PHYSICS

FORM 4

Chapter 2

Forces & Motion

Edited by In collaboration with

Cikgu Desikan Cikgu Khairul Anuar

SMK Changkat Beruas, Perak SMK Seri Mahkota, Kuantan
 Chapter 2
Forces & Motion
Dear students,
The two basic processes of education are knowing and valuing.

Learning Objectives :
1. Analysing linear motion 8. Understanding gravity
FORM 4 PHYSICS

2. Analysing motion Graphs 9. Analysing forces in equilibrium

3. Understanding inertia 10. Understanding work, energy, power and
4. Analysing momentum efficiency
5. Understanding the effects of a force 11. Appreciating the importance of
6. Analysing impulse and impulsive force maximising the efficiency of devices
7. Being aware of the need for safety 12. Understanding elasticity
2016

features in vehicles
Analysis of Past Year Questions
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
P1 8 7 8 9 9 8 7 9
A 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
P2 B 1 1 - - -
C 1 1 - 1
A 1 1 - - 1
P3
B 1 1 1 - -
 Chapter 2
Forces & Motion
Dear students,
It’s not the cards you’re dealt it’s how you play the game !!!

Concept Map
Forces & Motion
Kinematics Dynamics

Linear Motion Inertia Effects of Forces Linear Momentum

Distance Displacement Mass Newton’s Elastic/ Explosion

2nd Law of Inelastic
Speed Velocity Newton’s Motion Collision
1st Law of
Motion F=ma
Acceleration/Deceleration Principle of
Conservation of
Principle of Principle of momentum
Graphs Linear Motion Resultant Resolution
Equations Force of Force
Work

Newton’s 3rd Power Energy

Law of Motion
2.1 Linear Motion

Physical Quantity
Distance, l Displacement, l
Distance is the total path length traveled from The distance of its final position from its initial
one location to another. position in a specified direction.

Velocity Speed
Rate of change of displacement. Rate of change of distance

Average speed Average velocity

Jumlah jarak yang dilalui Sesaran
Laju Purata  Halaju Purata 
Masa yang diambil Masa yang diambil

Uniform speed Uniform velocity

Speed that remains the same in magnitude Velocity that remains the same in magnitude
regardless of its direction. and direction.

Acceleration
the rate of change of velocity
Change in velocity
Acceleration 
Time

4
 40 ms-1 40 ms-1

30 ms-1

30 ms-1
uniform
speed  uniform
speed 
 
uniform 20 ms-1 uniform
velocity velocity
20 ms-1 10 ms-1

10 ms-1

Constant = same / uniform / fixed / unchanged

Zero velocity = not moving / stationery
Negative velocity = object moving opposite direction
Zero acceleration = uniform velocity
Positive acceleration = increasing velocity
Negative acceleration = decreasing velocity 5
An object has a uniform velocity only if:

 
the direction of motion same or the magnitude of its velocity
linear motion + constant

An object has a uniform speed if:

the magnitude of its speed
constant regardless direction.

10 ms-1
10 ms-1

10 ms-1
10 ms-1

 
uniform uniform
speed speed

 
uniform uniform
10 ms-1
velocity velocity

10 ms-1 10 ms-1

10 ms-1
6
Example 1
An aeroplane flies towards the north with a velocity
300 km/hr in one hour. Then, the plane moves to
the east with the velocity 400 km / hr in one hour.
(a) What is the average speed of the plane?
(b) What is the average velocity of the plane?
a) 350 km/j
b) 250 km/j
c) Refer to p.4
Example 2
The speedometer reading for a car
traveling north shows 70 km/hr. Another
car traveling at 70 km/hr towards south.
Is the speed of both cars same? Is the
velocity of both cars same?
Same speed but different velocity
(different direction)
7
Ticker timer Velocity

• Use: 12 V a.c power supply 11 dots

• 1 tick = time interval between two
dots.
• The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker x cm
tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval Time, t = (11 - 1 ) x 0.02 s
between 2 consecutive dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s. = 0.2 s

• 1 tick = 0.02 s Displacement, s = x

s x
No. of ticks = Bil. dots - 1 Velocity = =
t 0.2

Acceleration
Elapse time, t = (5 - 1 ) x 0.2 s
11 dots Direction of movement = 0.8 s
Initial x1
velocity, u =
0.2
x1 cm x2 cm
Final x2
velocity, v =
0.2
v -u
Acceleration = 8
t
The Equations of Motion

1
s  (u  v)t
2

v  u  at

v  u  2as
2 2

1 2 u = initial velocity

s  ut  at v = final velocity
t = time taken
2 s = displacement
a = constant acceleration

9
Exercise 2.1

1. The diagram above shows a ticker tape Length (cm)

chart for a moving trolley. The frequency of
the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each section 12
has 11 dots.
a) What is the time between two dots. 10
b) What is the time for one strips.
c) What is the initial velocity 8
d) What is the final velocity.
e) What is the time interval to change from 6
initial velocity to final velocity?
f) What is the acceleration of the object. 4

Ticks
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Ans: a) 0.02s b) 0.2s c) 10cms-1 d) 60cms-1 e) 2s f) 25cms-2 10

2. A rocket accelerates with 20 ms-2. 3. A van travels up a slope and it stops after
Calculate its velocity after 2.5 minutes if its 12 seconds. Its initial velocity is 18 ms-1.
initial velocity is 3000 ms-1. Calculate its acceleration.
Ans : 6000 ms-1 Ans : 72.9 m

11
4. A group of student made a rocket and
launched it vertically upwards with velocity
of 27 ms-1. What is the total distance
travelled by the rocket?
[Assume g = 10 ms-2]
Ans : - 1.5 ms-2

12
Exercise
Question 1

A 6 cm B

Based on the above portion of ticker tape, determine

a) time taken from point A to B
b) average speed.
Ans: a) 0.18s b) 33.33ms-1

Question 2
Based on the ticker tape portion given above, determine the acceleration.

3 cm 5 cm
Ans : u = 30 ms-1
v = 50 ms-1
a = 50 ms-2

13
 Ticker Tape Ticker Chart Type of Motion
Constant velocity
(i)
(i) Lower velocity

Length/cm
(ii) Higher velocity
(ii)

• Distance between the dots

increases uniformly
• The velocity is of the object is

Length/cm
Increasing uniformly
________________________
• The object is moving at a
uniform / constant
acceleration
________________________

• Distance between the dots

decrease uniformly
• The velocity of the object is
Length/cm

________________________
decreasing uniformly
• The object is experiencing
uniform / constant
________________________
deceleration
14
2.2 Motion Graphs

Displacement – Time Graph Part Gradient Velocity Acceleration

+ve and
s /m A–B +ve and constant 0 / zero
constant
B C
B–C 0 0 / zero 0 / zero

–ve and
C–D –ve and constant 0 / zero
constant
t/s
A D

Velocity-time Graph
Part Gradient Acceleration Displacement
v /m
+ve and +ve and Area under the
A–B
B C constant constant line AB
Area under the
B–C 0 0 / zero
line BC

t/s –ve and –ve and Area under the

A D C–D
constant constant line CD

15
Motion Graphs 16
s versus t v versus t a versus t

Zero velocity s v a

t t t

Constant velocity
s v a

t t t
Negative & s v a
constant velocity

t t
 s versus t v versus t a versus t

Constant s v a
acceleration

t t t

Constant s v a
deceleration

t t
*** Gradient of s-t graph represent velocity. Gradient ↑, velocity ↑.

17
2.3 Inertia
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or if moving to
continue its uniform motion in a straight line.

Situations Involving Inertia

Newton’s 1st Law
When the cardboard is pulled away of Motion
quickly, the coin drops straight into the
glass.
The inertia of the coin maintains its state Every object continues in
at rest. The coin falls into the glass due to its state of rest or of
gravity. uniform motion unless it is
acted upon by an external
When the bus stops suddenly our force.
feet are brought to rest but due to
inertia, our body Relation between inertia and
tends to continue its forward motion. mass
This causes our body to thrown
forward. The larger the mass, the
larger the inertia
When the bus moves suddenly
from rest our feet are carried ** TRY Experiment using
forward but due to inertia of our
buckets
body tends to keep us rest . This
causes our body to fall backwards. 18
 A boy runs away from a cow in a zig zag
motion. The cow has a large inertia making it
difficult to change direction.

Tomato sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is moved
down fast with a sudden stop. Why?
The sauce inside the bottle moves (down) together with the bottle. When the
bottle stops suddenly, the sauce continue in its state of motion due to the
effect of its inertia.

Ways to reduce the negative effects of inertia 19

Characteristic Explanation

The tank which carries liquid in a lorry should To reduce the effects of inertia when stopped
be divided into smaller tanks suddenly.

The part between the driver’s seat and load

Prevent the load from being thrown to the front
should have strong steel structure
Hold the passengers to their seat during
Safety belts
collision
Prevent the driver from hitting the steering in
Airbag
an accident
 2.4 Momentum
1. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity
2. Momentum = mass x velocity
p = mv
3. Momentum is a vector quantity 4. The SI unit of momentum is kg m s-1

The principle of conservation of momentum

The total momentum in a closed system of object is constant.
The total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision if no
external force acts on the system

Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision

u1 u2 v1 v2 u1 u2 v1 = v2

m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 m2

Before collision After collision Before collision After collision

Both objects move independently at their
respective velocities after the collision.
 Momentum is conserved.
 Kinetic energy is conserved.
 Total energy is conserved.
The two objects combine and move together
with a common velocity after the collision.
 Momentum is conserved.
 Kinetic energy is not conserved.
 Total energy is conserved.

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1+ m2)v2

20
 Elastic Collision and Inelastic
Collision.

The two objects

Both objects move
combine and move
independently at
Momentum is together with a
their respective
conserved. common velocity
velocities after the
after the collision.
collision.

Elastic Inelastic
Collision Collision

Kinetic energy is Kinetic energy is

Total energy is
conserved not conserved
conserved

21
Explosion
Before explosion both object stick together and
at rest. After explosion, both object move at
At rest v1 v2 opposite direction.
m1 m2 m1 m2
Total Momentum Total Momentum after
before explosion explosion :
Before explosion After explosion is zero . m1v1 + m2v2

From the law of conservation of momentum:

m1v1 = m2v2 Total Momentum = Total Momentum
before explosion after explosion
0 = m1v1 + m2v2
m1v1 = - m2v2
-ve sign means opposite direction

22
Exercise 2.4
1. A trolley A of mass 3 kg is moving with velocity 2 ms-1 and collides with another stationary
trolley B. After the collision, trolley A moves with velocity 0.4 ms-1. If the collision is elastic,
calculate the momentum of trolley B after collision.
2 ms-1 0.4 ms-1 vB=?
stationary

A B A B

mA=3kg mB=? mA=3kg mB=?

Ans : 4.8 kgms-1

23
2. A car travels with velocity 32 ms-1 collides head on with a lorry which moving at a velocity of
17ms-1 If the masses of the car and the lorry are 1 200 kg and 5 500 kg respectively, calculate
(a) the momentum of the car before collision
(b) the total momentum
(c) the final velocity of the two vehicles after collision if the collision is inelastic.
17 ms-1 v=?
32 ms-1

B B
A A

mC=1200kg mL=5500 kg mC=1200kg mL=5500 kg

Ans : a) 3.84 x 104 kgms-1 b) -55100 kgms-1 c) -8.22 ms-1 24

3. A bullet of mass 5 g with a velocity of 150 ms-1 hits a 1.5 kg of stationary ice cube on a smooth
surface. The bullet passes through the ice cube and travels with velocity of 70 ms -1. What is the
resulting velocity of the ice cube?

Ans : 0.27 ms-1

25
4. A rifle fires out a bullet of mass 10 g at a velocity of 300 ms-1. If the mass of the rifle is 7.5 kg,
calculate the recoil speed of the rifle.

Ans : -0.4 ms-1

26
2.5 Force
Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another
object.
Balanced Force
When the forces acting on an object are balanced, they cancel each other out.
The net force is zero.

Effect :
Object at is at rest [ velocity = 0] or moves at constant velocity [ a = 0]

Normal Lift

Drag Thrust
Weight

Weight

Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force

When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there must be a net force acting on it.
The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the resultant force.

Effect of force : change

● shape and size of object ● movement of object ● position of object
27
Force, Mass & Acceleration

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

a
The acceleration produced by a force on an
object is directly proportional to the
F magnitude of the net force applied and is
inversely proportional to the mass of the
object. The direction of the acceleration is
the same as that of the net force.

When a net force, F, acts on a mass, m it Force = Mass x Acceleration

causes an acceleration, a.
F = ma

Relationship between a & F Relationship between a & m

a a

F m
0 0
28
Exercise 2.5 2. Find the value of F.
1. Find the acceleration of the objects. a = 4 ms-2
a)
F = 10 N
5 kg
FR = 5 N 10 kg F

Frictionless surface
Ans : 45 N

Ans : 2 ms-2

b) 3. Find the value of m.

F = 45 N
FR = 15 N 3 kg a = 2 ms-2

F = 60 N
Ans : 10 ms-2 FR = 10 N m kg

Ans : 25 kg

29
4. What force is required to move a 2 kg 5. Ali applies a force of 50 N to move a 10 kg
object with an acceleration of 3 m s-2, if table at a constant velocity. What is the
a) the object is on a smooth surface? frictional force acting on the table?
b) the object is on a surface where the Ans : 50 N
average force of friction acting on the
object is 2 N?
Ans : a) 6 N b) 8 N

30
6. A car of mass 1200 kg traveling at 20 7. Which of the following systems will
m/s is brought to rest over a distance of produce maximum acceleration?
30 m. Find
a) the average deceleration, A. 80 N 100 N
b) the average braking force. m
Ans : a) 6.67 ms-2 b) 8000 N
B. 14 N 6N
m

C. 15 N 5N
m

D. 28 N 52 N
m

31
2.6 Impulse And Impulsive Force

Impulse Impulsive Force, FI

The change of momentum The rate of change of

momentum in a collision or
mv - mu
Impuls = mv – mu explosion FI 
t
Unit : kgms-1 or Ns Unit = N

*** Impulsive force is inversely

Effect of time proportional to time of contact.

FI FI

t↓ FI ↑ 1
FI 
t↑ FI ↓ t 1
t
• Longer period of time t
→Impulsive force decrease
• Shorter period of time
→Impulsive force increase 32
Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports

Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in events such as high
jump so that the time interval of impact on landing is extended,
thus reducing the impulsive force. This can prevent injuries to the
participants.

Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the collision time. This
will reduce the impulsive force.

When a gymnast perform Squat vault, she

will bend her legs upon landing. This is to
increase the time of impact in order to
reduce the impulsive force acting on his
legs. This will reduce the chance of getting
serious injury.

A baseball player must catch the ball in the direction of the motion of
the ball. Moving his hand backwards when catching the ball
prolongs the time for the momentum to change so as to reduce the
impulsive force.

33
Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force

A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab with his bare hand
that moves at a very fast speed. The short impact time results in a
large impulsive force on the wooden slab.

A massive hammer head moving at a fast speed is brought to

rest upon hitting the nail. The large change in momentum within
a short time interval produces a large impulsive force which
drives the nail into the wood.

A football must have enough air pressure in it so the contact time is

short. The impulsive force acted on the ball will be bigger and the
ball will move faster and further.

Pestle
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to
pound chilies the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar
cause the pestle to be stopped in a very short time. A large
impulsive force is resulted and thus causes these spices to be
crushed easily.
Mortar
34
Exercise 2.6
Question 1 Question 2
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N.
burning house. His velocity just before landing The time of contact of his boot with the ball is
on the ground is 6 ms-1. 0.01 s. What is the impulse delivered to the
a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the ground. the velocity of the ball?
b) What is the impulsive force on the Ans : Impulse = 15 Ns
resident’s legs if he bends upon landing v = 30 ms-1
and takes 0.5 s to stop?
c) What is the impulsive force on the
resident’s legs if he does not bend and
stops in 0.05 s?
d) What is the advantage of bending his legs
upon landing?

Ans : a) 360 Ns
b) 720 N
c) 7200 N
d) The impulsive force on the resident’s
legs is smaller and the injuries can be
prevented 35
Question 3
A trolley with a mass of 500 g is at rest on a
smooth surface. The trolley is given a
horizontal impulse of 5 Ns. What is the
velocity of the trolley after the impact?
Ans : 10 ms-1
Question 4
A horizontal impulse of 500 Ns is exerted on a
stationary trolley with a mass of 2 kg. What is
the velocity of the trolley after the impact ?
Ans : 250 ms-1
Question 5
A rocket of 50 kg mass is launched vertically.
Its fuel is being burnt at a rate of 2 kg ms-1
and its exhaust gas is being forced out with a
speed of 1000ms-1. What is the initial
acceleration of the rocket ?
Ans : aR=40 ms-2
36
2.7 Safety in Vehicle

Headrest

Seat belt

Windscreen

Crumple zone

Side impact bar

Front bumper Airbag

Anti-lock Braking
System (ABS) 37
Component Function
Headrest Reduce the inertia effect of the driver’s head
Prolong the time the driver’s head to come to the steering. Thus, the
Air bag
impulsive force acting on the driver reduced.
Protect the driver and passengers.
Windscreen
Designed to fracture into rounded pieces instead of shattering
Prolong the time of impact during collision in order to reduce impulsive
Front bumper
force.
Anti-lock Braking Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing the brakes to lock.
System
Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase the amount of
Crumple zone time the car takes to come to a complete stop. So it can reduce the
impulsive force.
Seat belt Reduce the inertia effect by avoiding the driver from thrown forward.
Increase the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete stop
Side impact bar (compressed during accident).
Reduce the impulsive force.
Threaded tyres Increase frictional force on road surface while raining

Automakers are competitively blending performance and comforts with cutting-edge safety technology
that tries to stay one step ahead of you — and everyone else on the road. Click the link below to see
some of advanced safety technologies.
Top 10 High-Tech Car Safety Technologies 38
2.8 Gravity

Gravitational Force

• Objects fall because they are pulled towards the

Earth by the force of gravity.
• This force is known as the pull of gravity or the
earth’s gravitational force.
• The earth’s gravitational force tends to pull
everything towards its centre.

Free fall

• An object is falling freely when it is falling under the

force of gravity only.
• A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is
affected by air resistance.
• An object falls freely only in vacuum. The absence of air
means there is no air resistance to oppose the motion of
the object.
• In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely. They
fall with the same acceleration ie. The acceleration due
to gravity, g.

39
Acceleration due to gravity, g
• Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of gravity with constant acceleration.
• This acceleration is known as the gravitational acceleration, g.
• The standard value of the gravitational acceleration, g is 9.81ms-2. The value of g is often taken
to be 10 m s-2 for simplicity.
• The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the strength of the gravitational
field.

Gravitational field
• The gravitational field is the region around the earth in which an object experiences a force
towards the centre of the earth. This force is the gravitational attraction between the object and
the earth.
• The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts on a mass of 1
kilogram.
F
g= Its unit is N kg-1.
m
F= Gravitational force
m= mass

• Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg-1

• Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s-2

40
Weight

• The gravitational force acting on the object.

• Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration W = mg
• SI unit : Newton, N and it is a vector quantity

Comparison between weight & mass

Mass Weight

The mass of an object is the amount of matter The weight of an object is the force of gravity
in the object acting on the object.

Constant everywhere Varies with the magnitude of gravitational field

strength, g of the location

A scalar quantity A vector quantity

A base quantity A derived quantity

SI unit: SI unit : Newton, N

The first step in the acquisition of wisdom is silence, the second listening,
the third memory, the fourth practice, the fifth teaching others.
41
The difference
between a fall in air At vacuum state At normal state
and a free fall in a
vacuum of a coin and
a feather. Initial
Position

Final
Position

At vacuum state At normal state

Both the coin and the There is no air resistance.
feather are released The coin and the feather will fall
simultaneously from freely.
the same height. Only gravitational force acted on
the objects.
Both will fall at the same time.
Both coin and feather will fall
because of gravitational force.
Air resistance effected by the
surface area of a fallen object.
The feather that has large area will
have more air resistance.
The coin will fall at first.

42
Two steel At vacuum state At normal state
spheres are
falling under The two sphere are The two spheres are falling down
gravity. The two falling with an with the same acceleration
spheres are acceleration. The two spheres are at the same
dropped at the The distance between level at all times. Thus, a heavy
same time from two successive images object and a light object fall with
the same height. of the sphere increases the same gravitational
showing that the two acceleration.
spheres are falling with Gravitational acceleration is
increasing velocity; independent of mass.
falling with an
acceleration.

Motion graph for free fall object

Object thrown upward and Object thrown downward and

Free fall object
fall fall
v a v a v a

t t t t t t

-10 -10 -10

43
Exercise 2.8
Question 1 Question 3
An object is falling through a vacuum. Which of A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What
the following quantities does not change? is
A. Momentum (a) its speed when it strikes the ground
B. Acceleration (b) the height of the coconut tree.
C. Velocity
Ans: a) 20 ms-1
D. Impulse
b) 20 m
Question 2
The gravitational acceleration on the moon is
about 6 times less than that on the Earth. If the
weight of a astronaut on the Earth is 720N,
what will be his mass on the Moon? (gEarth =
10ms-2)
Ans : 72 kg

44
Question 5
An astronaut jumps from a height of 10 m
above the surface of the Moon. What is the
time taken for him to reach the surface of the
Moon ?
Ans : 3.46 s
Question 6
A stone is thrown upwards with an initial
velocity of 10 ms-1. if air resistance is
negligible and gravitational field strength of the
Earth is 10 Nkg-1, calculate the time taken for
the stone to fall back to the initial position.
Ans : 2 s
45
2.9 Forces in Equilibrium
Forces in When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on it is zero.
Equilibrium The object will either be
1. at rest
2. move with constant velocity.

Newton’s 3rd Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Law

Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects)

Normal Normal Upthrust

Thrust Drag

Weight
Weight Weight

46
Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects)

Normal Daya keapungan

Berat Berat

Addition of Forces

Resultant Force
F1 Resultant force, F = F1 + F2 A single force that
F2 represents the combined
effect of two of more
forces in magnitude and
direction.
Resultant force, F = F1 - F2
F1
F2

47
Addition of Forces
Two tugboats pulling a ship
with forces, F1 and F2. What
is the resultant force acting on
F1 the ship and it’s direction?

F2

Parallelogram Method

Step 1 : Step 2 :
Using ruler and protractor, draw the two forces Complete the parallelogram
F1 and F2 from a point.

F1 F2
F1

60° 60°

F2 F2 F1

48
Step 3 :
Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The diagonal represent the resultant force, F in magnitude
and direction.
Scale: 1 cm = k

F1 F2

60° F
θ
F2 F1

Resultant Force, F = k x length of F

Direction of resultant force = θ from F2

49
Resolution of Forces

A force F can be resolved into components which are perpendicular to each other:
(a) horizontal component , FX
(b) vertical component, FY θ
Fx = F cos θ
FY Fy = F sin θ
F
θ
FX
Inclined Plane

N
Component of weight parallel to the
plane
= mg sin θ

θ Component of weight normal to the

plane
mg = mg cos θ
θ
50
Exercise 2.9.1
Find the Resultant Force
1. 5N 4. 20 N
12 N

Ans : 17 N
12 N

2. Ans : 23.32 N

3N 8N

Ans : 5 N

3.
6N
3N
12 N

Ans : 15 N

51
 Addition of forces
F1 F1

F  (F1)2  F2 2
F

F2 F2
• Two forces which perpendicular to each other combined into a single force
( Resultant force ).

Resolution of forces
FX  Fcosθ
Fy

FY  Fcos(90 - θ)
F
(90 - θ) FY  Fsin θ
θ
Fx
F  (FX )2  FY 2
• A single force split into 2 components ( 2 forces).
• The two new forces must be perpendicular to each other.
5. 7.
8N 1200 N
120°
Boat 40°

8N 800 N
Jaw : 8 N
Jaw : 1884 N

6.
2N

120°

5N
Jaw : 4.36 N

53
8. Figure shows a box with a mass of 3kg being placed on
an inclined plane.
Box The box is pushed with 50N force up along the plane
which is inclined at an angle of 30º from the ground. The
frictional force between the box and the inclined plane is
11 N.

Calculate:
30 º a) the force exerted by the box along the inclined plane
b) the resultant force along the inclined plane
c) the acceleration of the box
Ans : a) 15 N
b) 35 N
c) 8 ms-2

54
 Lift

Stationary Lift Lift accelerate upward Lift accelerate downward

*** ***
R R R
+ + a
a

W W W

Resultant Force = Resultant Force = Resultant Force =

R -W R -W W-R

Reading of weighing scale = Reading of weighing scale = Reading of weighing scale =

Σ F = ma +↑Σ F = ma +↓Σ F = ma
R – W = ma R – W = m (+a ) W – R = m (+a )
R – W = m(0) R – mg = ma mg – R = ma
R=W R = mg + ma R = mg – ma
R = mg R = m (a + g) R = m (g – a)

Accelerate → +a Decelerate → - a 55
 Free Fall Lift decelerate upward Lift decelerate downward

*** *** ***

R R R
+ + + a
a
a=g

W W W

Resultant Force = Resultant Force = Resultant Force =

W -R R -W W-R

Reading of weighing scale = Reading of weighing scale = Reading of weighing scale =

+↓ Σ F = ma +↑Σ F = ma +↓Σ F = ma
W – R = ma R – W = m (-a ) W – R = m (-a )
mg – R = m(g) R – mg = -ma mg – R = – ma
R = mg – mg R = mg – ma R = mg + ma
R=0 R = m (g – a ) R = m (g + a)

Accelerate → +a Decelerate → - a 56
Exercise 2.9.2

Lift

Balance scale

1. A boy of 45 kg standing on a balance scale in a lift. What is the reading of the balance scale if
a) the lift is stationary
Ans : a) 450 N
b) accelerates 2 ms-2 upwards
b) 540 N
c) accelerates 2 ms-2 downwards
c) 360 N
d) decelerates 2 ms-2 downwards
d) 540 N
e) the lift cable snaps
e) 0 N

57
 Pulley 58
Alternative Method
L R
+↑ Σ F = ma
R T – 30 =3a ------- (1)
*** ***
T T +↓ Σ F = ma
a a L 40 – T =4a -------- (2)
+ +
3 kg

4 kg
30N
40N *** depends on the
direction of motion
1. Find the resultant
force, F 40 N – 30 N = 10 N
2. Find the moving
4 kg + 3 kg = 7 kg
mass,m
3. Find the
F 10
acceleration,a a   1.429ms2
m 7
4. Find string +↓ Σ F = ma +↑ Σ F = ma
tension, T L 40 – T =4(1.429) T – 30 =3(1.429) R
T = 34.28 N OR T = 34.29 N
 Alternative Method
a
L T
R +↓ Σ F = ma
4 kg
R 30 – T = 3a ------- (1)
*** ***
+→ Σ F = ma
+ 2N T L T – 2 = 4a -------- (2)
a +
40N

3 kg
*** depends on
the direction of
30N motion
1. Find the resultant
force, F 30 N – 2 N = 28 N * 40N not found in the
calculation because it’s not in
2. Find the moving the direction of motion !!!
4 kg + 3 kg = 7 kg
mass,m
3. Find the F 28
acceleration,a a   4ms2
m 7

4. Find string +→ Σ F = ma +↓ Σ F = ma
tension, T T – 2 =4(4) 30 – T=3(4)
L T = 18 N OR T = 18 N R

59
2.10 Work, Energy, Power & Efficiency

Work

Work done is the product of an applied force

and the displacement of an object in the
F direction of the applied force

W = Fs
s W = work,
F = force s = displacement

The SI unit of work is the joule, J

F=1N F=1N

1m

1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m in

the direction of the force
60
No work is done when:
The object is stationary
A student carrying his bag and
standing at a place.
Power
Concept
Power
The direction of motion of
the object is perpendicular
to that of the applied force.
A waiter is carrying a tray of
food and walking
Definition
The rate at which work is
done, or the amount of
work done per second.
No force is applied on the
object in the direction of
displacement (object moves
because of its own inertia)
A satellite orbiting in space.
There is no friction in space.
No force is acting in the
direction of movement of the
satellite.
Formula & Unit
W
P=
t
P = Power,
W = Work / energy
t = Time
61
Exercise 2.10

1. A trolley is released from rest at point X
along a frictionless track. What is the
velocity of the trolley at point Y?
Ans : 5.48 ms-1
X
2. A boll is released from point A of height 0.8
m so that it can roll along a curve
frictionless track. What is the velocity of the
ball when it reaches point B?
Ans : 4 ms-1
A

2.5 m Y 0.8 m
1.0 m

Z B

62
3. A ball moves upwards along a frictionless
track of height 1.5 m with a velocity of
6 ms-1. What is its velocity at point B?
B
4. A stone is thrown upward with initial velocity
of 20 ms-1. What is the maximum height
which can be reached by the stone?
Ans : 20 m

1.5 m

6 ms-1
A

Ans : 2.45 ms-1

63
5. A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a
concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he
slides down the slope, he does work to
overcome friction of 140 J. What is his 2.5 m
velocity at the end of the slope?
Ans : 5.48 ms-1

64
Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work.
• SI unit : Joule (J)
• An object that can do work has energy
• Work is done because a force is applied and the objects move. This is accompanied by the
transfer of energy from one object to another object.
• Therefore, when work is done, energy is transferred from one object to another.
• When work done, energy transferred from one form to another.
• Total energy transferred = Work done

Potential Energy Kinetic Energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy of Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to
an object due to its higher position in the its motion.
gravitational field.

1 2
EGP = mgh m = mass EK = mv
h = height
g = gravitational acceleration
2 m = mass
v = velocity

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
The energy can be transformed from one form to another, total energy in a system is
constant.
Total energy before = Total energy after
65
2.11 Elasticity
A property of matter that enables an object Attractive
to return to its original size and shape when Repulsive force Repulsive
the force that was acting on it is removed. force force

• Two types of forces that exist between the atoms of the solid is the force of attraction and
repulsion.
• In normal circumstances, these two forces are balanced because the distance of separation
between the atoms are fixed.
• So solid has a fixed shape and a hard surface.
A wire stretched by an external force A wire compressed by an external force

Attractive Attractive
Repulsive force Repulsive Repulsive force Repulsive
force force force force

• Atoms of the wire slightly away from each
other and attractive force grow by more
than repulsive forces between the atoms.
• This increased attractive force the will
attract the atoms to restore the original
shape when the force applied to the wire
removed.
• Atoms become closer and repulsive force
increases until it exceeds the attractive
force between the atoms.
• This increased repulsive force will push the
atoms to restore the original shape when
the force applied to the wire removed.
66
Examples of situations / applications involving elasticity

Shock
Mattress absorbers

Catapult

Trampoline Archery

Ruler Hooke Law

The extension of a spring is directly F
proportional to the applied force
Spring
provided the elastic limit is not
Indicator exceeded.

Slotted x
mass 0
F = kx F= force on the spring
x = extension
k = force constant of the spring
Retort stand
67
 Elastic limit
F x
Elastic limit Elastic limit
x F
0 0
• The maximum force that can be applied to a spring
such that the spring will be able to be restored to its
original length when the force is removed.
• If a force stretches a spring beyond its elastic limit,
the spring cannot return to its original length even
though the force no longer acts on it.
• The Hooke’s law is not obeyed anymore.
• Elastic limit can be determined based on point on the
graph where the straight line end and start to curve.
Force constant of the spring, k
F Stiff spring
Soft spring
x
0
• Force constant of the spring, k
defined as the force required to
produce one unit of extension of the
spring.
k= F/x
• unit : N m-1 @ N cm-1 @ N mm-1
• The spring with a larger force
constant is harder to extend and is
said to be more stiff.
• A spring with a smaller force
constant is easier to extend and is
said to be less stiff or softer.
68
Force, F against Extension,x graph

F
Force constant of the = Gradient of the graph F-x
spring, k
F
F
=
x x x
0

F
work done to extent/ Elastic potential
=
compress the spring energy, Ee

= Area under the graph

x F against x
0
1
= Fx
2
1
= kx 2
2

69
 L↑
L↓ d↓ d↑
Elasticity ↑ Elasticity ↓
Elasticity ↓ Elasticity ↑
k↓ k↑
k↑ k↓

Length Diameter of spring wire

Factors that effect
elasticity

Type of material k = spring constant Diameter spring

k↑
Elasticity changes according to stiffness ↑
the type of material. elasticity↓
F D↓ D↑
Elasticity ↓ Elasticity ↑
k↑ k↓

x
0
kSteel > kCopper > kAl 70
 Series Susunan spring Parallel

The same load is applied to each spring. The load is shared equally among the
springs.
Tension in each spring = W Tension in each spring = W /2
Extension of each spring = x Extension of each spring = x
Total extension = 2x Extension of each spring = x / 2
If n springs are used:
Tension in each spring = W Tension in each spring = W /n
Total extension = nx Total extension = x / n

x
x x x
Force 2
W constant = k W W
Force constant = k Force constant = 2k
x
W
k
Force constant =
2 71
 Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (i)

Longer spring Flexible

Bigger diameter of coil Replace frequently

Weak spring
Made from copper system Breaks easily

Made from thin wire High maintenance

Arranged in series Spring easily extend

72
 Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (ii)

shorter spring Not flexible

Smaller diameter of coil Seldom replace

Strong spring
Made from steel Does not breaks easily
system

Made from thick wire Low maintenance

Arranged in parallel Spring does not easily extend

73
Exercise 2.11
1. The original length of each spring is 10 cm. With a load of 10 g, it’s length becomes 12cm.
What is the new length of the spring when it is loaded with 30 g ?
Ans : 16 cm

2. A spring is stretched from a length of 15cm to 21cm by a force of 50N . What is the elastic
potential energy of the spring?
Ans : 1.5 J

74
3. The original length of each spring is 10
cm. With a load of 10 g, the extension (a) (b) (c)
of each spring is 2 cm. What is the
length of the spring system for (a), (b)
and (c)

50 g

20 g
40 g

Ans :
a) 28 cm b) 15 cm c) 32 cm

75
4. As a researcher, you are assigned to investigate the characteristics of five springs, namely
A, B, C, D and E that could be used in children’s mattresses. Based on the information
given in the table below,

Elastic Rate of
Spring Density/kg m-3 Cost
constant rusting
A 200 7 800 Average Low
B 600 2 200 High Average
C 1 000 5 100 Low High
D 1 500 3 000 Low Low
E 5 000 10 500 Low High
(i) explain the suitable characteristics of the spring so that it can be used in children’s
mattresses.
[8 marks]
(ii) decide which spring is the most suitable to be used for your research and give
reasons for your choice.
[2 marks]

Dear students,
You are advised to answer essay type questions ( in Section B and C ) in table
format.

76
Answer :
Characteristic Explanation

Elastic constant should be small soft

compress more

Density should be small light

Rate of rusting should be low long lasting

Cost should be low more economical

Spring D is most suitable because its elastic constant is small enough, its
density is quite low, its rate of rusting is low and
its cost is low.

77