DEFINITION

• Group of metabolic disorders that share

• The common feature of hyperglycemia
 TYPES

• Type 1-A 95%

• Type-1B 5%
 Diagnosis
• Fasting blood glucose higher than 126mg/dl.
• Any blood glucose 200mg/dl or higher with
• Symptoms of hyperglycemia.
• HbA1C a test that averages blood glucose
concentration over 3 months over 6.5% or
higher
• Over 5-15% of adults diagnosed with type 2
diabetes might actually have type 1 diabetes.

• LADA
• A slow burning variant with slow
progression to insulin deficiency occurs in
later life is called Latent Autoimmune Diabetes
• In Adults
 SYMPTOMS

• POLYDIPSIA
• POLYURIA
• POLYPHAGIA
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Diagnosed at any age.
• Peak pesentation at 5-7 years of age or at
puberty.
• Type 1 diabetes slightly mor common
• In BOYS and MEN
• Incidence varies with seasonal changes and
birth months.
• More cases are diagnosed in AUTUMN and
• WINTER.
• Being born in spring association with higher
chances of Type 1
• Globally incidence and prevalence vary
substancially.
• Type 1 Diabetes most common in
•
• FINLAND
• more than 60 cases/100,000
• Less common in INDIA and CHINA
 Genetics

• Family members of pts with type 1 diabetes have

increased lifetime risk of developing
• Type 1 diabetes.
• The offspring of a mother with type 1 diabetes
• Have a risk of 3%.
• Whereas risk is 6% for children of affected father.
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• In genetically susceptible individuals one or
• More environmental factors may trigger
immune mediated destruction of islets B cells.
• A variety of agents
• Viruses
• Dietary constituents bovine serum ALBUMIN
in cow!s milk especially fed to infants.
• Stress.
• Genes in MHC locus on short arm of
chromosome 6.
• 90-95% of white pts with type 1 diabetes
have HLA DR3 or DR4.
 PATHOLOGY
• Disorder result from autoimmune destruction
of Inbasissulin secreting pancreatic B cells.
• The presence of chronic inflammatory
infiltrates affect pancretic islets at sy
• mptomatic onset of type 1 diabetes is the
• Basis of observation
• Symptoms occur when 90-95% of B cells are
lost.
 SEROLOGY
• Fundamental immune abnormality in type 1
diabetes is a failure of self-tolerance in T
Cells.
• Autoreactive T Cells not only survive but are
poised to tespond to self-antigens.
• GAD antibodies are found 70-80% of pts