Water Resource Engineering 4.

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

- A special Kind of civil engineering that involves - TO REMOVE COLLOIDAL PARTICELS
the design of new system and equipment that 5. DISINFETION
may help manage water resources. - TO KILL PATHOGENS, TO OXIDIVE THE
THREE FIELDS ORGANIC MATTER
1. CONTROL OF WATER 6. SOFTENIG
- Flood Mitigation - TO REMOVE HARDNESS OF THE WATER
- Storm Drainage 7. AERATION
- Sewerage - TO REMOVE ODOR AND REMOVE TASTE
- Highway Culvert Design PRODUCING PROCESS
2. UTILIZATION OF WATER ESTIMATION OF DEMAND
- Water Supply 𝑸 = 𝑷 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝟑𝟔𝟓
- Irrigation Q = TOTAL QUANTITY OF WATER IN “L”
- Hydro-Electric P = RATE OF SUPPLY
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3. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT TYPES OF CONSUMPTION
A. DOMESTIC
COMPOSITION OF WATER - Water req’d for household activity
BY VOLUME- 2parts Hydrogen, 1 part Oxygen - Demands depends on habits
BY WEIGHT- 1 part Hydrogen, 8 parts Oxygen B. COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL
“Pure water (100%) doesn’t exist” - Industries req’ large volume of water for
manufacturing, cooling operations and
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPURITIES steam generation.
1. PHYSICAL C. PUBLIC DEMAND
- COLOR - Water used for public facilities
- ODOR D. FIRE FIGHTING
- TASTE - The requirement of water for this purpose
- TURBIDITY may be small compared to the total supply
- TEMPERATURE but rate of consumption during fires is very
2. CHEMICAL large
- ph LEVEL - Quantity of firefighting depends on
- ACIDITY - Minimum no. of streams to put out fire
- ALKALINITY - Capacity of stations
- CHLORIDE - Number of fires
- SULFATE FORMULA FOR ESTIMATING FIRE FIGHTING DEMAND
- IRON  Nat’l Board of fire Industries
- MANGANESE 𝑸 = 𝟒𝟔𝟑𝟕√𝑷 ((𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)√𝑷)
3. BACTERIOLOGICAL  J.R. Freeman’s
- PATHOGENS 𝑷
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟓 ( + 𝟏𝟎)
OBJ. OF TREATMENT 𝟓
 Kuichiling’s
1. To make water acceptable w/ regards to 𝑸 = 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟐√𝑷
appearance clarity, taste and odor. Q= fire demand in L/min.
2. To remove excessive amount of minerals, P= Pop’n in thousands
organic matter, and chemical constituents  Ministry Of Urban Devt. Manual Formula
namely: acids, alkaline, chlorides, sulphates, 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎√𝑷
iron, manganese, ammonia, nitrites, calcium, Q= kiloliters/day
and magnesium. P = Pop’n in thousands
3. to remove pathogens and poisonous substances  Jabalpor Formula
(cyanide, arsenic, chromium, selenium) 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟎𝑻𝟎.𝟐𝟕𝟓
𝑸=
(𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐)𝟎.𝟕𝟓𝟕
TREATMENT CONSIST OF Q= discharge L/m
1. SCREENING T= frequency of Five Years
- REMOVE COARSE SOLIDS t= duration of fire
2. SEDIMETATION
- TO REMOVE SUSPENDED SOLIDS
3. FILTRATION
- TO REMOVE FINELY DIVIDED AND
SUSPEDED SOLIDS
FACTORS AFFECTING PER CAPITA DEMAND

1. People’s Habit
2. Industrialization
3. Climate
4. Public Service
5. System Supplies
6. Metering of Water Supply
7. Systems of drainage
8. Availability
9. Cost of water
10. Distribution Pressure

DESIGN PERIOD