List of amendments of the Constitution of

India
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As of May 2013, there have been 98 amendments to the Constitution of India since it was
first enacted in 1950.[1][2] There are two types of amendments to the constitution which are
governed by article 368. The first type includes amendments that can be effected by
Parliament by a prescribed ‘special majority’; and the second type of amendments includes
those that require, in addition to such "special majority", ratification by at least one half of the
State Legislatures. The second type amendments made to the constitution are amendments #
3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51,
54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84 and 88.[3]

Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
1 Amend articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 18 June To fully secure the constitutional validity of
174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 1951 zamindari abolition laws and to place
376. reasonable restriction on freedom of speech.
Insert articles 31A and 31B. A new constitutional device, called Schedule

No. Amendments
Insert schedule 9.[4]
2 Amend article 81(1)(b).[5]
3 Amend schedule 7.[6]
Amend articles 31, 35 band
4 305.
Amend schedule 9.[7]
5 Amend article 3.[8]
Amend articles 269 and 286.
6 September
Amend schedule 7.[9]
Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81,
82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170,
171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224,
230, 231 and 232.
Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298,
7 November abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and
350A, 350B, 371, 372A and
378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and 7.
[10]
8 Amend article 334.[11]
Enforced
Objectives
since
9 introduced to protect laws that are contrary
to the Constitutionally guaranteed
fundamental rights. These laws encroach
upon property rights, freedom of speech and
equality before law
Removed the upper population limit for a
1 May
parliamentary constituency by amending
1953
Article 81(1)(b).
Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List
in the Seventh Schedule with relation to
include trade and commerce in, and the
production, supply and distribution of 4
22
classes of essential commodities, viz.,
February
foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and
1955
oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and
other concentrates; raw cotton whether
ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and
raw jute.
Restrictions on property rights and inclusion
27 April
of related bills in Schedule 9 of the
1955
constitution
Empowered the President to prescribe a time
limit for a State Legislature to convey its
views on proposed Central laws relating to
the formation of new States and alteration of
24
areas, boundaries or names of existing
December
States. Also permitted the President to
1955
extend the prescribed limit, and prohibited
any such bill from being introduced in
Parliament until after the expiry of the
prescribed or extended period.
11
Amend the Union and State Lists with
respect to raising of taxes
1956
1 Reorganization of states on linguistic lines,
1956 introduction of Union Territories
5 January Extended the period of reservation of seats
1960 for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha
 Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
and the State Legislative Assemblies till
1970
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian
28
Union consequent to agreement with
9 Amend schedule 1.[12] December
Pakistan for settlement of disputes by
1960
demarcation of border villages, etc.
Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as
Amend article 240. 11 August
10 a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition
Amend schedule 1.[13] 1961
from Portugal
Election of Vice President by Electoral
College consisting of members of both
Houses of Parliament, instead of election by
19
a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the
11 Amend articles 66 and 71.[14] December
President and Vice President Election
1961
procedure from challenge on grounds of
existence of any vacancies in the electoral
college
20 Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a
Amend article 240.
12 December Union Territory, consequent to acquisition
Amend schedule 1.[15]
1961 from Portugal
1
Amend article 170. Formation of State of Nagaland, with special
13 December
Insert new article 371A.[16] protection under Article 371A
1963
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union
Amend articles 81 and 240. 28
of India and creation of Legislative
14 Insert article 239A. December
Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura,
Amend schedules 1 and 4.[17] 1962
Manipur and Goa
Amend articles 124, 128, 217,
Raise retirement age of High court judges
222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and
5 October from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments
15 316.
1963 for rationalizing interpretation of rules
Insert article 224A.
regarding judges etc.
Amend schedule 7.[18]
Make it obligatory for seekers of public
Amend articles 19, 84 and 173. 5 October office to swear their allegiance to the Indian
16
Amend schedule 3.[19] 1963 Republic and prescribe the various obligtory
templates
To secure the constitutional validity of
Amend article 31A. 20 June acquisition of Estates and place land
17
Amend schedule 9.[20] 1964 acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the
constitution
Technical Amendment to include Union
27 August
18 Amend article 3.[21] Territories in Article 3 and hence permit
1966
reorganisation of Union Territories
11
[22] Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial
19 Amend article 324. December
of election petitions by regular High Courts
1966
20 Insert article 233A.[23] 22 Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees,
 Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
orders and sentences passed by judges and to
validate the appointment, posting, promotion
and transfer of judges barring a few who
December were not eligible for appointment under
1966 article 233. Amendment needed to overcome
the effect of judgement invalidating
appointments of certain judges in the state of
Uttar Pradesh
10 April
21 Amend schedule 8.[24] Include Sindhi as an Official Language
1967
Amend article 275. 25
Provision to form Autonomous states within
22 Insert articles 244A and 371B. September
[25] the State of Assam
1969
Discontinued reservation of seats for the
Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the
Lok Sabha and the State Legislative
Assembly and stipulated that not more than
Amend articles 330, 332, 333 23 January one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the
23
and 334.[26] 1970 Governor to any State Legislative Assembly.
Extend reservation for SC/ST and Anglo
Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State
Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to
1980.
5 Enable parliament to dilute fundamental
24 Amend articles 13 and 368.[27] November rights through amendments to the
1971 constitution
Amend article 31. 20 April Restrict property rights and compensation in
25 [28]
Insert article 31C. 1972 case the state takes over private property
Amend article 366. 28 Abolition of privy purse paid to former
26 Insert article 363A. December rulers of princely states which were
Remove articles 291 and 362.[29] 1971 incorporated into the Indian Republic
Amend articles 239A and 240. 15 Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union
27 Insert articles 239B and 371C. February Territory with a legislature and council of
[30]
1972 ministers
Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it
Insert article 312A. 29 August
28 uniform across those appointed prior to
Remove article 314.[31] 1972
Independence and post independence
Place land reform acts and amendments to
9 June
29 Amend schedule 9.[32] these act under Schedule 9 of the
1972
constitution
Change the basis for appeals in Supreme
27
Court of India in case of Civil Suits from
30 Amend article 133.[33] February
value criteria to one involving substantial
1973
question of law
31 Amend articles 81, 330 and 17 October Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545
332.[34] 1973 seats. Increased seats going to the new states
formed in North East India and minor

No. Amendments
Amend article 371.
32 Insert articles 371D and 371E. 1 July 1974 and Andhra regions of State of Andhra
Amend schedule 7.[35]
33 Amend articles 101 and 190.[36]
34 Amend schedule 9.[37]
Amend articles 80 and 81.
35 Insert article 2A.
Insert schedule 10.[38]
Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 371F.
36 Remove article 2A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[39]
Amend articles 239A and 240. 3 May
37 [40]
Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 1 August Enhances the powers of President and
38
352, 356, 359 and 360.[41]
Amend articles 71 and 329.
39 Insert article 329A.
Amend schedule 9.[42]
Amend article 297.
40
Amend schedule 9.[43]
41 Amend article 316.[44]
42 Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 1 April
74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102,
103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166,
170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194,
208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228,
311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356,
357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and
Enforced
Objectives
since
adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation
exercise
Protection of regional rights in Telengana
Pradesh
Prescribes procedure for resignation by
19 May members of parliament and state legislatures
1974 and the procedure for verification and
acceptance of resignation by house speaker
7 Place land reform acts and amendments to
September these act under Schedule 9 of the
1974 constitution
1 March Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation
1975 of Sikkim into the Union of India
26 April Formation of Sikkim as a State within the
1975 Indian Union
Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative
1975 assembly
1975 Governors to pass ordinances
Amendment designed to negate the
judgement of Allahabad High Court
10 August invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's
1975 election to parliament. Amendment placed
restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of
Prime Minister
Enable Parliament to make laws with respect
to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the
27 May mineral wealth with Union of India
1976 Place land reform & other acts and
amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of
the constitution
Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen
7
and Members of Joint Public Service
September
Commissions and State Public Service
1976
Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
Amendment passed during internal
1977 emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for
curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes
fundamental duties and changes to the basic
structure of the constitution by making India
a "Socialist Secular" Republic

No. Amendments
371F.
Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A,
43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A,
226A, 228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[45]
Amend articles 145, 226, 228
and 366.
13 April
43 Remove articles 31D, 32A,
1978
131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.
[46]
Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A,
31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103,
105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A,
150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213,
217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329,
352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and
44
371F.
Insert articles 134A and 361A.
Remove articles 31, 257A and
329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[47]
45 Amend article 334.[48]
Amend articles 269, 286 and
46 366.
Amend schedule 7.[49]
47 Amend schedule 9.[50]
48 Amend article 356.[51]
Amend article 244.
49
Amend schedules 5 and 6.[52]
[53]
50 Amend article 33.
51 Amend articles 330 and 332.[54]
52 Amend articles 101, 102, 190
Enforced
Objectives
since
Amendment passed after revocation of
internal emergency in the Country. Repeals
some of the more 'Anti-Freedom'
amendments enacted through Amendment
Bill 42
Amendment passed after revocation of
internal emergency in the Country. Provides
6
for human rights safeguards and mechanisms
September
to prevent abuse of executive and legislative
1978
authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted
in Amendment Bill 42
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
25 January nomination of Anglo Indian members in
1980 Parliament and State Assemblies for another
ten years i.e. up to 1990
Amendment to negate judicial
2 February
pronouncements on scope and applicability
1983
on Sales Tax
Place land reform acts and amendments to
26 August
these act under Schedule 9 of the
1984
constitution
1 April Article 356 amended to permit President's
1985 rule up to two years in the state of Punjab
11 Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and
September enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas
1984 Autonomous District Council
Technical Amendment to curtailment of
11 Fundamental Rights as per Part III as
September prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security
1984 Personnel protecting property and
communication infrastructure
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
16 June
Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
1986
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
1 March Anti Defection Law - Provide
 Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
disqualification of members from parliament
and 191.
1985 and assembly in case of defection from one
Insert schedule 10.[55]
party to other
20
Special provision with respect to the State of
53 Insert article 371G.[56] February
Mizoram.
1987
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India
Amend articles 125 and 221. 1 April & other Judges and to provide for
54
Amend schedule 2.[57] 1986 determining future increases without the
need for constitutional amendment
20
[58] Special powers to Governor consequent to
55 Insert article 371H. February
formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh
1987
30 May Transition provision to enable formation of
56 Insert article 371I.[59]
1987 state of Goa
21 Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
57 Amend article 332.[60] September Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
1987 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
Provision to publish authentic Hindi
9
Insert article 394A. translation of constitution as on date and
58 December
Amend part 22.[61] provision to publish authentic Hindi
1987
translation of future amendments
Article 356 amended to permit President's
rule up to three years in the state of Punjab,
Amend article 356. 30 March Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to
59
Insert article 359A.[62] 1988 permit imposing emergency in state of
Punjab or in specific districts of the state of
Punjab
20
Profession Tax increased from a minimum of
60 Amend article 276.[63] December
Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-
1988
28 March
61 Amend article 326.[64] Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18
1989
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
20
nomination of Anglo Indian members in
62 Amend article 334.[65] December
Parliament and State Assemblies for another
1989
ten years i.e. up to 2000
Emergency powers applicable to State of
Amend article 356. 6 January
63 Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per
Remove article 359A.[66] 1990
amendment 59 repealed
Article 356 amended to permit President's
16 April
64 Amend article 356.[67] rule up to three years and six months in the
1990
state of Punjab
65 Amend article 338.[68] 12 March National Commission for Scheduled Castes
1990 and Scheduled Tribes formed and its
statutory powers specified in The
 Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
Constitution.
Place land reform acts and amendments to
7 June
66 Amend schedule 9.[69] these act under Schedule 9 of the
1990
constitution
4 October Article 356 amended to permit President's
67 Amend article 356.[70]
1990 rule up to four years in the state of Punjab
12 March Article 356 amended to permit President's
68 Amend article 356.[71]
1991 rule up to five years in the state of Punjab
To provide for a legislative assembly and
Insert articles 239AA and 1 February council of ministers for Federal National
69
239AB.[72] 1992 Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a
Union Territory
21 Include National Capital of Delhi and Union
Amend articles 54 and 239AA.
70 [73] December Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college
1991 for Presidential Election
31 August Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as
71 Amend schedule 8.[74]
1992 Official Languages
5
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
72 Amend article 332.[75] December
Tripura State Legislative Assembly
1992
24 April Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as
73 Insert part 9.[76]
1993 third level of administration in villages
Statutory provisions for Local
1 June Administrative bodies as third level of
74 Insert part 9A.[77]
1993 administration in urban areas such as towns
and cities
15 May Provisions for setting up Rent Control
75 Amend article 323B.[78]
1994 Tribunals
Enable continuance of 69% reservation in
31 August Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil
76 Amend schedule 9.[79]
1994 Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the
constitution
A technical amendment to protect
17 June
77 Amend article 16.[80] reservation to SC/ST Employees in
1995
promotions
Place land reform acts and amendments to
30 August
78 Amend schedule 9.[81] these act under Schedule 9 of the
1995
constitution
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
25 January nomination of Anglo Indian members in
79 Amend article 334.[82]
2000 Parliament and State Assemblies for another
ten years i.e. up to 2010
Implement Tenth Finance Commission
Amend articles 269 and 270. 9 June recommendation to simplify the tax
80
Remove article 272.[83] 2000 structures by pooling and sharing all taxes
between states and The Centre
 Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
9 June Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog
81 Amend article 16.[84]
2000 of vacancies
8 Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and
[85]
82 Amend article 335. September other criteria in reservation in promotion for
2000 SC / ST candidates
8 Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation
83 Amend article 243M.[86] September for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj
2000 institutions
21 Extend the usage of 1971 national census
Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170,
84 February population figures for statewise distribution
330 and 332.[87]
2002 of parliamentary seats
A technical amendment to protect
[88] 4 January
85 Amend article 16. Consequential seniority in case of
2002
promotions of SC/ST Employees
12 Provides Right to Education until the age of
Amend articles 45 and 51A.
86 December fourteen and Early childhood care until the
Insert article 21A.[89]
2002 age of six
Extend the usage of 2001 national census
Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 22 June
87 population figures for statewise distribution
330.[90] 2003
of parliamentary seats
Amend article 270.
15 January To extend statutory cover for levy and
88 Insert article 268A.
2004 utilization of Service Tax
Amend schedule 7.[91]
The National Commission for Scheduled
28 Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated
Amend article 338.
89 September into The National Commission for
Insert article 338A.[92]
2003 Scheduled Castes and The National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes
28
Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to
90 Amend article 332.[93] September
Bodoland Territory Area
2003
Amend articles 75 and 164. Restrict the size of council of ministers to
1 January
91 Insert article 361B. 15% of legislative members & to strengthen
2004
Amend schedule 10.[94] Anti Defection laws
7 January Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as
92 Amend schedule 8.[95]
2004 official languages
To enable provision of reservation(27%) for
20 January other backward classes (O.B.C.) in
93 Amend article 15.[96]
2006 government as well as private educational
institutions
To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare
12 June
94 Amend article 164.[97] in newly created Jharkand and Chhattisgarh
2006
States including Madhyapradesh, Orissa.
To extend the reservation of seats for SCs
[98] 25 January
95 Amend article 334. and STs in the Lok Sabha and states
2010
assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years
 Enforced
No. Amendments Objectives
since
23
96 Amend schedule 8.[99] September Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
2011
Added the words "or co-operative societies"
after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c)
and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion
of Co-operative Societies and added Part-
IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies.
Amend Art 19 and added Part 12 January The amendment objective is to encourage
97
IXB.[100] 2012 economic activities of cooperatives which in
turn help progress of rural India. It is
expected to not only ensure autonomous and
democratic functioning of cooperatives, but
also the accountability of the management to
the members and other stakeholders.[101]
To empower the Governor of Karnataka to
To insert Article 371J in the 2 January
98 take steps to develop the Hyderabad-
Constitution[2] 2013
Karnataka Region.[2]

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 Amendments of the Constitution of India

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