”Vocational Training Report”

HINDUSTAN COPPER LIMITED

INDIAN COPPER COMPLEX
East singhbhum (Jharkhand)

A Project Report Submitted

For the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of
DIPLOMA
IN

MINING
SUBMITTED BY-

VIKRAM KR RAJWAR
DE/MiE/16/23

SESSION (2016-2019)

(JHARKHAND RAI UNIVERSITY)

KAMRE, RATU ROAD , RANCHI
 DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
DURATION OF TRAINNING :- 07/02/2017 TO 23/03/2017

JHARKHAND RAI UNIVERSITY

KAMRE, RATU ROAD, RANCHI

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report “VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT OF
HINDUSTAN COPPER LIMITED/INDIAN COPPER COMPLEX (HCL/ICC) is a bonafide
work of “VIKRAM KR RAJWAR” (DE/MiE/16/023) who carried out authentic
project work under supervision and guidance of guide. This is to further certify to
the best of my knowledge that this project has not been carried out earlier in this
University.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in this project has not been
submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any Degree or
Diploma.

Date:
Internal Examiner(s) External Examiner(s) Prof. D P Pandey
Head of the Department
Jharkhand Rai University,
RANCHI
CONTENTS

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………..
2. INTRODUCTION……………………………………….
3. HISTORY OF THE MINE………………………………
4. GEOLOGY………………………………………………..
5. SURVEYING……………………………………………
6. LODE DESCRIPTION………………………………….
7. METHOD OF WORKING……………………………………
8. VENTILATION………………………………………………..
9. DRILLING SECTION……………………………………….
10. BLASTING AND EXPLOSIVE………………………………….
11. PUMPING…………………………………………
12. MINING MACHINERIES…………………………………..
13. TRANSPORATION……………………………………………..
14. SAFETY OND SUPPORT SYSTEM…………………………….
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This training in itself is an acknowledged to the inspiration, drive,

technical assistance contributed to it by many individuals. This training
work would have never been completed without the guidance and
assistance that I received from time to time during the whole training
process.

It is my great pleasure to place a record of sincere thanks and gratitude

to Mr. PARVEZ ALAM (Mines manager), Mr. D.S DAS (safety officer),
and Mr. RAVI SHANKAR CHOUDHARY (Asst. Manager, HR) of SURDA
MINE, HCL/ICC, Ghatsila.

I express my sincere gratitude and ineptness to Dr. Piyush Ranjan (Pro-

Vice Chancellor- Academics) and my internal guide Prof. D.P.PANDEY
(H.O.D. Mining Engineering Department), Jharkhand Rai University,
Ranchi for giving me an opportunity to enhance my skill in the field of
Mining Technology.
Last but not the least we also thank all my friends and other people
who provided us with an atmosphere conductive to optimum learning
during this project.

VIKRAM KR RAJWAR

INTRODUCTION

LOCATION OF THE MINE

The Surda Mine is located around 200km west of Kolkata

(Calcutta), in Ghatsila Sub divisional area within the East
Singhbhum mobile belt of the state of Jharkhand. And its Latitude
is 22.6197 and longitude is 86.5149. Surda mine is served by a
good rail network, the main Kolkata-Mumbai (Bombay) National
Highway going within 10km of the mine. The mine is also
connected to Mosabani Concentrator Plant by road. Singhbhum
belt comprises a 200 km long, east-west trending arcuate belt of
folded supracrustal rocks.
 HISTORY OF THE MINE

Surda Mine is a part of Indian Copper Complex (ICC), a

group of six mines, owned by Hindustan Copper Limited,
that was operated since 1928.
Surda mine was started in 1930 at a very small scale and it
was fully developed in 1956. The mine was developed up
to an extension of 2.2 Km. in the strike direction (N20°SE).
Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), India’s only integrated
producer of refined copper including mining, production of
concentrate, smelting and refining. Hindustan Copper Ltd
(HCL) was set up in 1967 for production of primary copper
in the public sector.
 GENERAL DETAILS ABOUT SURDA

Surda Mine operated since 1930 . The mine is 2200m in

strike in north-south direction and is serviced by 3 openings
No.3 Shaft is vertical to level 5, from where a Sub Inclined
shaft goes down up to the deepest level, Level 13 at 474m
below surface.

At the southern end of the mine, commonly known as

South Surda the No.4 shaft is inclined from surface to 10
level . The other opening is No.5 adit, near No.3 shaft
,which has a horizontal length of 115.8m .
Hindustan Copper Ltd's Surda mine in Jharkhand, which
resumed production this month following trouble with the
previous contractor in June, is nearing 80 per cent capacity
and headed towards full capacity by October, a top official
today said.

"Production was in doldrums since last April due to former

contractor. It is in process of ramping up and is currently
close to 80 per cent utilisation and by October, it is
expected to be close to full-capacity," a senior Hindustan
Copper official told PTI.

GEOLOGY OF THE MINE

Indian Copper Complex (ICC) at Ghatsila, Jharkhand

Singhbhum Copper Belt comprises of a Proterozoic
volcano-sedimentary rock that creates a shear zone known
as Singhbhum shear zone. Copper mineralization in SCB is
localized along this shear zone. Prominent deposits of the
belt are Surda,Chapri, Rakha, Kendadih, Pathargora and
Dhobani. Other deposits are: Turamdih,
Ramchandrapahar, Nandup, Bayanbil and Dhadkidih
(Singhbhum, Jharkhand). Surda is one of a number of
mines of the Singhbum Copper Belt which wrap around
the margin of the Singhbum Granite. The mines are hosted
in shear zones which thrust Proterozoic metamorphic rocks
to the west. Rock types are quite varied from quartzites
through quartz-biotite schists to chloritic, sericitic,
micaceous and even talcose schists. Indicators of proximity
to mineralization are quartz, chlorite and K feldspar. The
ore is hosted in a mylonite schist.
Indian Copper Complex, Ghatsila, has the following
operations such as Ore mining, Beneficiation, Smelting,
Electrolytic refining and has a precious metal recovery plant
(Gold, Silver, Selenium etc).

Indian Copper Corporation Ltd was established by a British

company in 1930 at Ghatsila consisting of a cluster of
underground copper mines, concentrator plants and
smelter. On 25.09.72 the Govt. of India nationalized the
company under provisions of the Indian Copper
Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking Act) and merged
the same with HCL. Today it falls under the state of
Jharkhand, under the jurisdiction of East Singhbhum
district.
SURVEYING

In earlier times, Surveying was used to be done by

“conventional method” – Traversed using optical
theodolite, chain and “back station”. Level plans and cross
sections were hand drawn at various scales.
But now a days, Leica TCRA1200 series (Leica TCRA 1205)
Total Station and “Wall station” methods are being used
for underground survey traversing. Surpac Mine planning
software is being used extensively..Surveying methods and
standards as accepted in the metalliferous mining industry.

SURVEY SECTION

In earlier times, Surveying was used to be done by

“conventional method” –
Traversed using total survey station, chain and “back
station”. Level plans and cross sections were hand drawn at
various scales. But now a days, Leica TCRA1200 series
(Leica TCRA 1205) Total Station and “Wall station”
methods are being used for underground survey traversing.
Surpac Mine planning software is being used extensively.
Surveying methods and standards as accepted in the
metalliferous mining industry.

Preliminary work on compiling the assay and geological

data from the mine instead suggests a structurally
controlled, shear zone hosted model may be more
appropriate. Several high grade zones have been identified
in underground sample data. The data is from mine grade
control channel samples, taken at each face. The
underground drives were constructed as openings in the
ore and were when mined between levels. The ore appears
to dip at a fairly constant 35 degrees to the northeast.

In underground station are fixed on the hangwall, footwall

or on the pillar which are not extracted for mining hence
not altered for further resection and
on the surface the traverse stations are chosen which are to
be permanently staying there.
After that the data feeded in the memory card are pulled
out and synchronized with the National Grid with the
Surface. This provides very easily 2D and 3D view of the
mine including plan, Vertical
section, and oblique view which makes it very handy for
planning and designing of the mine. It makes it simple to
understand the Stope and Block
under production.

LODE DESSCRIPTION

There are mainly three Lodes at surda Mine.

 Hanging wall Lode : between 450 m S to 60 m N and

between 900 m S to 1300 m S, thickness of the Lode –
 1 m to 6.5 m. Here ,R&P and HCF method are
suitable.
 Inter Lode : between 1300 m S to 950 m S and
between 500 m S to 150 m S, thickness of the Lode –
1.5 m to1 6 m. Here ,R&P and HCF method are
suitable.
 Foot wall Lode : between 400 m S to 900 m S,
thickness of the Lode – 1.5 m to7 m. Suitable for
HCF method .

METHOD OF WORKING

Method of Stoping :-
The width of the ore body in Surda deposit varies from 1.5
m to over 20 m and the average dip is 350 to 400.
Depending upon the geometry and geology of the ore
body following mining method are most suitable.

 In post pillar method distance between two pillars in

strike direction is 13m and in dip direction is 9m.
 Being all conditions almost same for the mine width of
lode is the main factor here to decide.
• Room and pillar method (for width 1.6m to 4m)
• Horizontal cut and fill method (for 4m to 6m)
• Post pillar method (for width > 6m)

LAYOUT OF ROOM AND PILLAR METHOD

This method is used where the orebody width is between
1.5 m to 4.0 m . A pilot raise is put along the hangwall
contact from lower level to upper level . A wooden chute
is installed at the lower level , together with an electric
scraper engine. A pillar of 5 m above the lower level and a
crown pillar of 4 m below the upper level are left as
support.
In this method both faces of central raise are advanced to a
span of 10-15 m ,with systematic bolting of the roof at a
spacing of 1.2 m. 1.5 m long 20 mm dia. Top-steel grouted
rock bolt are used as conventional support in place of
timbers. 1.8/2.4m long bolt are also occasionally used for
roof support in geological disturbed area . A 3-4 m wide
rib pillar is left between the two stopes. Floor stripping is
undertaken where width of ore body exceeds from 2.5 m.
Once the mining is completed to the extremities of the
stope , back filling of the excavated area is done and the
adjoining blocks are mined.
HORIZONTAL CUT AND FILL STOPING
METHOD

This method is used where the width of the ore body is 4-6
m . The stoping is started by driving a sill level of 8 m
above the driving and the full width of the ore body is
exposed for a maximum vertical height of 4.8 m. The
hanging wall is supported by rock bolt systematically at
1.5m pattern. A footwall haulage is driven on the footwall
side of ore drive and ore passes are excavated there from
in waste rock to hole into the stope at interval of 60 m
along strike. 1.5m diameter orepass rings made out of
10mm thick steel plates are welded inside the stope to
serve as manway and orepass through the back fill. Cavo
310 or 0.76 cum electric LHDs are used to load and haul
broken ore into the operations. Three panels are generally
prepared one for production, one for the filling and other
for filling operation. Back stripping are carried out in panels
with 2.5 m vertical cut at a time .
 POST PILLAR STOPING METHOD

This method is generally adopted in ore bodies exceeding

8 m wide and a minimum strike length of 80 m . Basically,
it is identical to horizontal cut and fill mining except for
formation of 4m x 4m insitu vertical posts to give
additional stability to the roof by breaking long spans
excavated . In addition to the rock bolting of the bolt , the
back of each cut in ore is also rock bolted using 1.5m long
grouted type rock bolts on 1.5m x1.5m pattern. The post
pillars are spaced at an interval of 13m along strike and 9m
across it. Generally, 2.2m high cut are taken by drilling
2.23m long upper at 70m to horizontal using two boom
stope wagons/ stope air longs. Maximum height of the
excavation is limited to 4.8m above the backfill . 0.76 /1.5
cum electric LHDs transfer the broken ore into the ore
passes from where it is hauled in larger mine cars by
locomotives on to the grizzly.
 VENTILATION

Ventilation is the most important part in the planning,

development and extraction ore in the mine, as it is the
only source of fresh air in the mine for respiration and to
keep the temperature of the stope adequate. The mine
having three intake (shaft #3, Shaft #4 and Adit 5) and two
exhaust/outlet (North fan and South fan) it has sufficient
ventilation while both the fans working properly.Total
intake air to mines is 160m3/sec. But it is necessary the
regular inspection
of intake and return air way, ventilation door, fans fixing
of brattice, auxiliary fan and sealing of old workings, etc to
maintain the required quantity
of air in the stope.
1. North Fan
2. South Fan

NORTH FAN:
Make - Eswaran&Sons Engineers Ltd. Madras.
Exhaust type - Axial flow
Rating - 160 h,p @ 750 r.p.m.
Fan capacity - 4200 m3/min
Velocity - 306m/min
Temprature – 24.2/24.3
Humidity – 99.9/100
SOUTH FAN :
Exhaust type - Axial flow
Rating - 160 h.p
Operates at 440 V, 50 Hz.
Motor type - Synchronous Induction motor,3 phase
Fan capacity - 6500 m3/min
Velocity - 283m/min

DETAILS:-

VENTILATION INTAKE
 NO.3 SHAFT -------- 3036m3/min
 NO.4 SHAFT -------- 3696m3/min
 NO.5 ADIT -------- 1069.2m3/min
RETURN
 SOUTH FAN -------- 5043.708m3/min. 75mm W.G
 NORTH FAN -------- 2918.016m3/min. 55mm W.G

INSTRUMENTS:
We have sophisticated instrument to measure the mine
gases, air quality and quantity during ventilation survey.

 Multi gas detector

 Digital anemometer
 Digital hygrometer.

DRILLING SECTION

Drilling is a prime operation in the excavation technology

without which exploration, development, exploitation and
liquidation of the mineral deposit could not succeed.
In Surda mine percussive, rotary and rotary-percussive
drilling methods are used. As drilling techniques Diamond
drill bits and cemented tungsten carbide integrated drill
steels are used. Drilling is used for various purposes in the
mine:
1. For exploration:
Diamond core drilling process is applied. Commonly
NX-size core drill is used, representing a hole diameter of
76mm(3”) and core diameter of 54mm(2 1/8”).

2. For development and stoping :

 In Surda mine pneumatic tungsten carbide drill bit,
rotary-percussive drilling is used. For development
and stoping drilling is done to insert explosives for blasting.
There are generally 36 holes in case of driving and 30 holes
in case of raising.

MACHINES USED FOR DRILLING

JACK HAMMER

Jackhammer is common appearance for drilling.

The model used is Silver 3 Model and manufactured by
Holman Climax Company.
It is compressed air operated with size of 2ft.
Drilling rod used are of three sizes.viz
4 ft,5ft & 6 ft of 32mm diameter
Having tungsten carbide drill heads.
There are 48 jack hammer drill operating in no. 3 shaft and
29 jack hammer drill operating in no. 4 shaft.
For blasting reamer hole bit dia. is 57mm.
ROCK BREAKER

ELECTRO HYDRAULIC - 2 Nos.

MANUFACTURER - TELEDYNE (CANADA)
ACCUMULATOR - NITROGEN
MODEL - 1. TM- 16 ROTATION 100°
2. TM- 16 ROTATION 180°
LOCATED AT 4# (11L & 13L)

BLASTING SECTION

Blasting is the only mean for development and stoping in

Surda Mine. For development i.e. sinking, drives, cross cut,
raise/winze and stoping at face is operated by blasting.
Burn cut pattern is practiced here.
For blasting rimmer hole bit is drilled in the centre of
drilling pattern are of dia. 57mm for providing free space
and the other holes of dia. 32mm are drilled for inserting
explosive cartridges of dia. 25mm.

:- For blasting the exploder used are of condenser as well

as generator type.
:- Electric detonator (ED)and non electric detonators(NED)
are used.
:- Detonating of Cordtex are used which has burning rate
of 6500m/s, 250m length and core load is 10gm/s/m.
:- Fuse wires are of length 3m and with special permission
they can be of 5m length.
:- Indirect method is used for blasting.
:- For stemming solid mixture of clay and sand is used. The
ratio of filling of cartridges and stemming material is
3:1.Series or parallel connection may be used for blasting.

EXPLOSIVES

In Surda mines Powergel 901 is used as explosive

manufactured by INDIAN EXPLOSIVE LIMITED,GOMIA
It comes in size of 200mm length and 25mm diameter
weighing 125gm.
Explosives are emulsion type, non permitted and high
explosives.
Each box contains 200 cartridges .

POWDER FACTOR
The dimension of gallery is around 2.2m x 2.4m and the
rate of advance is 1.4m.The specific gravity of ore is 2.88.
Therefore total tonnage of ore produced would be
(2.2x2.4x1.4x2.88)
Which is equal to 21 .3 tones.
Total no. of cartridges per hole required is 4 each weighing
125gm and total no. of holes is 36.
Therefore total amount of explosive consumed is around
(4 x 125 x 34)g
Which is equal to 17kg.

Therefore powder factor = 21.3/17= 1.25 tons per kg.

PUMPING

The pumping arrangement of the mine is divided into two

parts.viz 3# shaft and 4# shaft pumping arrangement.

In 3# shaft pumping system there are four sumps at level

12th , 11th , 10th and 5th .Water is collected at sump of 12th
level from where it is pumped to sump of 11th then to 10th
and then to 5th level. From 5th level water is finally
pumped to the surface.
In 4# shaft pumping system there are two sumps at level
9th and 4th .Water is collected at sump of 9th level from
where it is pumped to sump of 4th level. From 4th level
water is finally pumped to the surface. The pH value of
water is 1.3 and hence is acidic in nature. Therefore high
density polythene pipe is used.

DEWATERING

Dewatering is done by hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical

centrifugal pumps.
All the waters from stopes, seepage and tailings are firstly
collected at sump and finally dewatered to the surface and
again recycled for diluting the tailings.

BACKFILLING

Backfilling is done by 4cmΦ tailing pipes capacity @ 800

tons/day at Surda Project. Ore passes have been
refurbished, with rings being redesigned for better
performance. The focus has primarily been on preparation
work in conjunction with improvements in water handling.

1. NS Bunker
2. N1 BUNKER
3. N2 BUNKER
4. Magazine Bunker

These pumps will efficiently transfer high density slimes or

classified tailings from the processing plant to underground
mining stopes. Present backfilling capacity is 15246t per
month taking all constraints (water, pipe-jam) . Crushed
mill tailings from concentration plant are used as backfilling
material.

It is believed and practiced that through better back-filling

the company can achieve potential benefits in terms of
reduced subsidence, improved support for mining
excavations, increased underground extraction, reduced
tailings on the surface and reduced rock burst leading to
enhance worker safety.
MINING MACHINERIES

The various machineries are used:-

MACHINERIES USED IN MINE WINDER

#3. SHAFT:-
Manufactured By (M.B.WILD B.CO, ENGLAND)
Depth Of Wind 169M
440V
100 HP
Dia. of Drum - 2.57M
Dia. of Sheave Wheel - 2.57M
Dia. of Rope - 26MM
Rope Type – Flattened Stranded , Langslay
Double Clutch Double Drum
Factor Of Safety With Man - 14.1
Factor Of Safety With Ore - 10.34
Inclination 90°
Date Of Installation 1996

#SUB-INCLINE SHAFT:-

3.3KV
175HP
Dia. of Drum 2.29 m
Dia. of Sheave Wheel 2.28 m
Dia. of Rope 22 mm
Length Of Rope 900m(Ungalvanised Rope)
Double Clutch Double Drum

#4.SHAFT:-

Manufactured By (KOPEX POLAND)

Date Of Installation1974
6.6KV
400KW
Dia. of Drum 3.00m
Dia. of Sheave Wheel 3.00m
Dia. of Rope 30mm
Single Clutch Double Drum
Factor of Safety for Man -14.1
Factor of Safety for Ore -11.3

MACHINERIES USED IN TRANSPORTING:-

1. Cavo
2. Loco
3. LHD ( locomotive haulage dumper)
4. Rocker shovel

MACHINERIES USED IN COMPRESSOR:-

COMPRESSOR ( Electrical Power)

 1000 CFM - 3 Nos
 3000 CFM -1 No.
 3500 CFM- 2Nos.
 OPERATION VOLTAGE 3.3KV
 Speed- 593rpm
 CAPACITY (Each)
 WORKING PRESSURE 7Kg/cm2
 COOLING WATER PUMP 20HP, 1450rpm.

ROCK BREAKER
 ELECTRO HYDRAULIC - 2 Nos.
 MANUFACTURER: TELEDYNE (CANADA)
 ACCUMULATOR: NITROGEN
 MODEL:- 1. TM-16 ROTATION 100°
 2. TM-16 ROTATION 180°

TRANSPORATION
In Surda Mine, by the mean of transportation, the ore
from the face to the surface is hoisted systematically.
After blasting, dressing and roof bolting the oreis
loaded by LHD/Cavo Loader and dumped into the
Ore Pass, in the bottom of the ore pass it has a special
type of opening Ore Chute in the level, through which
it is loaded on Loco (a 80V battery operated
locomotive engine and attached to 8-10 tubs) and
transported to OT (ore transfer), called tramming and
dumped which is collected at Ore Bin which is loaded
on the Tub/Skip and hoisted to the surface. Finally
transported to the concentration plant on dumpers or
trucks.

CAVO

MODEL NO. 310

BUCKET CAPACITY: 1.75M3
RUN ON PNEUMATIC POWER
MOTER USED: AIR MOTOR
AIR PRESSUR 6Kg/cm2
TOTAL 6 CAVO ARE IN OPERATION
LHD (LOCOMOTIVE HAULAGE DUMPER):-

 Overhauled LHD : 5 Nos

 New LHD : 3Nos
 JC 100E (OLD) : 1 MT Bucket Capacity = 4 Nos.
 JC 220E (OLD): 2 MT Bucket Capacity = 1 No.
 EIMCO 811(V) New : 1.5 MT Bucket Capacity = 2
Nos.
 SANDVIK LH202E (NEW) : 3 MT Bucket Capacity = 1
No.
LOCO:-

 (TRAMMING)
 80V Battery is used which generate 32A.
 Two D.C Motors are fitted in Loco
 Model: GEM LOCO, HYDERABAD LOCO, SOUTH
AFRICAN LOCO.,G.B LOCO.
 Overhauled Old Loco : 4 T Capacity = 6 Nos.
OVIS Loco (New) : 4 T Capacity = 8 Nos.
 SAFETY AND SUPPORT SYSTEM

Safety:-
Safety is the most important part in mining. In the mine
(a).Safe working procedure and (2)Safety equipments, are
main concern of the above mentioned as motto is Safety
First. Hence for safety of men and machinery it is strictly
followed and practiced the MMR(metalliferous mine
regulation1952) and the DGMS(Directorate General of
Mine Safety) regulations.

SAFE WORKING PROCEDURE:-

MINING PROCEDURE:-

 Drilling Procedure
 LHD and Loco operation
 Re-entry after blasting
 Install and Grout capsulated bolt in U/G.

MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE:-
  Tyre changing
 Cage inspection
 Heavy material lifting.
SAFETY EQUIPMENTS:-
 Personal Safety Equipment
 Safety signals for winding & hoisting
 Safety Signaling System for Tub tipping at surface and
Dumper Loading.
 Besides above Mentioned, A Planned Task
Observation and Emergency Response System is there
in the mine.

PLANNED TASK OBSERVATION:-

 Production Drilling
 Loose Dressing
 LHD operation
 LOCO operation
 Mechanical schedule maintenance
 Rock Bolt Drilling and Grouting
 Geological Sampling etc.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM:-
  First Aid
 Emergency Telephone No.
 Fire Fighting Arrangements
 Mine Rescue

SAFETY SIGNALS:-

 At derailment
 Block stopper.
And it is mandatory for every miner to be equipped with
safety helmet, gumboots, eye glasses, dust mask, ear-plugs,
gloves are provided, Cap Lamp provided by the Mine
Authority.

SUPPORT SYSTEM:-

 For support system an SSR (systematic support rule) is

guideline which is employed in the mine.
 SSR is an approved support plan to secure the roof or
back, hanging wall, footwall, and sides. As per the
guidelines of SSR
SSR for Drive and Cross Cuts:-
  To be supported by rows of rock bolt.
 Length of bolt 1.5 meter long.
 Maximum spacing of 1.5 meters.
 Maximum distance of support from the face is 3.0
meters. (Recommended for 1m)

SSR for Raises and Winzes:-

 To be supported by rows of rock bolt.

 Length of bolt 1.5 meter long.
 Maximum spacing of 1.2 meters.
 Maximum distance of support from the face is 3.5
meters. (Recommended for 1m)

SSR for Room & Pillar Stope :-

 To be supported by rows of rock bolt.

 Length of bolt 1.5 meter long.
 Maximum spacing of 1.2 meters.
 Staggered pattern.
 Maximum distance of support from the face is 2.5
meters.(Recommended for 1m)
Specifications:-

Roof Bolt
Material : Tor-steel
 Diameter : 20-22mm (25 mm at Surda)
 Length – 1.5 m
Bearing Plate
 MS
 150mm sq size (permission for Surda -100mm)
 6mm thick
Testing of Roof Bolt:-
 10% of rock bolts to be tested.
 About 90% of above to be tested at designed capacity
remaining 10% to be tested for destructive testing.
 (In this mine prop or timber support is rarely used.)
LAMP ROOM:-
 There is a lamp room for charging, allotting,
distributing and for maintenance of Cap Lamps. The
cap lamps are regularly inspected, repaired and
maintained as they are the only companion to provide
light in the mine.