Summary II

13th Oct 2017

 Dielectric behaviour
• Materials are basically insulators
• Property is characterized by dielectric constant
• Dielectric constant varies on different materials and even same
materials of different phases
• Dielectric behaviour can be modelled by capacitors

𝜀𝜀 = 𝜀𝜀# 𝑘𝑘
𝐴𝐴 𝜅𝜅𝑄𝑄#
𝐶𝐶 = 𝜀𝜀# 𝜅𝜅 = 𝜅𝜅𝐶𝐶# =
𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑉

. .
1 1
𝐶𝐶+ = , 𝐶𝐶- in parallel =, in series
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶-
/ /
 Polarization
Electric (dielectric) displacement: The stored electric charge per unit
area, D.
𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄6 𝑄𝑄7
𝐷𝐷 = = 𝜀𝜀# 𝐸𝐸 + 𝑃𝑃 = + 𝑃𝑃 = 𝜀𝜀# 𝜅𝜅 − 1 𝐸𝐸
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴

Polarization: The stored electric charge caused by polarization of

material per unit area, P. It is a natural property of material.
0.036
0.061

Force Ba

-q 0.12 𝑄𝑄7 𝑄𝑄7 𝑓𝑓(𝑑𝑑)

p d Ti 𝐷𝐷 = =
O 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴
+q
p = qd The polarization can be
Force
achieved by force as well
as voltage
 Insulating materials Dielectrics
Piezoelectric
effect: d, g
Insulator with
Piezoelectricity
no centroymmetry Inverse
piezoelectric
effect: d, g
Insulator with no centrosymmetry
Pyroelectricity
with spontaneous polarization as function of T

Insulator with no centrosymmetry

Ferroelectricity
and with spontaneous polarization
 Basic equations
Electric displacement consists of two contributions: electric displacement by
surface charge and polarization of the materials. Therefore polarization can
be considered to be electric displacement as well.

Piezoelectric constant
Constant Definition S.I. Unit
>?@ABC DCEFGHI DCJCKLMCD OLPKLNQF/NCHCAS O
at const E or
d @MMKGCD NC>?@EG>@K FHACFF T@ U

piezoelectric
FHA@GE DCJCKLMCD NCHCAF/NCHCA N
charge at const T or
@MMKGCD VGCKD JLKHW/XYZY[ \
constant
VGCKD DCJCKLMCD JLKHF/NCHCA \N
g at const D or
@MMKGCD NC>?@EG>@K FHACFF T@ U
piezoelectric
FHA@GE DCJCKLMCD NCHCAF/NCHCA NS
voltage at const T or
@MMKGCD CKC>HAG> DGFMK@>CNCEH OLPKLNQF/NCHCAS O
constant