Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CONTENTS
Editorial
3 Instructions for Authors
EEUG Association
6 One-day ATP-EMTP Workshop, Osnabrück, Germany, September 29, 1997
7 Next EEUG Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, November 9-11, 1997
11 Three days ATP-EMTP Course, Barcelona,Spain, November 12-14, 1997
15 What’s new on the EEUG Web server? - László Prikler
Program Information
16 Schematic Description of the Use of PC version of ATP- - Mustafa Kizilcay
18 ATPDRAW for Windows Ver. 1.1 - Hans-Kristian Hoidalen
Technical Features
24 Postprocessing of Measured Transient Data using MODELS - Mustafa Kizilcay,
Laurent Dubé
37 Induction motor Parameters for the Use in U.M. Simulation - Gabor B. Furst
42 Performance Test of the Three-phase Induction Machine Model - Juan A. Martinez-
Velasco
Technical Papers
49 Evaluation of Existing Secondary Arc Models - Mustafa Kizilcay
61 Using ATP as a Source of Data for Training and Testing of ANNs Detecting Current
Transformer Saturation - Miroslaw Lukowicz
69 Errata
EEUG News
published by European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V. (EEUG),
registered Association.
Editorial Board
Members of the Executive Board of the EEUG.
Editors
Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay, Dr. Juan A. Martinez-Velasco, László Prikler
Editors by E-mail
Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay kizilcay@fhos-rz-hermes.rz.fh-osnabrueck.de
kizilcay@aol.com
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco martinez@ee.upc.es
László Prikler priki@vmt.bme.hu
Mailing address
Subscription: Paper submission:
EEUG e.V.
c/o Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay Mr. László Prikler
Fachhochschule Osnabrück Technical University of Budapest
FB Elektrotechnik Dept. of Electric Power Systems
Albrechtstr. 30 Egry J. u. 18.
D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
Phone +49 541 969-3065 Phone +36 1 463 3015
Fax +49 541 969-3070 Fax +36 1 463 3013
EEUG News is published quarterly by the European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V., registered
association in Offenbach am Main, Germany. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1997 by the European
EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V.
SUBSCRIPTIONS: EEUG members: included in annual membership dues; Nonmembers: DEM 120,
single copy DEM 35 (for Europe).
Editorial
5
Instructions for Authors
5
5
5
First, middle and last name of the author Department / institute
Organization name, Country Street / P. O. Box
Postal code, city, country
Voice tel. / fax number (optional)
Email address (if available)
5
5
1 Technical contributions
5
The quality of a publication depends to a great extent on the uniformity of presentation. Rules
that must be observed by authors of articles for EEUG News are as follow (this article can be
considered as an example of a technical paper):
5
paper size DIN A4 format (21x 29.7 cm) or US standard format (8.5 x 11 inch) with left,
right, top and bottom margins of 2.5 cm or 1 inch.
5
page layout Single-column and single-spaced format is recommended. The first page should
have the title inside the top margin, and left aligned. The title is followed by the
name (first, middle and last name) of the author, organization name and country
printed left aligned, whereas address, voice tel./fax number (optional) and E-mail
address (if available) of author(s) are printed right aligned.
5
Section titles should be bold, with two blank lines above, and one blank line
below, each such title. One line should be left blank between paragraphs, and
indentation at the start of paragraphs should not be used.
5
The contribution should not be paginated. A erasable pencil can be used to
number the pages on the back side, or in the bottom-right corner.
5
fonts Times New Roman, Roman or another proportional font similar to the font used
to create "Instructions for authors" is preferred.
5
The title should be bold faced and in capital and small letters with font size of 20
(points) as the title of this text given above.
5
The names of the authors, organization name and country should be bold faced
in font size 12. The address, voice tel./fax number and E-mail address of
author(s) should be in font size 11 as shown above.
5
The body of the text should use font size 12. Titles of sections and subsections
should be bold in font size 14.
3 General remarks
Selection among contributions is done by the Executive Board of EEUG Association, but
responsibility for the content of a contribution rests with its author(s). If important editorial
changes seem necessary, the authors will be consulted prior to publication. No honorarium will
be paid any author.
Technical papers should be submitted primarily in printed form ready to be photocopied. Please
mail two copies of your contribution to the Editor and one copy to the Chairman, who act as the
supervising editor of EEUG News on behalf of the Executive Board:
Additionally, the text should be delivered to the Editor on an MS-DOS floppy disk or e-mail
attachment in zipped form, if it was created using word processor such as WordPerfect or
MS-Word running under MS-DOS, MS-Windows 3.x or MS-Windows 95.
If you are interested in participating in this one-day ATP-EMTP workshop, please fill in the
following form and send to the Email address: eeug@aol.com with the subject: ATP-EMTP
Workshop
Ë Ë Ë
Proposal of additional subjects: _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
I will present a short contribution: _ yes _ no (duration: 10-15 minutes)
Subject of the contribution:________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
his year the annual European EMTP-ATP Users Group meeting will be held at the Universitat
T Politechnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain on November 9 - 11, 1997. Invitation letters
containing the following “Announcement and Call for paper brochure” has been sent to all EEUG
members and known European ATP users in mail.
ANNOUNCEMENT
The European EMTP/ATP Users Group (EEUG) and the Departament d'Enginyeria Electrica of
the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya invite you to the coming annual meeting of the Users
Group. The European EMTP Users Group is in existence since 1981. The EEUG Association was
founded in 1994 to co-ordinate the non-commercial distribution of the EMTP-ATP and to
promote scientific and technical researches in the field of electromagnetic
transients in electrical power systems.
MEETING LOCATION
PRELIMINARY PROGRAM
The technical sessions are open to all licensed EMTP-ATP users, whereas the Members' Meeting
can be attended only by EEUG members. Interested persons may observe this meeting as guests,
without voting rights.
Preliminary registration will be also accepted for those interested institutions/persons who are not
yet licensed users of the EMTP-ATP. Interested users should contact the Conference Organizer,
they will be informed on how to apply for the license and/or to become EEUG member.
Two types of contributions may be submitted for presentation at the technical sessions : full
conference papers (20-minutes presentation) and short contributions (10-minutes presentation).
3. New application fields (Neural-net training, Relay algorithm testing, FACTS, Custom
Power Devices, Superconductivity, EMC)
4. Application of ATP as educational tool
5. Development and implementation of new models
6. New MODELS applications and developments
A single page abstract of your technical paper should be submitted before September 5 by mail,
fax or e-mail to the Conference Organizer. The full manuscript should arrive no later than October
31. Publication guidelines will be provided with the acceptance letter.
The official language of the conference is English, so all abstracts and full papers should be
submitted in English.
MEMBERS' NOTE
EEUG members are asked to submit in writing any important suggestion related to EEUG to the
Chairman of the Association, Prof. M. Kizilcay, before October 10. According to the Charter of
the Association, these suggestions will be included in the agenda of the Members' Meeting. A
separate invitation will be sent to all members at least 8 weeks before the meeting.
SOCIAL EVENTS
The official dinner will be held on Monday evening at 20:30. An optional sightseeing tour of
Barcelona is scheduled on Sunday morning. Additional tours will be offered to accompanying
persons.
REGISTRATION
Early registration for the meeting is recommended. Please return the Registration Form and
payment before October 15 to (see NOTE at the bottom of this message)
ULTRAMAR EXPRESS
Professional Congress Organizer
Diputacio, 238 - 3o
E-08007 Barcelona - Spain
Phone : 34 - 3 - 482 71 40
Fax : 34 - 3 - 482 71 58
E-mail : mserra@uex.es
The registration desk at the conference hotel will be open on Sunday, November 9, from 5:00 to
7:00 p.m., and on Monday, November 10, from 8:00 to 9:00 a.m.
Cancellation Policy : If you enroll and cannot attend, a refund of the registration fee less 8000
Pesetas will be granted if requested before October 31.
REGISTRATION FEES
ACCOMMODATION
Hotel reservation is available via advance registration. The Conference Organization has done
reservations at a three star hotel at the following rates
TRAVEL
Barcelona can be easily reached by air or train from all major European cities. Railway and Bus
services are available from the airport terminals/railway stations to hotels. The Barcelona area is
well networked by highways, so travelling by car is also an option.
Air travel discounts are available from IBERIA, Airlines of Spain. Please refer to code
BT71B21MPE0243. Additional information is also available through ULTRAMAR EXPRESS.
CONFERENCE TOURS
An optional guided sightseeing tour of Barcelona will be organized on Sunday, November 9, from
10:00 a.m. to 13:30 p.m. Other tours could be scheduled during the meeting dates, but a minimum
of 20 participants is required. Please consult the Registration Form for more information.
CONFERENCE ORGANIZER
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
Departament d'Enginyeria Electrica
Diagonal 647
E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Phone : 34 3 401 67 25
Fax : 34 3 401 66 00
E-mail: eeug97@ee.upc.es
REGISTRATION FORM
NOTE : The Registration Form for the meeting has been mailed to all European ATP users.
Interested ATP users from other continents are advised to contact the organizer for a copy of the
Registration Form.
n ATP-EMTP Course organized by the EEUG European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V.
A and the UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE CATALUNYA, Departament d'Enginyeria
Electrica will take place on three consecutive days after the annual EEUG Meeting in Barcelona.
COURSE DESCRIPTION
In this course, modelling and simulation of overvoltages in power systems will be taught, using
the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) version of the ElectroMagnetic Transients Program
(EMTP). ATP is one of the most widely used digital programs to simulate any kind of transient
phenomena in power networks. This program has extensive modelling capabilities, additional
important supporting routines and simulation tools, such as MODELS, for the representation and
study of power components.
The course participants will be taught the basic theory underlying the models of systems
components available int he ATP, and their application to the calculation of overvoltages and to
insulation coordination studies. Personal computers will be available for student experimentation
with ATP, guided by the instructors. The use of ATP does require licensing, however.
OBJECTIVES
INTENDED AUDIENCE
COURSE OUTLINE
Wednesday, November 12
Thursday, November 13
Friday, November 14
COURSE FACULTY
LOCATION
The course will be held at Hotel Melia Confort Apolo, Paralelo 57-59, 08004 Barcelona, Spain
COURSE FEE
The course fee includes lectures, course notes with a computer diskette containing input data files
for all examples, PC laboratory exercises, coffee breaks and lunches.
Cancellation Policy : A refund of the fee, minus 8000 Pesetas, will be made, if written cancellation
of registration is received by October 31. No refund will be made for cancellation of the
registration after this date. A minimum enrollment of 20 participants will be necessary to hold the
course. The EEUG e.V. reserves the right to cancel the course, if necessary (a full refund would
be made, should this occur).
REGISTRATION
Early registration for the course is recommended. Please return the Registration Form and
payment before October 15 to (see NOTE at the bottom of this message)
ULTRAMAR EXPRESS
Professional Congress Organizer
Diputacio, 238 - 3o
E-08007 Barcelona - Spain
Phone : 34 - 3 - 482 71 40
Fax : 34 - 3 - 482 71 58
E-mail : mserra@uex.es
The registration desk at the course hotel will be open on Wednesday, November 12, from 8:30
to 9:30 a.m. Registration will be also possible during the registration hours for the EEUG Meeting
on Monday, November 10.
ACCOMMODATION
Hotel reservation is available via advance registration. The Conference Organization has done
reservations at a three star hotel at the following rates
TRAVEL
Barcelona can be easily reached by air or train from all major European cities. Railway and Bus
services are available from the airport terminals/railway stations to hotels. The Barcelona area is
well networked by highways, so travelling by car is also an option.
Air travel discounts are available from IBERIA, Airlines of Spain. Please refer to code
BT71B21MPE0243. Additional information is also available through ULTRAMAR EXPRESS.
COURSE ORGANIZER
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
Departament d'Enginyeria Electrica
Diagonal 647
E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Phone : 34 3 401 67 25
Fax : 34 3 401 66 00
REGISTRATION FORM
NOTE : The Registration Form for the course has been mailed to European ATP users. Other
EMTP users interested in this course who are licensed to use the ATP should contact the
organizer for a copy of the Registration Form.
The ATPDraw for Windows program is written in Borland Delphi 2.0, which is a 32-bit Pascal
compiler for Windows 95/NT with a built-in powerful design editor. About half of the old DOS
source code (Borland Pascal 7.0), related to generation of the ATP file, has been kept. The rest
of the code has been rewritten or extensively modified. The work has been performed by Odd
Gunnar Dahl at Dahl Data Design in Trondheim. The program written in Borland Delphi 2.0 runs
only under Windows 95 and NT since Delphi does not support the Win32s standard in Windows
3.1. Therefore the program has been recompiled and rewritten for Delphi 1.0 which creates 16-bit
code executable on Windows 3.1/95/NT. The 32-bit Delphi 2.0 program is better and faster
however.
The ATPDraw program now has a standard Windows layout and interface. All program settings
are user selectable and profileable via the standard main menu:
File: Load and save circuit files, import/export circuit files, create postscript and Metafile/
Bitmap files.
Edit: Circuit editing; Copy/paste/delete/duplicate, select, move label, copy graphics to
clipboard etc.
View: Tool bar, status bar and comment line on/off, zoom, refresh, and view options.
ATP: Create node names, make ATP file, edit ATP file, ATP file settings (miscellaneous cards
and file formats: high/low precision, file sorting etc.)
Program Information
Objects: Edit support files (default values, min/max limits, icon and help file). Create new
support files for Models and User Specified Objects.
Tools: Icon editor, help file editor, text editor, options (various program settings).
Window: Arranging of the circuit windows. Map window.
Help: About box and Windows help file system.
All the facilities present in the old DOS version are included in the Windows version except the
following exceptions: Not possible to run ATP/TPPLOT directly from ATPDraw (this has been
left out to avoid problems related to DBOS incompatibility), the 3-phase Fortran TACS object is
removed (it should be replace by 3 single phase Fortran TACS objects).
Fig. 1 shows the layout of the ATPDraw 16-bit program executed on a SuperVGA screen
(1024x768 pixels) with three circuit windows visible simultaneously and the input window for the
arrester object MOV active.
Several new facilities have been added in order to bring the ATPDraw program up on a
professional level. Some of the new code added is related to robustness and program security to
avoid run-time errors and program crash. In this category comes the new file formats of circuit
and support files. The old circuit file was on a simple text format which was very disc space
efficient but if the file for some reason was on the wrong format a program crash occurred. The
new circuit file format is a binary dump of the data structure in memory. This is very fast, allows
a test of the correct file format, makes it easier to distinguish between different versions. In
addition to this some more data has been added to the file, e.g. all the miscellaneous ATP data and
the node name position. The old support file was companioned by an icon file, a help file and a
GIGS bitmap file. The new support file is on binary format with the old support file, the icon and
help file included. The full path to the support file is included in the data structure so that the user
can store the .SUP files anywhere he likes, but usage of the /SUP, /USP , /TAC and /MOD
directories is recommended to ensure compatibility with other users (e.g. when exchanging .CIR
files). The support files are editable via Objects ATPDraw's main menu. A new ATPDraw.ini file
has also been added on a standard Windows format. This file is editable via Tools|Options in
ATPDraw's main menu. In this file the default miscellaneous ATP data are stored along with
settings of directories, Auto Save and UnDo/ReDo buffer settings and window color etc.
Some of the new code is also related to functionality and is added to improve the performance of
ATPDraw. In this category comes:
1. MDI support (multiple documents, several circuit windows),
2. the new object input window,
3. the new tool bar, map window, and the status bar
4. the new Help/ATP file editor,
5. the new clipboard, and
6. the extended Undo/Redo facility.
Several circuit windows makes it possible work on several circuits simultaneously and copy
information between the circuits, at the cost of memory requirements however. The new object
input window (where component data are specified) now has the same size and layout for all
objects/components. The window for specification of a non-linear characteristic is included in the
same window as a tabbed notebook. User Specified objects has a group for specification of the
$Include file (.LIB), models has a group for specification of the model file (.MOD) and some
standard components have a group where the branch output request is specified via radio buttons.
The new tool bar replaces the old tools window, having the same functionality, but extended with
UnDo/ReDo, select all etc.. The status bar at the bottom replaces the old action-mode field and
now also display a help text describing the function of the menu selected by the mouse. Each
circuit window also have a status bar at the bottom replacing the old comment fields. All these
bars can be hidden/shown via the View field in ATPDraw's main menu. The old static map
windows has been replaced by a moveable on-top window displayed via the Window field in
ATPDraw's main menu. A new small editor has been created especially tailored to display help
files and ATP files (e.g. the line and column number is shown). The user can select his own
favorite editor via the Preferences page of the Tools|Options dialog box. The old clipboard format
of the DOS version has been replaced by the standard Windows clipboard format. A new type
called ATPDRAW is registered (and understood only by ATPDraw) for copying/pasting circuit
groups. In addition standard Windows clipboard types are used to copy text (from help file, ATP
file, input menus etc.) and circuit pictures. The short commands Ctrl+C (copy) and Ctrl+V (paste)
can be used throughout the ATPDraw program. The 32-bit version supports Metafile
representation of circuit pictures while the 16-bit version only supports Bitmap (poorer
resolution). The Copy as Metafile/Bitmap facility (found under Edit) has nothing to do with screen
dump, so it is possible to zoom out and select a large circuit and copy this picture without the loss
of resolution seen on the screen. The new Undo/Redo facility has been extensively improved. The
DOS version had only a single UnDo step while the Windows version now supports up to 100
UnDo/ReDo steps (10 is default, selectable under Tools|Options) in a very memory efficient way
completely without using disk files.
There is no change in the way the user builds up a circuit in the circuit window, except that the
selection menu is normally hidden and appears after a right mouse click in open space in the circuit
window. Left mouse button moves and selects/unselects objects while the right mouse button
performs the input windows. Connections are drawn by left mouse clicks on nodes. Clicking left
mouse button on an object selects this object and makes it moveable. Dependent on the double
click rate selected by the user in the Windows environment this can take a short time, since the
ATPDraw program waits to see if a double click has been performed.
A new module, found at the bottom of the selection menu Overhead line (PCH), has been added
to ATPDraw to enable reading of punch files from Line/Cable constants. After selecting a punch
file, this file is processed to check the format and a diagnosis is shown to the user. A .LIB file with
the same name as the .PCH file is then created automatically (including data base modularization)
and a default object is suggested to the user. This module thus makes it possible to include
overhead lines and cables efficiently in ATPDraw. The following punch file formats are
recognized: KCLee, Clarke, JMarti, Semlyen, and PI-equivalents (several sections not
recognized).
A Windows help file for ATPDraw is also available. This file provides help on all windows and
menus in ATPDraw and how to built up a circuit. Several links between help pages and a relatively
large index register for searching exists. However, little technical information related to ATP is
yet available. The available help is anyhow more extensive the for the DOS version. It will be
possible to extend the help file considerably, including more bitmaps and e.g. an ATPDraw
tutorial.
A completely new program called ATP_LCC for LINE/CABLE CONSTANTS support has been
written in Borland Delphi 1.0. This program is a 16-bit program executable under Windows
3.1/95/NT. In the ATP_LCC program the user can specify the cross section data and material data
for an overhead line or a cable system in input windows. The specified cross section is drawn in
the main windows and zooming and export to the windows clipboard is supported. Based on the
user specified data the corresponding ATP file is generated ready to be processed by ATP for
creation of punched output (punch file) or matrix output (LIS file). The program ATP_LCC
consists of two parts; one for LINE CONSTANTS support and one for CABLE CONSTANTS. These
two parts are handled independently in the program with separate input windows. The program
ATP_LCC now supports:
Fig. 2 shows the ATP_LCC program with the LINE CONSTANTS input window activated. This
windows consists of a tabbed notebook where the line model (KCLee, JMarti etc.) and frequency
settings are specified under Line Model and a where the actual cross section is specified under
Conductor cards.
Fig. 3 shows the ATP_LCC program and the LINE CONSTANTS input window. A drawing of the
cable with an enclosing pipe is shown in the background.
3 Conversion program
A small program called CONVERT which converts old DOS version circuit and support files to the
new format has also been created. This program is written in Delphi 1.0 and runs under Windows
3.1/95/NT. In this program the user specifies the Windows directory and the DOS directory and
which type of files to convert. It is not recommended to convert the support files for standard
components.
Post processing of ATP-EMTP created plot files was until now possible only using TACS
(Transient Analysis of Control Systems) in the ATP-EMTP. A recently added feature to MODELS
and a conversion program allow ATP-EMTP users to post process not only ATP-EMTP created
plot files, but also externally measured and digitally recorded transient data.This feature is
illustrated using an example of power arc simulation and measurement.
1 Introduction
MODELS is a simulation language with extensive capabilities to analyze and process transient
data. Besides development of user-defined models of system components, which are represented
then in the electric network through time-varying resistance or type-94 component, MODELS is
used frequently to process simulation data created by the ATP-EMTP. Computation of magnetic
flux in iron core from computed voltage is one of such applications.
In some cases it is desirable to perform the simulation first and to post process computed data later
in a second step. Usually, accompanying measurements are performed to compare measured and
computed results to verify the adequacy of the model used. In this respect, it would be
advantageous to use the same analysis method and tool to process measured and computed data.
In terms of ATP-EMTP, the routines written in MODELS language to process computed ATP-
EMTP data can be used now to analyze measured and digitally recorded signals. The measured
data should be available in tabular and ASCII formatted form with fixed sampling period, which
are converted into PL4 file format using an available conversion program.
Two different ways to Postprocess Plot File using MODELS have been implemented recently in
the ATP-EMTP. Whereas the first method enables accessing plot data through TACS-MODELS
interface [1], the second method implemented very recently allows MODELS to process PL4 plot
files directly in the MODELS STAND ALONE mode [2]. Both methods are explained below.
The feature to include both a TACS section and a MODELS section in the same data case allows
users to post process PL4 plot file using both TACS and MODELS. Plot data are accessed first
by TACS section and can be passed to MODELS section.
The MODELS connection to the .PL4 plot file via TACS section is done in following steps:
1. An existing plot file to be processed by ATP-EMTP is indicated by special request data line
POSTPROCESS PLOT FILE with three parameters as explained below:
1 2 3 4 5
C 23456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
C --- template for next card MULPPF LUNPPF L63TYP
POSTPROCESS PLOT FILE 1 63 1
MULPPF defines in what multiple the original plot points will be used. 1 means all points
will be used, n means every n-th point is used. If using a multiple value, the time
step should be adjusted accordingly to keep the time scale of the simulation
unchanged.
LUNPPF indicates the I/O unit allocated to the PL4 file connection. If left blank, a default
value of 63 is assigned. Selecting a different unit may conflict with units already
used by ATP
L63TYP indicates the type of formatting of the PL4 file. If left blank, a default value of
1 is assigned.
2. A $OPEN statement follows this request to access desired existing .PL4 file assigned to
UNIT=63. For example:
4. The TACS section is followed by MODELS section, where any variable from TACS, i.e.
type-25 sources, can be passed to MODELS as INPUT variable. For example, a TACS
variable named signal would be made available in the MODELS section under the name
local_name as shown below:
At each time step TACS section solution is followed by MODELS section solution.
5. Following the MODELS section a dummy electric circuit must be included in order to satisfy
data input rules of ATP.
The list of a sample data case to post process a power arc measurement is given in Appendix A.1.
This new feature has been added very recently to MODELS in the ATP-EMTP to access and post
process signals stored in a PL4 file directly in the MODELS section. The connection to the PL4
file and subsequent post processing are done in five steps:
4. Any number of signals stored in the PL4 file is declared as inputs to MODELS:
where
arc_current and arc_voltage are arbitrary input names of the MODELS section.
PL4 is the new input type connecting the input to the PL4 plot file.
1, 2, etc. indicate the corresponding curve number in the PL4 file.
Curve numbers can be determined by executing TPPLOT or PCPLOT, if not known.
The list of a sample data case showing POSTPROCESS PLOT FILE feature using MODELS
STAND ALONE is given in Appendix A.2.
A data conversion program written in FORTRAN, compiled and linked by Salford FTN77 (same
compiler used to create PC version of the ATP-EMTP) enables to create a plot file in PL4 format
of digitally measured and recorded signals. The conversion program named GENPL4.EXE runs
under MS-DOS on a PC with Intel 386/486/Pentium processors.
The measured data must have been recorded with constant sampling period and must be available
in tabular form in text (Ascii) format. Numbers can be of integer, floating point or of E-format
type. Each data column must be separated by at least one blank character. If recorded, time must
be the first data column in the data file.
Following input data are required by GENPL4.EXE through a user dialog in the given order:
Measured data will be treated in the PL4 plot file as if they were node voltages.
Several power arc test were carried out with original arrangements of overhead line insulators and
arc fittings in a high-power test laboratory [3]. Using measured arc current and voltage, which
were digitally recorded (12 bit resolution) with a sampling rate of 6 µsec and stored on optical
media, an existing arc model has been improved such that the dynamics and random behaviour of
power (fault) arcs for any insulator arrangement could be reproduced using the ATP-EMTP as
explained in Ref. [3]. Figure 1 shows the test circuit used for power arc tests. The test circuit
represents a double line-to-ground fault with different fault locations in a power network with
isolated neutral point. The first line-to-ground fault is modelled as a solid connection to ground
at the supply terminal in phase conductor “c”, whereas the second line-to-ground fault is initiated
through an arc at the end of an overhead line, which is represented by a lumped resistance and
reactance Rser and Xser taking into account positive- and zero-sequence impedance of the line.
Technical Features
Es
Rs Xs BS
a
c
uline uarc
Ce
In this example a power arc test carried out with the 20-kV insulator arrangement in suspension
position will be post processed to calculate equivalent 50-Hz resistance and reactance of the arc
column, which would be measured by a distance protection relay. It is assumed that fault arc
occurs very near to the location of protective relay, so that line impedance is not taken into
consideration. In the test circuit shown in Fig. 1 the series line impedance was selected in such a
way, that a prospective short-circuit current, Isc = 5.5 kA (rms value), flows in the phase conductor
“b” and through the arc.
The measured arc current and arc voltage are shown in Figure 2. The steady increase and sudden
collapse of arc voltage at t = 188 msec indicate elongation and subsequent break-down of the arc
column to ist original length. Because of heavy short-circuit current, no arc extinction is to be
expected. For comparison, the results of the arc simulation are shown in Figure 3. The basic arc
parameters as well as arc elongation and subsequent break-down are determined from arc
measurement.
i [kA]
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0 50 100 150 200 250
t [ms]
( 2) MODELS - I_ARC
u [kV]
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0 50 100 150 200 250
t [ms]
( 3) MODELS - U_ARC
arc voltage
i [kA]
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0 50 100 150 200 250
( 2) MODELS - I_ARC t [ms]
arc current
u [kV]
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0 50 100 150 200 250
( 3) MODELS - U_ARC t [ms]
arc voltage
Equivalent 50-Hz resistance and reactance values of fault arc as a function of time are computed
by a fast discrete Fourier series (DFS) method as “running sum” [4], which is very similar to the
well-known distance protection algorithm of Phadke-Ibrahim [5] for digital relays. In the following
the general DFS equations to compute complex phasor of the arc voltage at any harmonic
frequency f = n@f1 (f1 = 50 Hz) are given:
N
2π ⋅ k ⋅ n
Re{U n }
2
=
N
∑u k =1
k sin
N
(1)
N
2π ⋅ k ⋅ n
Im{U n }
2
=
N
∑u k =1
k cos
N
(2)
where
The equivalent resistance and reactance of the arc are calculated continuously by shifting the
data window one time step to the right using following equations:
The width of window for DFS is selected as 20 msec corresponding to one period of 50 Hz. The
number of data points N per period is not an exact integer, because sampling rate of the
measurement was 6 µsec. The time step of 48 µsec is used for post processing of both arc
measurement and simulation resulting in a rounded value of N = 417. In reality, the sampling rate
of digital distance protection relays is much lower than this value.
The computed 50-Hz (n = 1) arc resistance Rarc and reactance Xarc as a function of time are shown
in Figure 4. The first period (20 msec) after initiation of the DFS computation is the transition
interval and therefore it should be discarded. As it can be seen from Fig. 4a and 4b, the fault arc
Technical Features
in air is not only of resistive nature as assumed by many protection engineers, but shows also
inductive behaviour, which can be assigned to the nonlinear characteristics of the arc and depends
highly on the arc time constant and arc elongation.
Z [mÙ]
800
600
400 R
200 X
-200
0 50 100 150 200 250
( 8) MODELS - R_ARC ( 9) MODELS - X_ARC
t [ms]
(a)
(b)
Z [mÙ]
800
600
400 R
200 X
-200
0 50 100 150 200 250
( 8) MODELS - R_ARC ( 9) MODELS - X_ARC
t [ms]
Fig. 4 Equivalent 50-Hz arc resistance and reactance determined by post processing
(a) arc measurement
(b) arc simulation
The comparison of curves of Rarc and Xarc determined from power arc measurements (Fig. 2) and
from arc simulation using ATP-EMTP (Fig. 3) indicates that the arc model is well suitable for
testing digital distance relays.
5 References
[1] Dubé, L.: MODELS Technical Note -- Use of TACS and MODELS in the same data case,
Anonymous FTP file server, Michigan Techn. University, July 1995.
[2] Dubé, L.: MODELS Technical Note -- POSTPROCESS PLOT FILE, Anonymous FTP file
server, Michigan Techn. University, Sept. 1995.
[3] Kizilcay, M.; Koch, K.-H.: Numerical fault arc simulation based on power arc tests, ETEP
Euro. Trans. On Electr. Power Engng., vol. 4 (1994), no. 3, pp. 177-185.
[4] Weber, T.: Representation of power transformers and differential protective relays in a
digital network model, Ph. D. thesis, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany, 1995 (in
German).
[5] Phadke, A.; Hlibka, T.; Ibrahim, M.: A digital computer system for EHV substations:
Analysis and field tests, IEEE Trans. on PAS, vol. 95 (1976), no. 1, pp. 291-301.
Appendix
A.1 Post processing of the arc measurement given in section 4.1 using TACS-MODELS
A.2 Post processing of arc simulation given in section 4.1 using MODELS alone
Version 1. 0 C
irst time user of U.M. machine models, and perhaps not only first time users, are often
F frustrated by the input requirements, particularly those related to the coil resistance and
inductance data, which is not readily available, and difficult to obtain from manufacturers. The
utility INDMOT (available via FTP from ftp.ee.mtu.edu /pub/atp/util/indmot.zip or from the
mirror sites in Europe and in Japan) is intended to provide assistance to generate the required data
from motor performance data which is readily available.
1 Introduction
Methods of calculating the approximate equivalent diagram of an induction motor have been
known for more then 50 years. These techniques have been considerably improved in the last
twenty or so years with the advent of digital simulation of induction motors. Contributions
known to the writer are given in the references below.
This program generates the equivalent circuit of a wound rotor, single cage, double cage or deep
bar induction motor, based on performance data entered by the user. The coil data for a type #3
(cage) or type #4 (wound rotor) U.M. induction motor simulation are then calculated based on
the equivalent diagram, which is also checked for the consistency of the performance data input.
The parameters calculated are approximate but the approximation is within the accuracy with
which the vast majority of induction motor performance data are available.
All data is to be entered in per units based on the full load kVA rating of the motor. The program
accepts motor rating in metric horsepower. The kVA rating the motor is deemed to be hp / (eff.
pf). Pull-out or maximum torque is not specified to avoid possible inconsistency in the
performance data. The program calculates the maximum torque based on the type of the rotor
(wound, single, double cage or deep bar) and the user supplied data for starting current, starting
torque, power factor and efficiency. The cage factors for double cage and deep bar rotors are set
internally to typical values of m = 1.0 and m = 0.6 respectively. The user who is familiar with
motor design may change these factors by changing the coil impedances in the U.M. data input.
A text editor type data entry guides the user through entering the performance data. Most of the
entries are defaulted when the utility is activated. The user can change these entries as required
for his motor performance. After accepting the input, INDMOT calculates the elements of the
induction motor equivalent diagram, and recalculates the consistent performance data based on
this diagram. It then flashes on the screen the entered and adjusted data. Should the user wish
to change the data input based on this screen, the program allows return to the first data entry
screen with the data as entered by the user (not the default data). Once the INDMOT calculated
equivalent diagram and adjusted performance data is accepted, INDMOT generates the armature
and rotor coil resistances and inductances as required for the U.M. data input
Revised performance data, the equivalent network parameters and the U.M. coil data are flashed
on the screen and stored in a data file. The generation of equivalent circuit parameters is based
on ref. 1, but there are several changes to the procedure suggested in this paper, and the addition
of the mechanical parameters (inertia, damping, load torque) as required in the U.M. input. For
the leakage reactance of the cage coils the model supplies two values for the cage coil inductance:
the unsaturated and saturated values. The U.M. model can handle saturation of the main
magnetizing inductance, but not the leakage inductance of the coils. Should the user wish to
include this, it can be done externally by connecting a saturable reactor in series with the coils in
the EMTP section, or by using a 94 type MODELS element. For the majority of studies it will
be satisfactory to use the saturated values of the rotor coil inductances without such an external
connection.
Input for the generation of a .PCH file to be used with the $INCLUDE option is discussed in
Section 4 below.
4 INDMOT output
Once the equivalent motor diagram and performance data are accepted by the user, INDMOT
generates an output file, the name of which is defaulted to MOT.LIS, but can be renamed at the
time of the data entry.. This file contains the adjusted motor performance data, values of torque
and inertia, and the coil resistance and inductance values calculated with and without saturation.
The user has to transfer the data from this output file to user’s data file, which contains the U.M.
data in the appropriate U.M. format as outlined in the Rule Book
For those who are not familiar with the U.M. data input and are not likely to use it frequently, an
additional feature was built into the utility. At the point where the coil parameters are flashed
onto the screen, and the user is satisfied with the results, an additional option is made available.
This option is to generate a .PCH file which the user can call from his data file which contains
the induction motor busses, using the $INCLUDE command..
The $INCLUDE file is defaulted to the name MOTINC.PCH but any name can be specified
during the data entry. To use the $INCLUDE file for U.M. induction motor data, the line
'$INCLUDE FileName.ext' is entered just before the 'BLANK ending Source' line in the base data
file which does not contain any U.M. data. 'FileName.ext' is the user specified name of the include
file to replace 'motinc.pch'. This $INCLUDE file has no arguments after the name. The user's data
file without any UM entry has to include a minimum structure outlined below. The section header
and/or terminator lines shown must be entered in the file, even if there is no data entry in the
corresponding section.
The include file generated will connect the induction motor to the three phase bus in the base data
file as specified by the user when prompted. The connection is via a switch closed in the phasor
solution. The upstream end of the switch is the above user specified bus. The other side of the the
switch is the motor terminals defaulted to MOTA, MOTB and MOTC. It is advisable not change
these names, and make sure that they are not duplicated in the base data file not containing U.M.
data.
During the prompting for entries into the include file, the user is asked to enter, apart from the file
name and bus name referred to above, if the run is to be an auto-initialized run at a specified value
of slip, or a direct start across the specified supply bus, and if extra load torque is to be applied
and at what time.
The include file causes all rotor coils to be connected to nodes in the electric network. These
nodes are directly grounded through a small resistance. The nodes are named ROTD1, ROTQ1,
ROTA etc. Similarly, the include file creates nodes required for the electrical analogue network
and associated type 14 sources. These nodes too have fixed names which should NOT be
duplicated in the base data file and should not be changed without due care.
For the magnetizing inductance and the leakage inductances of all stator and rotor coils, the
include file generates saturated inductance values. For the magnetizing inductance this implies
normal operation around rated voltage, for the coils it assumes a current of about the value of the
starting current. This simplifying assumption means that for normal running conditions U.M. will
cause the motor to run at a slightly reduced value of slip, and maximum torque will also occur
at a somewhat reduced slip. It is the writers opinion that this simplifying assumption is justified
for the vast majority of applied engineering studies. The user can change the saturated coil
leakage inductances to non saturated values, by replacing them in the $INCLUDE file with the non
saturated values shown in the .LIS file generated by INDMOT. The alternative for the
experienced U.M. user is to introduce saturation for the magnetizing inductance as shown in the
U.M. rules, and introduce saturation in the coil leakage inductances using TACS or MODELS,
by splitting the coil inductances into saturable and non saturable components as shown in the .LIS
file generated by INDMOT. This would require the usage of a saturation function which for a
particular motor design is difficult to come by, or use a generic saturation function which is just
another approximation.
When running the U.M. simulation, some performance values may slightly differ from those given
by INDMOT. It is the U.M. simulation which is correct.
This program is just a guide provided for creating a reasonable first try for preparing data for a
U.M. type #3 induction motor run. It is up to the user to check of the results, to confirm that the
data produced results in agreement with the performance required for his engineering study. Part
of such confirmation may be obtained by running a direct across the line motor start and plotting
the torque -speed and current - speed curve over the full range of zero to full speed. Such runs
will exhibit a large amplitude power frequency torque oscillation following the energization of the
motor, caused by the dc component in the inrush current. This makes it difficult (though not
impossible) to determine the starting. torque. One way to obtain the starting torque is to run an
initialization at 100% slip. Alternatively, using the $include option, the data file so created
generates via TACS the moving average of the motor torque (Variable TACS TAVG), and the
oscillating torque (TACS TOSC) due to the dc inrush on starting. This makes it easier to see what
the useful starting torque is.
U.M. provides for a large variety of alternative simulations and choices for monitoring variables.
The $INCLUDE file described above provides only two commonly used simulation modes. After
some experience with U.M. modeling, it should be easier to modify these files for the other
options, then creating a U.M. record from start.
6 Further development
It is hoped that users will pass on their experience with using INDMOT to the writer, which
would lead to further improvements in INDMOT.
7 References
[1] Rogers, C. J. and Shirmohammedi, D.: Induction Machine Modeling for Electromagnetic
Transient Program, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion: Vol. 2, No. 4, Dec. 1987
[2.] Rogers, G. C. et al.: An Aggregate Induction Motor Model for Industrial Plants, IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion: Vol. PAS 103, April 1984
[4] Ertam, S., Gaghzouz, Y.: A Fast Recursive Solution for Induction Motor Transients; IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 24, September 1988
[5] Hung, R., Dommel, H. W.: Synchronous Machine Models for Simulation of Induction
Motor Transients, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.11, May 1996
[6] Anjuj, S., Shokuuhn, F.: Parameter Estimation of Induction Motors Based on Sensitivity
Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, November 1989
Please replace pages 51-52 of the EEUG News, No. 1, Vol.3 (February 1997) with the
next two pages (The arc equation on page 52 was not printed).
Two errors have been discovered in the previous issue of the News (EEUG News Feb 1997,
Vol. 3, No. 1) after printing and distribution. Editors kindly ask readers to correct this minor
mistakes in their own copy of the EEUG News.
The word “later” should be replaced by “earlier” in the bottom of the single page report
entitled “New EEUG Activities in 1997”. The corrected paragraph is shown next:
The on-line service is offered for all new users of ATP in the field of installation and handling
of ATP-EMTP program on PC-s with Intel processors running MS-DOS, MS-Windows 3.x,
MS-Windows 95 and Microsoft NT. This service is available only for those users, who
received program materials directly from the EEUG and has been licensed with the European
version of the ATP License Agreement, not later earlier than January 1, 1996.
.
.
The corrected paragraph in the middle of the page (missing equation added) is shown next:
.
.
I am also interested in hearing from those, who already successfully have used type-94
component (with or without iteration or Norton type modelling) to solve generalized arc
equation of the form:
⋅ [ G ( t ) − g ( t )]
dg 1
=
dt τ ( t )