeca fbraccae fbracchium flaccus vaccilU,
nassus.
Conversely, for a short vowel + two consonants may be written a long
vowel +a single consonant, amentum coturnlx stipendium suspicio.
A long vowel is shortened before
(1) another vowel, or h + vowel I dies hid proprius vioU nihilum, ii

:
cruor prulna rub 1 ruo 4 e deinde neo reor (see ceu), 6 (from ov) cloaca,
,
a traho.
(2) nt contiofontis ventus (but mSntula nuntius probably earlier forms),
nd vindico (but nundinum prendo).
(3) final m clam, d sed.
r prosper,
ei remains in Interj. hei, else later =

fldo lived, dialectically e
1 dlco
llvis and see ceu deus. Before vowel
e eo queo scred, see tree.
it =
01 later = oe foedus (Subst. and Adj.) moenia soera, later still U i.e. ii
cunae cura fuscus ludus munus murus muto mutd pumex unus utor or 1
cllvus pdus (Subst.) tibia or (dialectically, see above on i) e fedus
(Subst. and Adj.) : pretonic, unless saved by analogy, it = ae caecus
(later mis-spelt oe).
ai later = ae aevum caedo scaeva (later mis-spelt oe coelum coena hoedus
inoereo poenitet), or dialectically (' rustic e cena gleba hedus heres
')
obscenus pene seculum s§ta titer. Before vowel, or h + vowel, it = a

a'eneus aheneus, in Compounds e prehendd. Unaccented ai = i si,
and see ollvum.
eu remains in Interjs. Zheu heu heus, else =3 i.e. u ducd gusto lubricus
luged luridus lux nutd pluma prima ructd or I liber.
ou = later u clUnis cudo lucus mucus publicus rubigo, dialectically 5 pob-

licus rdbigdboth with shortening before vowel, cluaca cloaca, Pre-
;
tonic ou, unless saved by analogy, = au auris aurora fraus, see

autumd.
au auged caulis haurid ; dialectically = ii (vulgar ?) cludus culeus cupd
frustrd frustum nugae rudus sudus (also, to show the length, spelt ou
roudus), 5 (
adorea clddic6 dodo cdleus cdpd corns crdcid ndgae
4
rustic ')
dlla 5men origa 6s dstium otium plddo pldstrum rodus sodes and see Jons.
Unaccented au = fi i.e. u adulor indiiutiae obtUrd or oe oboedio or e
obSdid.
5u before vowel = *ov iv oct&vus bovis, like bds, is un-Roman.
:
au before vowel = iv navis before consonant (after loss of i) it =

; au
claudd gaudcdj dialectically (see above on au) u cludo.
Dialectically h is prefixt to an initial vowel, Ivaud haurid haved herus hie

hodii homus humerus and Interjs. hau hex heja hSm. In hcUec halu-
cinor harUndd helluo herciscor hires honus it is doubtful whether it
is original or prefixt. It is added between vowels to prevent hiatus
in aheneus nihil.
Sonants.
m = em gcminl temno, decern novcm septem i or (see above on e) im simul ;
when unaccented in trisyllables it = urn i.e. urn or im aestimd autumb

optumus.
N = en centum dens densus ensis genu mens mensus mentum tenuis, ingens
juvenis lumen (after v with Contraction in ndnus ; = e [or e ?] before x
exta), or (see above on e) in in- infit (?) infula inter lingua pinguis,
dominus terminus tintind vlgintl (= I before gn ignis).
l = ol dol6 holus polled stolidus toler6 or (see above on o) til i.e. ul culnws
t
fulgeo fulica fulvus gula mulgeo multus pulcer pullus (Subst. and Adj.)
sculpo stulius tuli, gurgulid promulgd, angulus cumulus dlscipulus /ice-
dula manipulus saeculum stimulus stipula tabula trdgula, or il similis
concipild ridilus. —
Initial vl dialectically = hi (see below on b) lupus,
(and so GV£-, void) or vul vulpSs vulva.
else vol volpes volva
B = or dormid dorsum forndx foro fors fortis horreum
cor corbis cornu
hortor morn morded morior oiHor por- porrum portioportd portus scortum
sorbed sors sporta storea torped extorris (which before sc for *csc = d
posed) or (see above on o) ur curculid curtus fumus spurcus turpis
,
ursus er (for *ir, see above on u) iterum uterus auger uber. vb dia- —
lectically = rii i.e. ru quadru- trua trux or ri quadri- else = vor vorro ;
(or, after t, uor quattuor) or (when initial) *vur ur urged urtica, later
COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 123
when above on o) ver verbera vermis

initial (see verro. So initial
.kvr =
*quor *quur cur currd, later quer qucrcus : initial gvr = *g or
,
gur gurges-gnrgulio, dialectically = vor voro.
ft = am tamen. —n = an anguis manus or na gndrus-navus ndscor, which

after m=a germdnus humdnus.
£• = al callum calvus falld palma 1 scalpo (by Dissimilation ar largus) or
la clddes cldmd fldvus fio latus Part., see clam flaccus. b = ar ardea —
arduus argentum armus ars carduus carpdfarcid haruspex marceo margo
paro quartus varix (which before st = afastigium) or ra crdbro crdssus-
crdtis frdxinus grdnum grdhis prdtum prdvus radix ramus varus strdmen.
Consonants.
m remains, see e.g. mcdius = n before J lanius venio, t centum quantus
:
d nunc nuneubl, s ama mensa before 1 it = p fplumbum,

dcindc, c :
before r it = b brevis (see hlbemus), and so before e tuber. Omitted —

before nc nuiicupo, sq sesqui-, and between r and c forceps. Final urn —
drops (originally before an initial vowel) in eras (?) donee nihil nimis
procul quln sed simul sin.
N nemus = m
before Labial semper imbuo assimilated before r irrlto.
: :
—
nm in Derivatives = rm carmen germen norma (in Compounds = mm
immuto) nt before n drops with compensation x vlcenl ns dialec-
: :
tically = s with compensation vesica, dropt with compensation before

m
imus trdma v trdveho.
L lingo by Dissimilation it = r caeruleus largus or (in a Compound)
:
—
drops multicia. ln from len remains ulna vulnus, else = 11 bulla
callum coll is follis fullo pellis procella pnllus vellus, antecello fallopello
percello polled recello tollo vello ls = 11 collum. :
R ruber by Dissimilation it = 1 columns (?) or (before c) n cancer

:
before 1 in Compounds it is assimilated intelligo pollingo, in Deriva-

tives dropt (with compensation if required) see stella stilla. Dialec-
tically omitted after st clandestlnus frustum mediastinus praestigiae. —
Dialectically ri ri rii become er, hlbernus lucerna noverca tcr cervix,
acerbus qicater tero, see testis. — rs = rr ccrritus curro err 6 farra garrid
Jwrreo horreum parreo parriclda porrum terreo torreo verres verruca, but
before t = s with compensation fdstigium. fdstus testis, before n drops
cena unoriginal rs remains accerso dorsum ursus, but dialectically =
:
ss dossum pessum or after a long vowel s sudsum and so (with com-

pensation) before c posed.
1 I.e. the vowel is lengthened to make up for the dropping of one or more of the
following consonants :the syllable thus retains its weight though its elements are
reduced m number.
124 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
J initial jecur jocus juvenis, drops before
i ici6 igitur. Between vowels
it usually drops, see plus, but remains (lengthening the vowel before
it) in Reduplication jejenio jejunus, onomatopoeic words ejuU, and
terminations satureja. It = i (in the classical dialect) after Liquid

lanius venio, alius folium lien opilid salid, caesaries, v vietus (?), d
medius, c socius : drops after h her! p spud s suo.
v initial vehd vir voco remains before u + 1 vulgus vulnus vulpes vultur
:
vultus vulva (unless c follow, ulciscor), drops before u (or u) + any

cons, but uncus unda urbs urceus urged urtica uxor urlna: drops
1,
before Lingual lana liquo radix repens. Intervocalic v drops (dialec- —

tically) before u reus deus foleum (dea olea are due to analogy),
*saluus (whence salvus) from *saluvus; and after u duo exuo pluit puer
sum tuus viduus (but uv remains after } juvenis juvd or before i from J
exuviae pluvius). Unaccented vi or ve later (1) after a short vowel
drops the i or e and vocalises the v thus ov = ou = u bubulus curia :
nundinae or dialectically 5 forties contio fdns nondiiiae nonus, av = au

audeo autumd raucus saucius; (2) after a long vowel or diphthong
drops entirely (for claudo gaudeo in which the i first drops and then
t
av becomes au, see above on au) traho, fuligo vita fibula nitor uligo
:
—
umeo, aeauus pra&co praedes. Postconsonantal v remains after Lin-
gual alvus arvum, but dialectically = b gilbus cor bus ferbeo sorbum, or
(as in Oscan) assimilates after 1 mella mollis palled sollus (cf . mlllio
beside mllvus) ; remains (spelt u) after q from k equus, and after s
suadeo-sudvis (but se serius drops before u sudor) is vocal-
si sordes : ;
ised later after n tenuist t quaUuor, d arduus duellum (but, later still,
initial dv = b bellum bis bonus, medial dv = v suavis) drops after f ;
(from dh) fallo foris forum, and in an atonic syllable after d de dis-
dims.—FineA v (after loss of -e) = u ceu (cf. neu sen).
P nepos pater plenus drops initially before t tilia (?) s sabulum (?) st
;
sternuo studeo, and between s and t hostis (in Compounds the s drops,
Fest. vo-pte = vds) or 1 lien. It assimilates before Labials summus
suffio, = m bef . n damnum omnis somnus.
Final p remains, volup ; ab
ob sub were originally used only before Mediae, and the b drops with
compensation before s-p dsper or (from s-m) dmentum. m
B (rare) labium lambo lubricus dialectically = v sevum and perhaps
;
arvlnaferveo fvdro vatillum vertex. Before n it = dominus; before m

1 from d it remains in publicus, elsewhere = p amplus duplex exemplum
maniplus (so before 1 from d dlscipulus manipulus) before original L :
it =p m, concipilo-cumulus stipula-stimulus.
or dialectically
bh initial before vowel = f far fero fungor &c, dialectically h haba Kara
(?) hariolus herba horctum Korreum and perhaps harena hircus (some-
times omitted, ariolus, arena ircus) or b barba battud bulla im-buo:
before Lingual it = f frango frater frlgo de-frulum &c, dialectically b
Mater 6. —Medial it dialecticaUy =f serffa, else b glubo ambi- albus

orbus &c, which before n= m amnis scamnum, before 1 either re-
mains scabellum or (dialecticaUy) =p scapulae, before pi drops
ampins.
t pater tendo tres ; drops between r and m vermina, p and s ipse, kv and v
quartus, later between s and when final after s in
and 1 lis locus,
Nom. os. Before Nasal it =
s *resmos pesna, later drops with com-
pensation remus peena (so nt, sescenl viceni) or doubled consonant
penna cunnus: before 1 it drops if initial lotus (Part.), if medial = c
saeclum (see lis) and so before | saeculum. Assimilates before c ecce
siccus vacca, cf. ecquis : drops before s nox. —tt = ss fessus passus or
(after consonant) s densus dorsum. hirsUtus mensus, but before r = st
capistmm lustrum : tt from ti-t = t after consonant, antestor fdstldium
portorium.
d died duo rodo : dialecticaUy = (1) 1 (as in some Oscan dialect, see
ffamulus), initial lacrima largus lautia llmpidus lingua, between
vowels adulor aemulus (?) ancile (?) aquilus baliolus calamitds consilium-
solium-consul-exul ifamulus mlluus (?) mulier oleo polio reluvium remc-
llgo (?) scdlae sileo squalor stilus fstrigilis, before consonant almus mella
(sella) ultrd-ulva % after consonant amplus-duplex publicus and malus :
(2) r (cf. Varr. L. L. 5. 110 'perna a pede,' quasi *pedre), apor ar

cared cur (cf. quirquir = quidquid Varr. L. L. 7. 8) mered muria (?)
varius, accerso mergo virga, and (perhaps DissimUation, for 1) glarea
merula ploro. Before — m
it drops with compensation amentum fiamen
squama before 1 it assimilates allex before r it remains dialecticaUy

: :
quadra- and by analogy quadra, else = t atrox nutrio taetrum utrem

and so before r uterus: before d drops with compensation credo:
before c assimUates accerso. For dv see on v. dt = ss assis pessulus
cassus gressus lassies spissus or (after long vowel, diphthong, or con-
sonant) s sudsum caesius tonsa, but before r or J = st/rustra (pestulus).
—D after n dialecticaUy (cf . Campanian upsannam = operandam)
assimilates in gnennio fmannus, cf * Plaut. MU. Glor. 1407 dispennite
. . . et distennite.
dh = f faber facio felld fikmus furo", /alio /oris, frustum. Medial
initial-
it =b
(dialecticaUy f) before r glabro- libra rubro- umbra, after r
arbor barba verbum, after m
or n lumbus (infit), and in the classical
dialect after (rufus) uber : elsewhere it = d caedo
u or u jubeo rubeo
fodio gradus rudis vades vadum vidulus viduus (which,
fidelia fides
1
see above on d, dialecticaUy = 1 caelebs melior stilus, or r caerimdnia

merus ergd firmus), and so between r and original v arduus. (This
d before r = t vitricus, and so before r or } iterum rutilus.) Final
it = d ad-, dialecticaUy f af. —
dht = ss assula, after consonant = s
infensus, but before r or J = st monstrum (astukt).
k=c accllnis cis decern, later dialectically = ch pulcer before v it = q :
aquilus equus queror or (after loss of v) c canis dialectically = g in :
singull vlgintl. Before Nasal it = g in the accented syllable dignus

magmentum, dropt by analogy dSnl : before t dialectically assimilates
fbrattea, or drops with compensation cdtumix settles (cf. pdstulo from
*pdscitulo, —
and see percontor). ks = x coxa dexter ex saxum sex (dialec-
tically ss famussim assis nassa pessimus tossillae), or, before sc, s
with compensation composed dlscd pdscd (see also on misced), and
so before c sesc&nl before 1 this drops with compensation ala mala
:
talus, cf panllus tdles (see tonsillae).

. So kth = x texd, or s before t
testa or after r ursus before a Liquid this drops with compensation
:
tela temd.
G ego genus regd. This in the accented syllable remains before m agmen
sagmen (?), in the unaccented syllable drops with compensation sub-
temen suffidmen: before initial n it (later) drops narro nascor navus
nlctd nited noseddrops before medial j major. gs = x, which before
:
—
1 drops pdlus.
GH before vowel = h haedus haruspex hasta helvus hiems holus homo horreo
hortor hortus humus (dialectically omitted anser and sometimes aedus
aruspex olus ortus), vehd (dialectically omitted via, and with contrac-
tion bimus) : dialectically f folus fovea, g" gemini gilvus gutta (which
before final a = c, praefica, see below on gv). Before or after con-
sonant it *= g gldrea grdmen grdtus (so before 1 tragula), ango Jingo
lingo mirigd pinguis, which before drops with compensation ajo
j
mejd, and so in the unaccented syllable before n inanis, before t = c
nectd vectis, + s =x vexillum (dropt before Liquid velum, see vena)
dialectically iflavus, infula.
kv (1) as a fixt velar, with no sign of labialisation in any language,
'
'
•
=c callum carpo cicer collis cortex coxa culcita dulcis lucerna lucus
mucus seed vacilld and before consonant crdssus crepo (dialectically
assimilated before t blatta before j it = g pulegium or drops
;
bdjulus pUlejum). This c, + », =x

axis exta lux, see nox; which
drops before Liquid lumen luna. (2) as a labialisable velar = qu
(i.e. qv) aqua conguinisco coquo frequens inquillnus liquo loquor quaero
quatio -que queo quercus qui quinque (dialectically, as in Oscan, p

crepd palpo prope quippe), also later written c areas ceu cold coquo corpus
jecinoris jocus locus quercus always written c before u (obliquus late)
:
cum (Conjunction) cura jecur oculus or consonant (dropping before d

dodrans and later between r and tfortis), e.g. before original zfarcid
llcium provincia socius (before n this c =g lignum), and so when
final ac nee.
GV (1) as a * fixt ' velar =g garrid gelus gibbus, auged ligd, which before
t =c auctumnus luctor, dialectically dropt atUumnus. This g, + s,
COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y 127
=x auxilium, dropt before omen. m (2) as a labialisable velar = gu

(i.e. gv) inguen stinguo, also written g flgo ungo erga
fitgo dingo tingo
(which before final a in trisyllables, on analogy of fabrica manica
pedica &c, = c fulica pertica fsublica, cL famurca fspelunca, see on
praejka under gh) always written g before u angulus gurges-gurgulio
:
or consonant dgnus gravis-congruo (before t this g = c, later dropt

after r fcrtum). Dialectically — (1) in the Roman dialect it = v,
:
medial conlveo seve-

initial valeo varius verU vescor veto vivo void voro ;
rus uva uvidus (with contraction fibula nitor nudus timed), dropping
after u fluo fruor struo (before i from j the v remains, fluvius) (2) :
in the Oscan dialect it = b badius baculum bardus bitumen bds, blandus

brutus.
ghv (1) as a fixt velar (see above on gh), before vowel = h hdbeo
*
'
Jiaereohilum-hira hordeum hostis prehendo (dialectically omitted abdo-

men-abundd Ilia-Ira ordeum and with contraction praeda prendo)
}
:
dialectically f fames fel filum fostis funis (?). Before or after con-
sonant it = g" glaber gradus, indulged-largvs y
which before t = c lectus :
dialectically f fremo frid. (2) as a labialisable velar = gu (i.e. gv)

liiigua ninguity also written g ningit tergum, which + s = x nix
dialectically before vowel = f forceps. Between vowels v brevis levis
nivem.
khv (1) as a * fixt ' velar =g congius ; after s = c scindo. (2) as a
labialisable velar = gu (i.e. gv) unguis.
s before vowel salio sequor solum between vowels = r erus furo uro :
quaero auris &c. (ornd from *6sin£\ anser arbor vomer with r from
oblique cases), omitted after r + vowel cruor prior- proprius pruina
7-uo 1 and (before v) prlvus rivus, but later remaining prurio roraril.
Intervocalic s remains in Compounds positus and Reduplication
susurrus, dialectically in nasus, and (perhaps to denote a soft s, Eng.
z) in caesaries cam miser pusus quasillum vdsa, and in the loan-words
asinus bdsium blaesus emeus cisium gaesum laserpicium in causa quaeso :
frosa the s is from ss, in fusus from dt. s remains before v suavis —
(see above on v), and before Tenues spes std scid, dialectically,
dropping initially in parcus pendo pild polio, tabula tegd tergum tibia
titubo tundo turba turdus trltavus, cauda caveo cerno cerrUus coruscus.
It drops before f refert, and, with compensation if required, before m
mica miluus (?) minae mordeo (see sum) dumus primus sumo tarn -met,
n neo nix nurus alnus annus avena cdnus (?) fdnum farina llnum panis
(?) perna pone p6n5 prima venerium verbinae, 1 laM langueo lubricus pila
prelum qualum velum 1 (and so after loss of interconsonantal p lien,
see splendeo, and, later, t lamina-lotus lis locus). Before r initial it
= f fraga frigus, before r medial it dialectically = f infrd, else = b
cerebrum crdbrdfibra mcmbrum sdbrtnus tenebrae. Dialectically it suffer* —

Metathesis with c aesculus ascla luxus iriscum viscus, see assula pessulus.
z before d drops, with compensation if needed, audio crudusfoedus (Adj.)
hordeum mdlus nidus pedo pridem sldo sudus turdus. zdh = st custos
hasta.
[Genesis of Latin Letters.
(I give first the Latin letter, then the various letters (or combinations
of letters) of the Ursprache, or of older Latin, which it may repre-
sent. )
a = a ago, ai before vowel or h denus ahenus, o pretonic canis or before

v — = ave before h traho: — e pretonic gradus or before ng
cavus.
frango. —a- may = ha- abundd anser ariolus: am an al ar may respec-
tively = fi§ES tamen unguis calvus arduus.
a = I fagus = n after m germdnus humanus, = r before s fastigium
:
fdstus sudsum. — = ab before s dsper, ad before m amentum, ag or

ag" unaccented before nasal suffldmen indnis, ans before trama, m
as before 1 qudlum and so mdlus, ax before 1 dla pdlus = 5 pretonic :
deer or before v octdvus. —

na la ra may = n l r gndrus clddes grdmen.
ae = ai aevum, —
= aevi aequus praedes aevo praeco aehi praeda, aes
before n caena = e (late) laevis = oe pretonic coccus. ae- may =
: :
—
hae- aedus.
au = au auged, pretonic ou auris or ouz before d audio. = avi raucus —
autumS avi gaudeo.
b = b baubor bh medialt dh medial labor liber barba libra, m before

glubo,
r hlbemus medial r cerebrum.
tuber, s before = v dialectically after —
—
lingual gilbus sorbum. b- may = bh- dialectically battuo blaterd im-
buo, gv- baeulum brutus, m- before r brevis^ dv- bonus -b may = -p :
from -pi ob or -po sub.
c =k centum, kv area, k-v canis, khv after s scindo. —=g before t

lectus luctor necto or final a in trisyllables fulica praefica =: t before
guttural ecce acquis or medial 1 saeclum or ul (l) saeculum. —c- may
= skv- caved -c may = -ce sic or -cum donee.
:
ch = c (dialectically) pulcer in loan-words x chinjsos.

:
d = d do, medial dh gradus arduus. — = t dialectically edcpol. —d- may

= dv- pretonic dis- -d may = -de haud, -du red-, -dhi ad-.
:
COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOG Y 129
. e =e ferpy ei before vowel eo, 1 before r in the unaccented syllable

anser or final ante, o later after initial v vespa. = a unaccented —
before two consonants peregre or r properus = en (n) before x exta, :
ev before u deus and by analogy dea = e before final r prosper or d :
sed. —ee or ehe may = e veemens vehemens

em en may = m n temno :
dens,and -em may = -en (-N) decern en before t may = em (y) ;
centum er may = R unaccented uterus, ei hibernus ei cervix, eu

:
acerbus socer.
e =e res, ez before d pedo. — = ed before s esca, ec before s compesco and
ehe mentula prendo, en before s vesica,
dialectically before t setius,
eat before n viceni, er before s testis,. es before 1 velum 1 et before m ,
remus, ex or ex before liquid tela-temo vilum 2~vena (?), em from

emi sesqxii-, es before consonant refert (later) = ae seculum cena = : :
unaccented au ohedio = i levis, 1 before j jej'uniis.

—
:
eu = eu onomatopoeic heus. eu may = -eve ceu.
f = bh fagus frango and dialectically medial scrdfa, dh initial

initial
facio and medial infit (?) rufus, dhv initial falio foris, gh
dialectically
initial folus fldvus and dialectically medial in/ula, ghv initial fremo,
s before r initial frigas and dialectically medial infra (and so before
r inferus). —
= b before f suffio. f may = -dhi af. —
g= G genH, GV garrio filgo dgnus gravis, gh gilvus gldrca grdmen trdgula
Jingo, ghv glaber largus ningit, khv congius. —=c before n dignus
gfu (i.e. gv) = gv after n ingven, ghv ninguit, khv unguis.
h initial = bh herba, gh hiems, ghv hatred : intervocalic = gh veho. —

prefixt herus, inserted ahenus, to show vowel-length ah vaha (of.
NUmbr. preplohotatu beside preplotatu, see trans).
i =1 #£r, j after consonant w?wo. —

= i before vowel or h dies nihil and
so by dissimilation ir prior = unaccented a de&tind and so concinnus
: :
= e felix diligo, eh before vowel via = u (ti) cZie7w and from o clipem
:
ilicQ quisguiliae. — i- may = ji- iciti igitur: vox in may = m n simul

inter dominus, il may =» unaccented l similis.
i = 1 wpms, iz or iz before d ?iiÛ5 pridem, ei /Idtf, e before nq guingue,
u stipa and so from eu liber 61 £&ia 6 sispes.— = in (n) before gn
^7125, ins before m
tmus ihi blmus, iji fttgrou, Ivi fibula nitor vita. I-
: —
may = hi- ira or his- before 1 ilia.
y initial = J semivowel jecur or * spirant ' jugum medial = : J semivowel

}Qulb satureja jqjunus, gj major ajo and this from cj pulej'um.
9
i 3o COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
1 = L lingo, dialectically d lacrima solum by assimilation 2? bulla B
:
stella v (dialectic) sollus s collum, in compound d allex. 1- may = vl- —

liqud TL- Vitus sl- langued spl- Zten, stl- to: -1 may = -le vel, -lum
nihil.
m = m mater : =b before in (n) dominus or ul (l) cumulus or n scamnwn>

=n before = p before nasal summus damnum = mbi before
p semper, :
p amplus. —m- may = sm- mica -m may = -me tarn. :
n=n nebula, m before J venio, by dissimilation r cancer. = before — m

c nunc d deinde n (popular etymology) sollennis s ansa = t before n ;
penna = d dialectically after n grunnio \mannus by contraction =

; ;
men nuncupd mjuncus nte antestor. n- may = gvn- nited, sn- neo : -n —
may = -ne non.
o = o ob, before vowel ou cloaca, e after initial c (kv) cold or s (sv)

socer or before v novus. — = unaccented a aboleo. —o- may = ho-
ortus ol or may = l b tolerd cor, and or- may = hors- (ghvbz-)
:
ordeum.
6 = o donum, ou robigo ou fbos, ao do ao nd. = oa cogitd do proles, —
ove nondinae ovi fdrnes, 6-que dodrans by compensation = oc :
(dialectically) before t cotumix, op-s before omentum, ore (rk) m

before s posed, os (from o-si) before n pond = au copo, aux before :
momen.
oe = oi foedus Subst., oiz before d foedus Adj. (late) = ae hoedus coena —
or e foetus: = unaccented au oboedio.
p = p pix, pj before vowel spud, m before 1 -tyZttm&wwi, dialectically kv

prope. —
= pt from pti before s ipse b before 1 (d) duplex ul (l) disci-
;
pulus scapulae stipula. p- may = sp- parcus.—

qu (i.e. qv) = kv aqua kvtv quartus, k-v equus.
r =b rego, s after r erro. —

= re before t fertum, rt before vermina, m
by contraction ri usurpd rmi forceps rti portdrium dialectically = d :
mergd ergd by dissimilation = 1 caeruleus largus = n before

accersd : :
m in derivativescarmen and before r in compounds irrttd later = s :
between vowels erus and so si drnd. r- may = vb- repens -r may = — :
-re instar*
s = 8 sequor, sj before vowel sud, between vowels z (?) miser dt fusus

sudsum, after consonant tt dorsum mensus dt totwa. = ss between —
vowels causa, d before tr frOstra monstrum, t before n pesna and after
COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY <* 131
r (d) accerso, x between vowels (dialectic) pausillus and before tenuis

sescenl testa and after r ursus. —s- may = sv- sudor se si, pst- sternuo :
ss may = tt fessus dt cassus dht gressus dhs jussi, dialectically rS

pessum, in Greek words ( massa sc may dialectically = x ascia luscus
:
viscus : st may = dt (before J) astula, zdh custos : -s may = -ss (st)

in Nom. os, -se siremps, -ssum eras (?).
t = t tarn, d before r atrdx or er (b) uterus or il (l) rutilus, dh before r

mtricus or er (b) iterum. —
= tr dialectically after s mediastlnus, by
dissimilation til multicia c dialectically before t blatta. t- may = pt-
; —
tilia (?) st- tego : -t may = -te (ti) et post.
u =u cutis, ti elueo, dialectically o clupeus, e after c (kv) cucumis or

before lc ulcus lm ulmus, v after d duellum arduus n tenuis t quattuor. —
= u before vowel ruo A and after r, from us cruor or ous ruo 1 ; = uv
before vowel fluo, unaccented ov before vowel exuo viduus = un- :
accented a amcutio adulter indulged e ffamulus, o in final syllable

—
before consonant genus. ul ur may = l b tull discipulus curtus ul :
may = lu after d dulcis lu- may = V£- lupus, ur- may = vb- urged.
:
—
u- may = vu- uxor.
u = u fumus, u slupa, eu duco, ou clunis, dialectically o fur 01 cura au
cludo cupd: uz sudus uz crudus. —
= eu (ejo) plus'. = unaccented au
adulor = us before
: m
sumo, ux before nasal lumen luna = uvi :
jumentum uvi fullgo umeo ovi bubulus curia ovi nudus ove nundinae. —
u- may = vu- urina.
v= v veho, gv valeo uva, ghv between vowels brevis. — = medial dv

sudvis : dialectically =b sevum. — Spelt u after guttural or s, aqua
equus anguis suadco.
x = ks coxa ghs vexillum, kvs exta gvs auxilium ghvs nix, kth texo, —
-x may = -ksu mox.
j= v ithymum : wrongly for u (from unaccented e) corylus.

y= ipyramis.
z = C fzephyrus fzdna.
Any doubled consonant may simply denote that the preceding vowel
was originally long.]
UMBEIAN.
(0 = Old Umbrian, the language of the first 4§ of the Eugubine Tables
N = New, of the remaining 2J.)
in = u see adoleo voveo. So 5 = u0 duplex. —v (from o) = u

arbiter.
1= N ei qui. —X = a vas N trans, also written aha N trans.
ei= e clitellae. —ai = e silicemium N cena.
ou = u publicus, o N ru/us. —au = u aut, o N/<m».
m —
before s = n N umerus. ns final = f N trans remaining when from ,
nos N fons.
E with Metathesis of e precor rs remains silicemium N pared, before
:
n= s in N cena.
J (Lat. i) lost after 5 (from k) duplex. —v remains voveo.
bh = f tribus.
d medial = & adoleo ar duplex famulus piiblicus, N rs almus ar. —dh =
f N ru/us.
k dropt before s precor ; = ^Ns before e silicemium cena or original
—gh = h
J duplex. between vowels via.
hortar, dropt
kv = p N qui quis —gv veru, medial = p
2
. initial =b arbiter.
s between vowels remains after long vowel hornus vas, =r after short
vowel N sus.
OSCAN.
(Brackets denote that the word is from Roman grammarians, not
epigraphic.)
I written f see testis. —o = u qui.

I =iqui in Volscian = e, written eh curia. u after dental = iu
; —
lympha.
E written ee terra or iifestus X written sol famulus. :
oi remains in Paelignian cura. —

ai written ai bito si, later ae diaeta or
e (haedus).
eu = 6v liber ou = ov tuticus au = av autem.
: :
R == or quattuor b = ar, + inserted a argentum.

:
v remains after s si, assimilates after 1 (sollus), drops after t quattuor k

aquila.
bh = f anfractus habeo (and kareiw, hircus ?)
t later assimilates before d meddiz ; final =d edepol, —d dialectically

= 1 {famulus),
K aquila later spelt c card cedo. —gh = f (haedus ; and harena hircus?),
kv = qu or c after r (hircus) s (tesqua), elsewhere =p quattuor qui. —
gv = b bito cedo.
s remains between vowels Paelignian curd (harena) and before nasal
festus Paelignian primus,
GEEEK.
Vowels remain (both u and ft written w) : w dissimilates to see cuculus
uluU ; v initial is aspirated sub super uterus uvidus ; o dialectically = w
folium mola nox post prytanis umbra unguis. Tp6<r0c(ris 1
calix crdssus —
of e before initial double consonant satrapa r ardea remus rica rlpa f
urged (lengthened in a polysyllable to n viduus) of before mingo ; m
n unguis r rego ritus; of a before double consonant stella malus 1 m
delibutus f vas ventus. —
iu/dirrvîs (insertion of a vowel between two
consonants) of 1 largus sinapi tunica, v corymbus sculpo, a palma 1 }
phalanx scribo.
Long vowels remain v initial is aspirated sus, before an aspirate = ov
:
fiber d in Ionic = n anser campus std &c. n shortens before vowel

; ;
vto. — xp6(T0€(ns of u> before r rumor.

Diphthongs remain : 01 = <p ovum, ov = ov bos, au = aw navis.
M= a/i before vowel humus, a before consonant metus similis.

N = av before vowel sine tenuis, a before consonant centum inguen pinguis
&c. or final decern novcm septem. N = yd (Ionic vy) anas. —
L = oA. edit fullo palma 1 before consonant also Aa planta: vl = Aw
,
lupus. —
L = \aflavus or oA largus polled sulcus tolerd.
R = ap argentum gravis jecur &c, before consonant also pa cor quartus
turtur &c. — fi = poo ardea sterno vord or op carduus haruspex part.
Liquids remain
m before lingual = j3 blitum brevis ; final = v centum hiems semel, —
ms = vs = w = v membrum, see below on ns.
n before labial =
u corymbus, before guttural = y ancorn longus ango ;
assimilates after I polled pullus Adj. and with compensation vellus,
— ns before a vowel = Lesbian vv prjwos Gen. (see census) = v Ion.

finv6s xwts see mensis anser (Nom. pf\v xh* tek© their v from the
oblique cases) ns final after a long vowel shortens the vowel and
:
1 Prefixing a vowel to an (originally) initial double-consonant or liquid or v.
1 34 COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y
then becomes s with compensation Dor. fifo Ion. fids see mensis
unoriginal vs (from vr) = s viginti.
B initial suffers rp4<r0*<ris, see above, or (dialectically) aspirates ardea
rdpum.
J semivowel when initial = * h&ra jecur jocus elsewhere :
(1) with liquid mj = vj = tv comis fames venid NJ = iv Undo p) = ip

: : :
curtus periculum spira sterilis hortor Aj = AA alius praestolor. :
(2) with explosive pj = wr spud TJ after consonant = <r mucus

: : :
dhj = <r<r bardus medius kj = <r<r conquinisco duco, and so kvj coquo :
farcid mucus oculus pix gj = ( massa niugid ghj initial = x^ ^ eri : : -
So with sibilant, sj = <r<r pinso sud.

j spirant which in all other languages appears as a simple j, in
*
'
Greek = ( jam jugum jungd jus 1 zona.
v =f (dialectically j3 saucius), dialectically omitted, whether initial

vehd vctus vis &c. lacer repeus rosa vermis (the vowel afterwards some-
times aspirated ulcus vereor vesiis) or between vowels acvum divus
wis &c. and after d bin dh falld ; after liquid transposed (as v) fames
alvus sollus laurus nervus parvus urina. rf initial = r quartus or dia- —
lectically <rsetainum lurba trua % medial = tt or dialectically <r<r quat-
tuor. — <rf = <r i.e. si socer suadeo sudor, dialectically ' tardea sudor or
'
<r saglna : medial = <r blaesus.
p and b remain ir initial dialectically = wr perna pinso

: ; ir<r = ^, from
xt before i dapsilis jocus or j neptis Metathesis of p ; (after s) and K
specio.
bh = <r =$
depso.
t and D remain t = <r before i potis viginti (sometimes remains by

:
analogy meta) v densus tu (dialectically remains tu), drops before p

myrica and when final stercus. 8 before t = <r uterus (8 drops before —
rpfindo meditor), before A = y dulcis.
dh = 6 uber &c. before vowel -f aspirate
; it = r favilla fingo ; = <r before
i robigd v sisymbrium $ viduus.
k and g remain :
* Affrication ' (ie. doubling) of k cacd laeus : k +f=*
procdx, k + th = kt texo ursus, k + <r = | axis dexter ex luxus sex.
GH — x - o>ngd &c.
kv (1) as a 4
fixt ' velar = k cancer capio carduus carpo crates crusta cupa
lux scando (by * Affrication kk cuculus), which + <r (from tj or r<r) = £
'
mucus nox. — (2) as a labialisable velar = w deer linquo sequor &o.

(dialectically m- conquinisco : dropt before rp quart us), = t before
€ quattuor -que quinque or 1 quia: dialectically k area (or kt
jecur), and so after v lupus.
GV (1) as a * fixt ' velar = y fugid gaivio grus jungo ructd tego. — (2) as a
labialisable velar = bos gravis vord &c, = 8 before e inguen, =y
after v aeefluo dialectically y, grex gurgulio, which + <r = | ascia.
:
ghv (1) as a 'fixt' velar = x fremo frU lectus. (2) as a labialisable —

velar = <p nix, = before e forceps, = x before v levis (on Affrication *
see bracchium).
khv whether fixt or labialisable = x congius scindo unguis (by Affri-
4
' '
cation '
kx soccus).
s initial before vowel remains only dialectically sudus, else = '

sal sedeo
septem (whence the dialectic prefix of ' , hama uro, see above on v) or
dialectically *
obsond sero 2 serum sine socius sol sollus; drops before n
nix n6 nurus m (except dialectically) mucus murena mils 1 langueo,
before r = '
sorbeo sorbum, remains before tenuis (by-forms without s
pilleus stuped tego tergum turba caved cerritus) or aspirate scindo.- -s
medial drops between vowels auris nurus uro &c. (the s preserved
between vowels miser pinso porrum was perhaps a soft s) drops, with ,*
compensation where required, before mjus 1 sum n llnum zona (dialec-

tically without compensation llnum, or sn = vestis) bs remains w :
torreo vcrres verro, later = pp garrifo verres. pst- with Metathesis = —

*<nrr-, whence dialectically either <nr- studeo or m-- sternuo : so bzd-
= *(Tj35-whence j85- pedo.
IEISH.
1 by o- or a- Umlaut 1 it = e miscco nix vir &c, by i-Umlaut

remains ;
= by u-Umlaut = iu liqud.
ei siccus,
u remains by o-Umlaut = o canis fui inclutus <fec, by i-Umlaut = ui
;
frigo mulier.
E accented remains nemus by i-Umlaut = ei decern genus steriHs, by ;
u-Umlaut = eu veru, by e- o- a- Umlaut = i fe 16 lectus mel ne- ntpos

plus quattuor soror unaccented = a amnis nanciscor sum. By com-
:
pensation it = e facio sex tepeo oeho (by i-Umlaut = ei venio, by o-

Umlaut = ia velum 1 ), or, when pretonic, a remus telum.
1 The influence of a vowel (or which influ-

j or v) in the next following syllable ;
ence remains even when that vowel (or j or v) has dropt.—* Uinlaut' isfound also
in Teutonic (not in Gothic), Armenian, and Zend.
accented remains eo-, by i-Umlaut = ui dorsum mare margo monile

solium Ulna varius (the ai in laigtt saidim, see levis seded, is obscure),
by u-Umlaut = u volvo unaccented = a nepds.
:
A remains cdrus caterva taurus, by i-Umlaut = ai alius al6 ai &c, by u-

Umlaut later au laurus unaccented sometimes = u area e solid.
;
By compensation it = e and by i-Umlaut ei anser.
1by o- or a- Umlaut = la cribrum piscis.

u by i-Umlaut = 6e mutus rits, by o-Umlaut = ua somnus.
E = I de mensis serus Ac. (by a-Umlaut = la rh&or), after kv = d
quinque ; in onomatopoeic words remains en : unaccented = i mater
pater.
=a d8 ned ndscd queror t
by i-Umlaut = ai vdtes : unaccented = u
soror.
1 remains vallum, by i-Umlaut = ai votes.
ei = e is, by i-Umlaut = ei linquo, by o-Umlaut = ia raeda scio.
01 = oi Unus dialectically ai munis or ai caecus.

f
ai = ai acvum, also written ai gaesum, later e ai : unaccented = i
bitd.
bu from bv = u clued, by i-Umlaut = 6i novem, by o-Umlaut = tie
novas or ua nd.
ou = 6 auris lux, by o-Umlaut = ua cuculus rdbur tuticus. So ou from
ov = 6. and by i-Umlaut oi ovis. 5u = 5 bos. —
au = 6 augeo. So au from av = 6 and by i-Umlaut oi aveo. lu = au —
. ndvis.
m before consonant = em and by e- o- a- Umlaut im ambi- umbilicus

ungo ; before vowel it = am sfmul and by i-Umlaut aim domd.
N before consonant = en lingua (which before t or c = e ante ce>Uum

dens tendo need or, when atonic, e inter viginti) and by e- o- a- Umlaut
in unguis and with kvim-vîs ini insula, ; before vowel it = an in-
tenuis, or n attached to the word following decern novem.
l = li valgus and by e- o- a- Umlaut le laius planta tolerd ulmus. —t = la
palma 1 polled or alfallo.

B = ri cor rego and by e- o- a- Umlaut re sterno sterto and further i-
.
—
Umlaut rei sors. b = ra gurges or ar arduus mora morbus terreo
tornus torreo ursus (also written ar fardo) and by i-Umlaut air fertwn
procax.
ti drops with compensation before s nummus membrum. So n before t

(see above) c quinque s Imus mensis. n assimilates after 1 ulna.
v = f liqud vir &o. after r spelt b ferved taurus, and so after original n
;
vidulus (later assimilated to the n vadum) dropt between vowels :
aevum dlvus vita &c, before li from l valgus, and after t quattuor d
arduus de s sex somnus soror suadeo. —
vo =u vlvus volvo ; vo = ua and
by i-Umlaut uai venum. f is in — later Irish prefixt to an initial vowel
sub super.
p before t = ch neptis septem, elsewhere drops pater tepeo somnus planta

pro- sterto &c. (with h later prefixt to the vowel baxea).
b final in later Irish —
= bh balbus. bh = hferd orbus &c, umbilicus, later
assimilated after m ambi-.
t remains ; after vowel it = th at mater votes &c. ; before c it = s siccus,
bef6re m drops with compensation dorsum remus. —st = s stcrilis &c.
between vowels ss destind.
vastus,
d remains after vowel it = dh vadum, after n
; it sometimes = t sua-
deo-, assimilates before m mulier and later after n menda pondus,
drops before s edo unda. — dt = s cado, between original vowels ss
medUor : d + dh = t credo.
dh = 6, foris robur vidulus, which assimilates before n gradus.
k = c, after vowel = ch decern mox octo &c. equus ; drops with compen-
sation before n facio. —kth = ex, which when
t ursus: ks = ss dexter
compensation sex.
final drops with
G remains gula vosco, after vowel = gh frigo, before t = ch vcgeo.
gh = g an go anser lingo &c, which drops with compensation before n
veho.
kv = c crdssus qucror quinque &c. (when hard spelt cc cacd linqud mucus),
= ch liqud nox sequor.
after vowel
gv = b bos gurges ungd &c, assimilating before n vagus and in later Irish
after m (from n) tinguo dialectically = g lingua margo, which before
;
t = ch nudus, before r drops uvidus.

ghv = g fremd lectus levis machina, which before t = ch nix. —khv = g
unguis.
s remains when initial before vowel simul or liquid ned nix nd when ;
medial it remains before c misceo scando, assimilates before 1 corylus

(or drops with compensation velum 1 ) and after r terreo, drops before
m sum r membrum and between vowels linum queror soror; when
final it drops auris bds cruor gaesum gustd rus far, and so after loss of
N canis mensis.
zd = t nidus.
WELSH.
iremains fiigd by o-Umlaut it = e video.
;
u = wpuer socrus spud trucuU. uv = eujuvencus. —

e remains socrus by i-Umlaut it = y vas ventus, by u-Umlaut = i
:
nebula, by c- or o- Umlaut = a semi- cervus. By compensation it = ei

argentum, later ai covlnus sero 1 .
after p (from kv) = qui by u-Umlaut w ; it = au seges, by w-Um-

laut = y covinus.
a remains traits ; by i-Umlaut it = ai nanus. By compensation it =
ae ambactus.
1 = y crlspus qui sudor. —TJ = w sus tuber.

e shortened before nt semi- ventus. —o = au — a = aw
dcior. acies.
ai = oe saeculum. —ou = u clued clunis. —lu = au sol.
N = an griis juvencus.
E = la lana.—B, = ri (later ry carduus), with i-Umlaut = ei radix.—
R = ar stercus.
m before t = n sSrni- ; between vowels = f dojnd, see tuber.

n assimilates after 1 velld ns = ss = ch trans.
:
J = ijuvencus between original s and vowel

; it = dd sero 1 ; drops after
ff (from sp) spud.

v = w arvum sex volrd &c. ; initial it = gw before e vas velld verto Ac. or
lingual lana radix, before o drops volvo.
p between vowels = b vipera, elsewhere drops paled puer pUteo.—

ps = ss = ch crispus.
bh = b fiigd fodidy after vowel = f nebula drops after ambactus. ; m
T remains trans ; = th after vowel ambactus or lingual vcrtd before ; 1
it =d saeculum, but remains between s (from dh) and 1 vas. st = — s
stella.
d assimilates after n prehendd, drops before s sudor : dj = dd radix

video.
dh = d, before t = s vas dhj = dd fodid.
:
K =c did corvua crlspus &c. 5cwr, later after vowel == ch odes trucidd or,
g occd, and so before r socrus ks = ss = ch sex.— G drops be-
after o, :
tween vowels seges and, with compensation, before t ambactus and

after r argentum.
gh = g, dropt with compensation before n covinus.
kv initial = p qui, between vowels b coquo after s ; it = g stercus.
gv = ifligo ; as a * fixt ' velar it = g grus.
ghv as a * fixt ' velar = gprehendo, as labialisable = bfrivola.
s remains ; before vowel it =h saeculum semi- sus &c, before (from w

v) = ch sex socrus sudor ; drops with compensation before dd (from j)
Sfiro
1 .— sp = ff spud.
GOTHIC.
1and u remain, minor luo &c. Breaking of u to au before :
'
' r /oris : u
inserted between 1 and k mulgeo.
E = i edd &c. Breaking to ai before h peril r/ero &c.
:
*
'
= a nox &c. a remains, ager &c.
1 = ci linquo &c. — u remains fruorputeo.

e remains virus &c. ; dialectically = ei levis rex ; before i (from J) =a
semen ventus,
remains flos pes praestolor, —I = ofrater stamen &c.
—
ei remains died &c. 01 = ai munis &c. ai remains aevum &c.
—
eu = iu duco &c. ou = au luo &c. au remains augeo &c. Iu — = au sol.
m= urn homo. js — = un dens &c.

% = ul tolerd &c. b = aur (a Breaking,' '
see above) granum gravis mors
&c.
Liquids remain : n before guttural is written g ango longus stinguo n :
after 1 is assimilated collis vellus.

J remains, whether semivowel juventa or spirant jugum drops be- '
' :
tween vowels aheneus.

v remains avus duo socrus &c. (but svin enclitics = s se) dropt with ;
contraction between u and u juvencus ; assimilated after n genulnus ;
before consonant = u vivus.
p = f potis &c, after barytone vowel =b septem ; dropt before th (from

t) neptis. —b = p cubitum lubricus. —bh = b farina libet &c.
i 4o COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
T = th frater &o. , after barytone vowel = d ante pater votes &c. dropt ;
between b (from p) —
and sonant septcm. st remains stella st6 tundo
&o. d= t decern &c. dh = d gradus &c.
K = h nox &o. equusy after barytone vowel = g juvencus laerima pacisebr,

and so in proclitic co-. sk remains cauda piscis. —
G = kfrango &c. gh = g haedus &c.
kv (1) as a fixt velar = h clepd vincd skv = sk caedd caved scabo (2)
« ' : :
as labialisable = hv aqua arcus cernuus linquo qui sequor (when final

= h -que) or (in the neighbourhood of a v) f lupus quattuor (so by
assimilation quinque).
gv (1) as *
fixt ' =k augeo gelu. — (2) as labialisable = q arbiter ascia
nUdus stinguo venio vivus, —k before R gravis or j fruor.
ghv (1) as 4
fixt *
=g hostis. — (2) as labialisable =v nix : before t =h
levis,
8 remains auHs nix locus &c. drops between barytone vov7el and ; m
8um\ = z after barytone vowel aes ascia farina or barytone vowel -f
liquid membrum errd perna. — zdh = zd hasta.

OLD NOESE.
I remains, anciently spelt y bimus ; later = e llmvm.
u remains by j-Umlaut it = y grunnio.
;
E remains egeo &c. before r it = ja cerebrum also ; ; spelt i corbis seed

turtur by v-Umlaut = 6 inguen.
;
= a trua v&mer by u-Umlaut it = 6 Uvidus verro.

;
a remains ago &c. ; by i-Umlaut it = e sarcio.
1 remains divus ripa. —u remains puteo ; by j-Umlaut it =y confutd

ulula.
£ = a ver vomo ; by j-Umlaut it = ae arbiter.
oi = ei vipcra. —ai = aestus blaesus scaeva. —ei = eiplus.

ci
ou = au clunis. —au remains haurio.— au = 6 ndvis.
B = ur turtur. — 5 = ** ardea.
—
Liquids remain. J and v remain, jacio vom6.
p = f damnum plus puteo &c. B = p corbis titubd. — —bh = b blaterd ferio.
t = th turtur medially written 4 arbiter &c. d
, = t damnum &c—dh
=d confutd.
-
k=h clUnis &c. after barytone syllable g alces jacid seed.

, Q = k ago —
&c. gh = g ango &c.
kv = —
hv cernuus queror. gv = kv arbiter inguen, before lingual k blae-
sus uvidus.
8 remains haurid &c.
ANGLOSAXON.
1remains accllnis &c. by a-Umlaut it = e crispus nidus,
;
u remains rdbtgd by a-Umlaut it = o defrutum fundus hydrus turdus,

;
by i-Umlaut = y cupafurd gustd urd.

e remains tegd &c. (inserted between g and 1 ungula) Breaking to eo ;
*
'
before h equus populus I alces gilvus rfrdodnus sperno = i by i-Umlaut ;
carpus fremo sonus techna temo trua veneror (this i, + uv, = eov novus)
or before nasal + another consonant crepdfrendo.
o = a odium &c. = ;
(a) a before consonant (1) + another consonant carpo oppido vespa,
(2) + e corylus unda ungula, (3) final when not nasal unda
urina:
ea by Breaking before h (in x from hs) pecto 1 collum culmus fel
($) '
'
(and by i-Umlaut = y collis) r morior pario porcus :
(7) e by i-Umlaut anas falio monlle ulna.

a remains ago &c. = ;
(a) a before consonant (1) + another consonant apiscor mdlus pateo,
(2) -f e anas caper vapuld, (3) final when not nasal langueo pagus
parens quadra sparus :
(0) ea by Breaking before h (in x from hs)

* ' ascia 1 palled salix valgus
r barba or by u-Umlaut battuo
; :
(y) c by i-Umlaut acies pagus solum sapio.
i —
remains divus &c. u remains mils &c. by a-UmJaut it = muscus, ;
by i-Umlaut = y cutis.
B = a semi- before n it = o mensis by i-Umlaut it = ae verus.
; ;
remains flos.
1=6 mater &c. by i-Umlaut it = efdgus gramen vastus.
;
ei = I llmus raeda.
01 = a hid llmus by i-Umlaut it = ae gluten.
;
Ai = a.aes &c.
eu = ebfraus &c.
ou = ea defrutum &c. by i-Umlaut it = y clued.
; So ov before con-
sonant = ea caved lavd.
au = ea aurora. So av before consonant = ea avunculus ; au by
j-Umlaut = i aqua
i 42 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
M = um, by i-Umlaut ym ambi-. —n = un manus &c. , by i-Umlaut yn

sons tenuis.
l = by a-Umlaut ol palma 1 stolidus or, after palatal, eol gida.—
ul,
B = ur quercus by a-Umlaut or aper ford partus or, after palatal,
;
cor scrupus by i-Umlaut yr fdstigium fors.

;
Liquids remain : n assimilates after 1 fel y drops with compensation

before s anser.
j assimilates after p labium ; gj = eg acies mejo techna ; j drops between
a and i aheneus.
v remains, before j written w, uv novus va (from vo) after 1 = o ; gilvus
palled v drops before un sonticus, and after final h equus.
;
p = f pateo &c. after barytone vowel

; = b, between vowels f aper. —sp
remains parous sparus vespa &c.
B = p cannabis labium.
bh = b when initial ful &c. or after m ambi-, between vowels f umbo.
T = th tego &c. ; after barytone vowel = d anas battuo fors &c. (see on
mater). —
st remains stilus stolidus vastus.
d = t odium &c. before t it = s roblgo dropt between n and original J
; ;
sons. —dh = d barba &c.

K=h cutis &c. ; after barytone vowel g cacula circus seed. —sk remains
as sc caved cerno scrupus scruta K8 = hs = x pecto. ;
G = cfagus &c. gh = g anser via.

kv (1) as a fixt velar = h, after a barytone vowel g seed
' *
: (2) as labial-
isable = hv quadra (which between vowels = v see aqua, final = h

quercus) or, before u, f quercus after a barytone vowel gv, which
;
after n =g crepd.
GV = cv vivus, when final c langued.
ghv as a '
fixt *
velar = g fames fel fremok —khv = g ungula.
s remains ndris llmus collum Ac. ; after barytone vowel it = r aheneus
OLD HIGH GERMAN.

(Middle High German marked M.)
I and u remain I by a-Umlaut = e pinso, and so in original mono-
:
syllable is : i dropt between consonants Mfulica, inserted (and by e-

Umlaut = e) between r and ch gurgulio.
COMPARA TIVE E TYMOLOG Y 1 43
E remains arvum &c. ; = i by i-Umlaut depsd echinus errdfelix neptis or

+
another consonant Untus memini.
before nasal
= a rota &c. by i-Umlaut it = e nodus occd.
; M
a remains pldga &c. by i-Umlaut it = e albus. a inserted between
; — 1
and c alcedd.
1 and u remain.
E = a ned semen serius. o = uo opus ploxenum. — —I = uo rdpum sdnus;
in onomatopoeic words remains ah. M
oi = ei M mutd.—ai = ei M ai. —Ii = a std.
n = un anguis sons M venia. — l = ul and by a-Umlaut ol M dolt, by i-
Umlaut el gurgulid "M. fulica.
B = ur and by e- or 6- Umlaut or consternd posed, by i-Umlaut er gurges.
Liquids remain : n after c assimilates mugio.

J remains jacio.
v = w vocd serius &c. va final after r = o arvum. :
p = f neptis &c, in loanwords written pf stipula or ph

pldxenum ; after
barytone vowel b opus rdpum scipio stuped.
B = pf bucina, earlier written pph vibrd.
bh = bjlagrd, in Oberdeutsch (Alsatian and Alemannic) pfdstus.
t = d cento &c, after barytone vowel t anas. st remains — std stuped.

d = z depso &c, in MHG. between vowels tz mundus.
dh = tfellx.
K=h specid &c, after barytone vowel g jacio. —sk remains as sc misced
posed scret : kth = hs texd, and so ks axis saxxim M coxa.
<a =h plaga, later medially written ch flagrd M fulica gurgulid ; after
barytone vowel c gurges mugio.
OH = g echinus hasta.
kv as a fixt velar = h seed &c, also written ch bucina after barytone
* *
;
vowel g sugd M occd. — skv = sc scipio.

gv as a fixt velar = k or (medially) ch M fulica M gannid as a
'
' :
labialisable velar = gu balanus gurges gurgulid.

ghv between vowels = g vdmer.
8 remains morded &c. ; assimilated after r errd f&stus: Metathesis

depsd.
ZD ^ st hordeum M p§dd : zvu = rt hasta.
144 COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y
LITHUANIAN.
i remains it is inserted between consonant and vowel to denote that
:
the consonant is pronounced soft (as Germ. lc- in kind opp. kahn),
virus meta lud congrud pavid divus caurus hiems caedd &c.
u remains lengthened by accent to u lynx.
:.
E remains lengthened by accent to € aries celsus tenebrae &c, £ decern

:
penus void &c. : in monosyllables it = i ex in : initially it sometimes

=a ego, and so before w novus suus. Inserted between b and z pzdo.
=a : lengthened by accent to a cervus collis fullo &c. , a chorus mare
rota &c.
a. remains : lengthened by accent to a ard haruspex, a blatta quasillum.
1 = y sica f vir f linqud &c.

u remains uber hfumus u muscus &c.
e = e repd rete £ mensis.
= u ddnum &c. final = u ambd. ;
1 = ofrater &c. onomatopoeic remains as a ah a mamma.

;
ei = oi = ai nix tibia ai munus, or e

ei ccriâ; eo, or 6 accllnis divus. —
unus. —ai
remains caesius ai hatred, or = 6 caedo. Why these diph- —
thongs sometimes = k is unknown.
—
eu = au lud pulmo au spud. ou = au clunis au pavis au Zwcws Ac.
au remains crdcid, = au aêo au sudus. au = au sol. —
m = im centum emd tremd. —n = in exta ingens mens tintind, before gn = u
Ignis : N = an anas.
l = il balanus polled vellus &c. r = ir cor granum quartus &c.
m drops before is, dialectically without nasalising the preceding vowel

membrum. —n drops, nasalising and lengthening the preceding vowel,
before s ansa anser sz (from k), uncus £ (from gh) mingd.
l and R remain.
j remains, whether as semivowel jecur or as spirant jus 1 zona it ' *

: is
dialectically prefixt to initial i is u urina u ater. tj before i = — &
pulmo.
y= w : it is ;
dialectically prefixt to an initial vowel unus.
p remains. b onomatopoeic babae barbarus baubor.—'BB. = b/odid &e.
t remains : inserted between sz (from k) and r acerbus.

d remains before final iu it = di caedd odor splendea, before
: g it = z
merg5, before il (from l) it drops largus,
dh = d arbor &c. ; before d it =z barba.
K = sz caleo &e. ; dialectically before w it = si equus. —kth = sz teed,
and so ks axis dexter ex lynx sex,
Q = z luged &o. final it 5= sz ego.
;
gh = 2* anser &c. before t it = ksz angd,

;
kv = k caulis &c, and so before s exta.

gv = g augeo &c. before sz (from s) it = k auxilium.
;
GHV = g nix &c, and so before terminational w levis. —^KHV = g un-

guis.
s remains, dialectically with k prefixt alnus awrwm ; but = sz after r

erabro verres verrUca and dialectically when initial before vowel sarcid
(and sea;?), medial between vowels crusta jus 1 quasillum or before r
—
aurora or t auxilium haereo. sj initial = si sud, between vowels = 2
—
avena. sv = sw sSrius; dialectically it = s sobrinus somnus, or, before
vowel + sz (from ks or k), sz sex(?) socer.
zd remains pedo turdus.
LETTISH.
Short vowels the same as in Lithuanian.

I —
remains pild sudor vibex. u brUtus. e lenis. —
—
01 = ee mutd. ai remains bltd vae. ^bu = au tutieus. —
—ou = 6w bds.
L = il see pulvinus.
bh = b blatta scrobis umbilicus,
k = s congius.
kv = k blatta capio. — gv = g bito bds brutus. — khv = c congius,
a before consonant = 3 pU6 scrobis.
PRUSSIAN.
Short vowels as in Lithuanian : e before sd = ei ptdG, e unaccented =i

clepd,
01 = ai ilnus.—ou = au luna.—au remains auferO aurum,
B = ir armus, after velar = or cratis forceps,
m before s = n menibrum,
V = w novem &c. sudor.
p before s = b vespa. —bh = bfaba,
10
i 46 COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y
ks = sch sex.
kv = k clepo, after a short accented Towel ck deer vocd : kvs =x tuna.
—
gv = g blandus. ghv = g forceps vomer,
s after a short vowel = ss annus.
OLD SLAVONIC.
I = I. —u = ii, spelt ft nurus &c. or sometimes I stipula ; so initial
jd =' *ji, i jugum.
e remains in monosyllables it = i ex; initially sometimes a ego and
;
—
with j prefixt aries. ev before vowel = ov novus em en before con- :
sonant (except j) = § membrum quinque &c. eb, to avoid a close :
syllable, = re dormid &c.

remains. on before consonant (except j) = a pons &c. ol ob = la ra :
culmus porcus &c.

A = o acerbus &c. initially sometimes with j prefixt, when it = e annus.
;
—
an before consonant (except j) = a ango angulus anser ad ab = la :
ra palled barba &c.
1 = i tres &c. —
u = jfumus &c. fl is dialectically spelt — i suo.
S remains venum &c. initially with j prefixt, when; it =a edo. —en
before s =
c mensis.
= a nomen &c.
a = a jrater &c.
ei migrd &c. —01 = e poena &c, initially =

= i —ai = e i units. saepes
—01 before vowel = aj ovum.
&c.
eu ou au = u lux clued auris &c. —ou before vowel = ov
all bos.
m = Im gemo &c. n = in tenuis &c, or, before consonant, when initial

o when oxytone £ memini, when barytone fi centum. n before
ignis, —
consonant = a anas.
1 = til, written il (as in Russian, ulmus), before vowel tellus; before
consonant it = lti, written lti mulgeo &c. II levis. Z = la palpd. —
b = tir, written Ir, before vowel /oris before consonant rii, written rtt
;
mors &c. ri cor.— S = ra armus.
For Nasals before any consonant but j, see above on e o a e a n.

1 is inserted between m andj humus, p (from sp) and j spud.
j often prefixt to initial vowel annus aries echinus edo emo sum uva : so
dialectically v anima hydrus.
p remains pt before
: m
= d septem. bh = b barba. —
T remains inserted between s (from k) and r acerbus
; \ dropt between s
(from k) and m
odd.—tj = st pulmd.
dh = d barba &c. before t it = s arbor. dhj = id medius rdblgd.
;
—
k = s centum &c, through foreign influence k socrus. kth = 3 — texd:
so ks axis dexter sex.
Q — z mulged &o.
gh = z angd &c, through foreign influence g anser grandd. —ghj = 2
echinus.
kv = k cervus &c. ; = c before I quis urceus e poena, = C before e quattuor
or original E cerrltus before t it = S wosc or, after original n, is dropt
—kvj = £ bucina.
;
quinque.
gv = g 04771143 &c. = 2 before I gemd i vivus e
; botanies chelys grus.
ghv = g forceps &c. khv = g unguis*
s remains sarcio ma; arwer &c. ; =h after I alnus pinsd (unless before ti
avena) mUscus nurus verrUca u awris clued jus 1 sudus e /ira, and
fi
dialectically init. before vowel solum = i before I crabro far mus ;
sublestus i musca; omitted between long vowel and tr aurora, and

—
before plj (from pj) spuo. sj = § quasillum sex suo sv remains socrus :
suesco, but = s in enclitics se and dialectically sobrlnus.
AEMENIAN.
The vowel b see novem, nfrater mater
of the original last syllable drops,
pater stella, o soror
monosyllables excepted, canis. Further, in the
:
word in its Armenian form i and u drop except in the last syllable, i
linquo viginti (and so when from b before liquid, gena gula sternuo), u
rUctd ; in the last syllable they remain, i nidus sudor, u bUb6 canis
foris socer samnus spud.
e remains egofero sex dialectically (from Arian influence) it = a argen-
;
turn decern levis or (with h prefixt after loss of s) ha- semper = i ;
before n quinque (hi- senex) r cor 2 (from gh) see echinus = o before ;
i (from s before b) soror by j-Umlaut it = e medius drops before o

; ;
(from vo) novus.—irp6<rde<ris before X frater r tres, and (as i) before n

novem.
remains lavd orbus &c, dialectically with h- prefixt odor dialectically ;
(from Arian influence) it = a mold odium planta vacd. wp6<r0*<ns before —

r rUctd.
A remains agd art pater &c, dialectically with h- prefixt amis; by j-
Umlaut it = ai alius. —irp6(rB*<ris before m mensis r levis s stella.
1 + a = ea vivd. — u = u crUs grUs mils tu.
e = ifelld mensis plenus venum.
i 48 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
3 =u canis ddnum genii, and so when from compensation odd wmerm ;
dialeotically with h- prefixt amdrus.

A = a Jrater mater.
ei in last syllable (of the Armenian word) = e tres, elsewhere = i hiems

lingo.
oi in last syllable (of the Armenian word) =e mejo, elsewhere =
vinum.
bu (from bv) =» iusuus.
ou = oi fungor studeo.
ou = ov bos. lu = av — ndvis.
M = am, dialeotically with h- prefixt (after loss of s-) similis.

N in the originally last syllable =n decern novem, elsewhere = an in-
ingens viginti.
l = al and with g-Umlaut ail lupus dialeotically it = aX balanus ; ;
before n it = ar vellus.
e = ar argentum armus cerebrum (in these three it might be from r),
hordeum posco ursus ; dialeotically it = af torreo.
m remains armus mensis before original t

; it =n venio, before n it =u
domus hiems ; drops (with compensation if needed) before s mernbirum
umerus.
N remains nidus nurus somnus ; drops before s mensis.
l remains alius lingo after vowel dialeotically = X met sal; dialeotically
t
(from Arian influence) = r levis.

B remains orbus socer tres = r before n /oris sternuo or vowel + n grus
;
morior ; dialeotically = X/rdter stella.
j after r =J sterilis, after 1 gives Umlaut alius t and so after J (from

dh) medius pj = ph lambd.
:
V initial remains sex vacd verruca dialeotically = g lupus unda vellus

y
venum vestis villa vinum or (before s) kh viginti: medial before r

it = u suus, between (originally) vowels drops novem norms vivo or
dialeotically =g lavo : final (after loss of the final vowel) remains
avus.
p initial before vowel =h paler pes quinque dialeotically drops pis ;

f
after vowel =v septem ; drops everywhere before liquid planta plenus

somnus.
B onomatopoeic bubo. —bh = b/ero fungor orbus : bhb = Xbfrdter.
t remains after s Stella, elsewhere = th octo seplem^torred or (before u) d

tu drops before original r tres, — i before (in the Armenian form of
;
the word) r /rater mater pater or n planta ; when final.it drops after n
(from m) venio. •
d = t decern odium sido &c. or when final th studeo db = : rt sudor.
dh = d -do fellt forte before original j it = medius.
; Jf
k=s it drops with compensation odd.

acus decern socer &c. ; before t —
kth = j ursus ks = ths sex, and so ksk posed.
: k- v = 3 cants :
G = c ago gena ructd &c. why it sometimes = s ego is obscure.

;
gh = j ango hiems, after vowel z echinus lingo mejo or dialectically £ see

echinus.
kv = k before consonant oculus, kh before vowel linqud ( =* £ in pix,
foreign), g after liquid quingue area (and so lupus). —kvtv = th5
quattuor.
gv = k balanus bos venio &c. ghv = g hordeum levis, before e = j forceps.
8 remains before t sido Stella sterUis and after original nasal umerus
mensis before r it = i soror ; drops before vowel sal septem suus (and
;
see above on prefixt h-) or nasal sum nurus vestis or kh mus, after r
verruca cerebrum hordeum torreo, and when final after an original
—
vowel nurus. pst = ph sternuo studeo spj = th spud : : sv = kh som-
nus soror sudor, or, before vowel + s (from k), sk socer.
zd = st nidus.
ZEND.
1, u, i, u remain.
b remains before a nasal, see tabula tenebrae levis ; elsewhere it = a,
which by i-Umlaut = ai holus medius per- super. It is inserted after
r arbor cortex curculio delphinus forceps torred verto (even when final,
inter), see below on the sonant linguals.
6 before m=e centum domus ego humus elsewhere it = a, which by i-
;
Umlaut = ai ob potis Urina, by v-Umlaut = au sollus.

A before m
= e seamnum ; elsewhere it remains (in pater interchanging
as in Sk. with i), and by i- Umlaut = ai ambi- anima. It is inserted
after r cor.
a= a, by i-Umlaut ai et before nh it = ao mensis.

:
= a, by u-Umlaut au laurus at the end of a word : it = ao n5s plus

vos.
a remains : before nh it = ao ndris.
01 = ae poena sudor vitis ; so ai bito saeta.
ou = ao clunisjUs 2 lUna ; so au augeo. —ou = au b&s.
Digitized by VjOOQlC r~
m = am similis tenebrae. —N = an decern in- juvenis novem, before a Dental

an dens inter umbra ; barytone before consonant a centum in-, which
by i-Umlaut = ai viginti.
l = er ( + e, seee above) lien planta. B = er ( + e) argentum partus —
regd, before kp = ehr lupus corpus, before u = our gravis vb
or :
final = —
ru quater. % = ar ( + e) largus, and so B armus rego terreo.
n before z (from gh) disappears, the preceding vowel becoming a ango.

l = r. b remains ; it drops before sh (from s) perna.
j = y.
v remains, but after q (from k) it = p canis equus, after th (from t)
it = a spirant *
w
quattuor. On sv see below.
'
p remains before vowel or t septem ; before any other consonant it =f

somnus planta plus posed pro.
bh = b later between vowels it =
; delphinus. w
t remains before vowel (yet sometimes as in Sk. becomes th, passus
pated planta rota bito) before consonant it = th putus quattuor tres ;
;
it = t at the end of a stem nepds or root cortex peto planta verto.
d remains between vowels it = dh sudor, before d (from dh) it = z

;
cor. —
Pretonic dv = b bis.
dh = d, omitted before n fundus.
k=q ; dialectically z cor ; before t it =s octo. —kth = khsh texo ks :
= sh coxa dexter ex mox sex, ksk = s posed. —g = z before n = zh

; it
genu nosco. —gh = z.

kv before original e =
c celer quattuor -que quinque (and so at end of
root, coquo lacer sequor &c.) before any other vowel it = k corpus
;
oculus qui &c. ; before consonant it = kh luna nox sex.

GV =j before i vivus or original e augeo (and so at end of root, instigd
jungo saglna) ; before any other vowel it =g ; before consonant it
= ghnudus.
ghv before original e = j (and so at end of root, levis later zh, nix) ; ;
—
elsewhere it = gh largus. khv before i = c scindo elsewhere it = kh ;
cymba soccus.
8 =
(1) h before a saeta saltus sedeo &c. (and so at end of root, zona), or
between a and another vowel erus, or between a and sum. m
(2) nh between a and a soror, or when final after ao mensis ndris ango
villa.
(3) sh after i pinsd u crusta gustd urd, r verves and so orig. perna, kh
(from kv) lustrd sex.
(4) £ before p t k c n lien stella tabula obscurus scindd ned nix nd.
sv = q sagina socer somnus sonus soror sudvis sudor.
SANSKEIT.
i, u, 1, u remain.
e and o alike =a : a remains. But occasionally e and a = i, menda
turtur pater.
b and o alike =a : I remains.
ei and ai alike = e ou and au alike = o.—ou = au see bos; au remains

:
ndvis.
if. = am —n = an ante dens in- inter juvenis barytone

similis tenebrae. ;
before consonant= a centum Ignis in- mens viginti. —n = a anas.

it
L = ul i.e. ul calvus tolerd or which + n = in (see below) callum il,
before consonant it = r planta. —b = iir i.e. ur gravis or ir cerebrum

;
haruspex before consonant or final it = r alces ars corpus &c. —L = fir

;
i.e. ur lana polled or ir largus, later 3 umbilicus.
m assimilated to a following consonant is written m umerus rrvembrum.

So nwritten n viginti anser ango. n after r = n lana polled, and later
is —
the B (or l) itself disappears callum palma 1 pUa ulna.
L = r celer levis void, later 1 balanus libet lingo &c. b remains, later = 1
pruna after it a dental becomes cerebral and the r itself disappears
:
crdssus tardus bardus.
j = y. —v remains, but drops initially before u volva or ii lana.
p remains dialectically = pp piper pipild, ph spes.

;
b rare, gubernd, onomatopoeic babae bucina.

bh remains before vowel + aspirate it = b fundus.
;
t remains ; dialectically = tt turtur, th cents crdssus passus planta rota

std tego ; after sh it = $ odd, dialectically th costus ostium.
d remains, even before dh crSdd ; it is assimilated before t oppidum or j
mergd.
dh remains ; before vowel + aspirate it = dfavilla Jingo. After original
B it becomes dh and dialectically Jh bardus.
k—$ ; dialectically h cor ; before t it = sh odd, before ch (from sk) is
lost posed. —kth = ksh texd ursus : ks = ksh axis coxa dexter misced
mox, final sh sex.
G = j dialectically h ajd ego magnus. gh = h.

;
—
kv = k but = c before i poena (see on quis 1 ) or
; original e celer corium
quattuor (and so at end of root, coquo sequor vocd Ac). kvs (like ks)
= ksh scijrio.
GV = g but = j
; before i vivo or original B augeo bardus bitumen (and so
at end of root, jungo sagina unguo).
ghv = gh. khv = kh congius unguis, before vowel + aspirate =k
cymba : skhv before i = ch scindo.
s remains ; but (1) = sh after i pinsd virus (and so drig. gaesum), u clued
costum nurus prUna uro (and so orig. ostium) u mus (and dialectically
after a perna verrUca r fdsttgium verres, and before
lascivus), r horreo
vowel + sh sex (2) =
q before vowel + q socer ; (3) dialectically drops
;
—
before p lien t instlgd. sk before original b = ch posed.
z before d makes the d cerebral and itself drops with compensation
nidus.
y
Date
- '
'.
--*
D/

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Crown 8vo, ys. 6d.

EDWARD ROSS WHARTON, M.A.

lexicographer cannot fairly be expected to be also an

gique Latin' (1885) embraces but two-thirds of the words

Lithuanian, Zend and Sanskrit, we have no complete

The dictionaries which I have chiefly used are the foil

Excluding (as all writers of etymological diction

except 4320 sufficiently explain their own formation,

logical order, Plautus, Terence, Cicero Caesar Catu]

sufficiently treated in Etyma Graeca or (in the case of derivatives)

in Liddell and Scott.

380 words of obscure origin, which cannot as yet be classi-

III. 'imported' words, borrowed from Greek or other

the first word of an article) denotes that the word is

borrowed from some foreign language. (It is often how-

words, e.g. topi arias, are left unmarked.) Loanwords which

or by being put in brackets thus after the translation of

each head-word I give in brackets the more interesting of

several words under one head I have given the leading

difficult to decide whether a word is borrowed or not I :

suppose Gothic haban to be borrowed from Latin habeo,

distinct origin : I have thus been obliged to divide praestc

are given in Zend and Sanskrit in their roots, in Teutonic

following; which is itself accented (-) when we know from

denoted by a dash; e.g. "a-" denotes initial a, "-a-"

'fr.' may roughly be read as 'from/ more exactly as

translated, i.e., into English (for convenience' sake the

ma- means to measure '

Similarly "Ags. E. fin" denotes that Anglosaxon fin and

(1) When a vowel in Latin stands before two consonants

not to be taken as a guide to the possible etymology, forma

though in deference to authority I have marked the o long

I have, following myunmarked the quan-

marked Gothic and Sanskrit e 6, though always long, bu

which likewise are always long. In Irish and Old Norse 1

mark vowels as long, not with an accent in Anglosaxon ] :

write ea eo (not, as Sweet does, ea eo), and use ae oe foi

A note of interrogation at the end of an article is meant

colas fore jejunus minus

elegans icio luscus omcium

below, and the long sonants are further marked as long:

vonic h, not ch. In Armenian, for the aspirates I write

(0) Welsh au = German ai (Eng. * Aye '), aw = Eng. ow in cow ;

dd = Eng. th in the, 11 = an aspirated I (i.e. h + I, or, when

(y) Gothic gg = Eng. ng, q = Eng. qu

nounced close' (see p. xv); a and $, are now pronounced as

a and & respectively. The falling tone is marked * on a short

vowel, ' on a long; the 'rising' tone (as in Eng. 'Why?') is

pronounced soft, like German k in kind as opposed to k in kahn :

sz = Eng. sh, z = Eng. 2, & (Lettish §) = French j (Eng. s in

(e) Old Slavonic y =a (long) or French u $ = French

in in vin, § = French on Of the consonants, S = Eng.

j =3 Eng. j in jet S = Eng. sA, z = Eng. z, ± — French j (see

above), c = Eng. ts,t — Eng. ch.

sh, j and z are pronounced as in English q = Eng. h + w (as :

in the dialectic Eng. pronunciation of when). The pronuncia-

ro gndrus fibra jo i.e. io lanius ascia or eo (the plebeian * form)