1.

Design of the Study

a. Definition of Quantitative Design
1. According to Burns and Grave (2005), Quantitative research is the objective,
systematic process with numerical data to obtain information in the world. This
method is used to describe variables, examine relationships among variables, and
to determine cause and effect interactions between variables.
2. According to Ary (2010) stated that quantitative research more typically relies on
measurement tools such as scales, tests, observation checklists, and
questionnaires. The selection of subjects for study also differs. The ideal selection
in quantitative research is random sampling, which allows for control of variables
that may influence findings. Qualitative studies more typically use nonrandom or
purposive selection techniques based on particular criteria.
b. Definition of Experimental Research
1. According to Ary (2010) Experimental research involves a study of the effect of
the systematic manipulation of one variable(s) on another variable. The
manipulated variable is called the experimental treatment or the independent
variable. The observed and measured variable is called the dependent variable
2. According to Creswell (2012) Experimental research is to determine whether it
influences an outcome or dependent variable. You first decide on an idea with
which to “experiment,” assign individuals to experience it (and have some
individuals experience something different), and then determine whether those
who experienced the idea (or practice or procedure) performed better on some
outcome than those who did not experience it.
c. Definition of Quasi experimental
1. According to creswell (2012) The quasi-experimental approach introduces
considerably more threats to internal validity than the true experiment. Because
the investigator does not randomly assign participants to groups, the potential
threats of maturation, selection, mortality, and the interaction of selection with
other threats are possibilities.
d. The reason why using Quantitative design
a. According to creswell (2012) You use an experiment when you want to establish
possible cause and effect between your independent and dependent variables.
 b. According to Ary (2010) experimental research is to determine whether a causal
relationship exists between two or more variables. Because the experiment
involves control and careful observation and measurement, this research method
provides the most convincing evidence of the effect that one variable has on
another.
c. Quantitative methods allow for a greater level of detachment as the researcher
does not have to be directly involved with respondents, meaning that their own
personal values are less likely to distort the research process, as might be the case
with more qualitative research.
2. Population and Sample
a. Population
- Definition: According to Ary (2010) the term population is used to refer to the entire
group of individuals to whom the findings of a study apply. The researcher defines
the specific population of interest.
- In this research the population is students of SMA N 1 Kencong
b. Sample
- Definition of sample
According to Ary (2010) stated that sample is a smaller group of members of a
population selected to represent the population.
- Purposive sampling
According to Ary (2010) In purposive sampling—also referred to as judgment
sampling—sample elements judged to be typical, or representative, are chosen
from the population. The assumption is that errors of judgment in the selection
will counterbalance one another
- In this research the sample is students grade XI IPA 1 and XI IPA 4
c. The reason why choose the students
- Need to writing improvement
- The English teacher gives recommendation, because both of class have same
characteristics
3. Data Collection
a. Definition of Data Collection
Polit and Hungler (1999:267) define data as “information obtained during the course
of an investigation or study”.
b. How to get the data
In this case, the writer wants to use testing to get the data.
According to Ary (2010: 274) testing is taking a test once may affect the subjects’
performance when the test is taken again, regardless of any treatment. In designs
using a pretest, subjects may do better on the posttest because they have learned
subject matter from a pretest, have become familiar with the format of the test and the
 testing environment, have developed a strategy for doing well on the test, or are less
anxious about the test the second time.
c. Instrument
- According to Creswell(2012) An instrument is a tool for measuring, observing, or
documenting quantitative data. It contains specific questions and response
possibilities that you establish or develop in advance of the study
- In this research the researcher uses writing test to get the data
1. Form Completion task
This is focused on filling out, such as form, this task becomes an appropriate
assessment of simple task.
For example: the teacher give invitation card incomplete sentence, then the
students should fill the blank
2. Paragraph construction task
The students read a paragraph, then they analyze the structure of the text.
For example : the teacher gives biography text to the students, then asks to the
students to analyze the structure.
3. Picture cued task
Picture are displayed with the objective of focusing on familiar words. The main
advantages in this technique is in detaching the almost ubiquitous reading and
writing connection and offering instead a nonverbal means to stimulate written
response.
For example: the teacher gives a picture in the magazine, then ask to the students
to make a paragraph based on the picture.
4. Dictation and Dicto-comp
Dictation : simply the rendition in writing of what one hears aurally
Dicto-comp : A form of controlled writing related to dictation
In this test, the paragraph is read normal speed, usually two or more repetition.
Then the teacher ask the students to rewrite the paragraph that they heard.
For example : the teachers gives radio news recorder, then asks students to re
write the contents.
d. Validity
- The definition of validity according to Neuman (2007) is to show the true state
and refers to the conformity between constructs, or the way a researcher
conceptualizes ideas in conceptual definitions and a measure.
- The criteria of validity
Instrument is valid, if r-counting = r-table and the instrument is not valid if r-
counting< r-table. There are validity classifications according to Guilford:
* 0,80 < rxy 1,00 very good validity (highest)
* 0,60 < ryx 0,80 good validity (high)
* 0,40 < rxy 0,60 enough validity (medium)
 * 0,20 < rxy 0,40 less validity (low)
* 0,00 < rxy 0,20 poor validity (lowest)
* rxy 0,00 not valid

e. Reliability
- According to Sinambela, Manik, and Pangaribuan (2015) Reliability is the extent
to which a measuring device is consistent in measuring whatever it measures. A
test must be consistent and reliable.
- The criteria of Reliability
According to Sugiono ( 2009 :257) the categories of coefficient correlations are as
the following :
 0,00 – 0,199 = the reliability is very low
 0,20 - 0,399 = the reliability is low
 0,40 – 0,599 = the reliability is fair
 0,60 – 0,799 = the reliability is high
 0,80 – 1,000 = the reliability is very high
f. Pre-test
- Before applying the instrument, the researcher conducts a pre-test by giving
test to write an paragraph or text ( according to the curriculum the theme)
- Then, the researcher evaluate, to get the result and score in the pre-test
g. Treatment
- The researcher taught the same material in control and experimental group,
but in the in the experimental group the researcher applies authentic material
in teaching and learning.
- There are some steps to apply the treatments.
 Giving invitation card (authentic material printed) in meeting 1
 Giving formal letter (authentic material printed) in meeting 2
 Giving radio news recorded about current news (authentic material
audio) in meeting 3
 Giving song (authentic material audio) in meeting 4
 Giving scientist picture (authentic material visual) in meeting 5
 Giving artist picture (authentic material visual) in meeting 6
 Giving cooking book (authentic material printed) in meeting 7
 Giving hand craft book (authentic material printed) in meeting 8
h. Post-test
- In the post test, the researcher gives test to both of groups, control and
experimental group in order to get the data and compare the result.
4. Data Analysis
a. How to analyze the data
1. Normality test
 2. Homogeneity test
3. T-test formulation
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦
𝑡=
∑𝑋 2 + ∑𝑌 2 1 1
√( )( + )
𝑁𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 𝑁𝑥 𝑁𝑦
Where
T = Total score
Mx = Mean of experimental group
My = Mean of control group
Nx = Numbers of students in experimental group
Ny = Numbers of students in control group
X2 = Standard of Deviation of experimental group
Y2 = Standard Deviation of Control group
4. Mean

𝑋 𝑌
Mx= My=
𝑁 𝑁

Where:
Mx : Mean of experimental group
My : Mean of control group
X : Total score of experimental group
Y : Total score of control group
N : Total of sample
5. Range
6. Variance
7. Standart Deviation
8. Statistical Hypothesis
The statistical hypothesis was tested as follows:
Ho = µ.X1 = µ. X2
Ha = µ. X1 > µ. X2
Where :
Ho = Null hypothesis
Ha = Alternative hypothesis
µ = The meana of all students
X1 = The means of students taught by using authentic material
X2 = The means of students taught by conventional method
b. The Procedure of Analyzing the Data
1. Collecting the data from the score of both groups.
2. Identifying the score of the students who were being treated and who were not.
3. Comparing the score.
4. Analyzing the data
5. Drawing the conclusion and answering the hypothesis.
6. Writing some findings.