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Abstract—Wireless optical communication is one of the convert electrical energy to light energy. VLC targets to
most upcoming areas in field of communication. It is bring about communication by the use of present/existing
classified into two types-outdoor and indoor wireless LED fixtures. The present application concentration of
communication. Indoor wireless communication is LEDs is very high; it is used almost everywhere- indicator
called as visible light communication and tries to lamps, most alphanumeric displays, cameras, remote
combine illumination with communication. The paper controls, indoor lighting, inside airplane as sign and help
provides a detailed survey about the evolution of indicators, billboards and automobiles brake lights to
visible light communication technology and open name a few. The exhaustive application list of LED is
research challenges faced while implementing visible because of the following advantages-they are extremely
light communication. energy efficient as they consume less power and generate
less heat [4], reduce energy consumption by 80% [5],
Keywords—Color Shift keying, On-off Keying, OFDM, have longer service life [6]-[7], they are mercury free [8]
Optical Wireless Communication, Pulse Width and have the ability to work under varied environmental
Modulation, Visible Light Communication conditions. According to the recent survey in 2015, the
average luminous efficacy of best in class LED is as high
I.INTRODUCTION as 113 lumens/watt and is projected to be around 200
lumens/watt [9] by the year 2020. The paper aims to
One of the most recent advancements in wireless provide good survey of the potential research challenges
communication is the Optical Wireless Communication that are faced by the researchers while implementing
(OWC)-it transmits information with help of light pulses VLC. Section-II focuses on the evolution of VLC
and consists of three sub-bands-Infrared band that operate standards since its inspection to the present achieved data
at the near IR frequencies of 750-1600nm, Visible Light rates using various LEDs. The section also states the
band that operate at 390-750nm and Ultraviolet band that advantages of using VLC and its set of applications areas.
operate in the 200-280nm band [1]-[3]. Communication Section-III provides the overview of VLC system and its
within the visible light band is called as Visible Light open research challenges for SISO and MIMO systems at
Communication (VLC) and is feasible due to Light the transmitter, channel and receiver side. Section-IV
Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Today‘s world is experiencing a provides research challenges at the transmitter side and
revolution in the area of energy efficient lightening. The Section V focusses on the recent progress in the hybrid
world is now moving toward realizing an idea that will VLC system implementations
provide us with both illumination and communication.
The concept comes with the following set of advantages- II.EVOLUTION OF VLC TECHNOLOGY, ITS
freedom from wired mesh, easy to implement where STANDARDIZATION ACHIEVED DATA RATES
wiring is difficult, allows the flexibility to get data at any
place where illumination is happening, and also allow to According to Dilukshan karunatilaka et al [10], the use of
expand the number of users in a network. All these are white LED for illumination and communication was
possible with the advancement of solid state lighting initiated by Tanaka et al in early 2000s in Japan at Keio
through Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). LEDs are University. Table-I lists the history of evolution of VLC
semiconductor devices that emit either infrared or visible
light when biased with forward current i.e. they help
Literature study shows that the data rates have constantly Hyunchae Chun et al [22] employing white light
improved over a period of time. An exhaustive survey of emitted by blue GaN µ-LEDs and a yellow
the achieved data rates for a specified distance and fluorescent c polymer.
modulation has been done by Dilukshan karunatilaka et al 3. The next type of LED that is hugely used is the
[10]. The highest data rate reported by them is of 3.22 multichip LED. Multichip LED uses more than one
Gbps achieved by using Red Green Blue (RGB) LEDs LED chips (typically three-Red, Blue, Green) to emit
over a distance of 0.25m. Beyond that a maximum white light. Shinichiro Miyazaki et al [23] used
information rate of 4.5 Gbps [18] is achieved by CDMA with RGB multichip LED for improved data
Wavelength Division Multiplexed System using RGB- rates. Aiying Yang et al [24] used grouped
LED using Carrier-less Amplitude and Phase modulation modulation schemes using multichip (three) LED to
(CAP) and RLS based adaptive equalization techniques achieve data rates up-to 50Mbps with OOK
for1.5-m indoor free space transmission. An overall data modulation within a transmission length of 1.0m.
rate of 4.5 Gbps [19] is successfully demonstrated over 2- 4. Resonant Cavity LEDs (RC-LEDs) are the ones that
m indoor transmission employing Wavelength Division uses the property of photon quantization within the
Multiplexed (WDM) CAP-64 VLC system using Volterra planar micro cavities to enhance the spontaneous
nonlinear equalizer for first time. With the ongoing emission properties like directionality and intensity
research in the field of VLC, its future prospects look distribution. Developing high brightness RC-LEDs
bright, only if we can fully overcome some of the major benefit Visible Light Communication. Recently Chia-
research challenges. The data rates presently achieved Lung Tsai and Zhong-Fan Xu [25] have demonstrated
using different LEDs are- data rates of up-to 100 Mbps over a distance of 100
cm using InGaN-based resonant-cavity LEDs making
1. Organic LED (OLED)-Paul H, Zahib Ghassemlooy them suitable potential candidates for VLC.
and Sujan Rajbhandari [20] use equalization schemes
to achieve a bit rate of 750 kb/s from a bandwidth of Since LEDs are already used in many applications, it
30 KHz and 550 kb/s from a bandwidth of 93 KHz. makes sense that they be used to serve the dual purpose of
The luminous efficacy of OLEDs is around 45 1m/W. providing communication with illumination. The potential
Paul Anthony Haigh et al [21] recorded a high data advantages VLC when compared to Radio Frequency
rate of 1.4Mbps using 32 level quadrature amplitude (RF) communication [11]-[12]- Huge license free
modulation by OLED spectrum, Huge bandwidth in the range of terahertz that
2. Micro LEDs (µ-LEDs): They are mostly AlGaN can support high speed applications, safe for eyes and
based and have the potential to be used in high high scalability and re-configurability. The application of
density parallel communication. Data rates up-to 1.68 VLC can be broadly categorised into indoor and outdoor
Gbps at a distance of 3cm have been demonstrated by based applications. VLC can be used to provide data via
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reading lamps (white LEDs) provided in the airplanes to data rate applications. The ―rolling shutter‖ [13], [17]
the PDA or mobile phones, creating mobile hotspots for which works on the principle of row or column scanning
stationary and quasi-stationary mobile users (mobiles of the matrix of camera sensor is used to receive data.
have to be Li-Fi enabled) to provide data access via LED Once all the column are scanned, they are converted to
fixtures. It can also be safely used in hospitals as it does binary data. The different types of positioning
not radiate electromagnetic radiations and induce strong configuration for transmitter and receiver are Direct Line
electric field intensity. Outdoor VLC can be used to of Sight, Non directed Line of Sight, Diffuse Line of Sight
provide vehicle to vehicle communication, traffic signal to and Quasi- Diffuse Line of Sight. Directed line of sight
vehicle communication, underwater communication and offers the advantage of high power efficiency by using
distributed type of communication. At this point it narrow beam efficiency and does not suffer from
becomes clear that VLC has both the required advantages multipath propagation but are susceptible to blocking and
and potential applications where it can be integrated. are more suitable for point to point than point to
multipoint configurations. A. M. Khalid et al [27] in their
III.THE VLC SYSTEM AND ITS RESEARCH paper titled, ―1-Gb/s transmission over a phosphorescent
CHALLENGES white LED by using rate-adaptive Discrete Multitone
modulation‖ have demonstrated data rates of 1Gpbs over
The VLC system can be broadly classified into the a range of 10 to 50 cm using white LED and Discrete
transmitter unit, channel and receiver unit. The transmitter Multi-Tone (DMT) signal. The next type of positioning
unit consists of a drive circuit and an LED or Laser Diode. system is Non-directed Line of Sight which uses wide
Now a days the VLC transmitter is an LED luminaire. The beam transmitters and receivers with wide Field of View
input to the drive circuit are the information bits-typically (FOV). This provides the advantage of increased coverage
in the form of electrical signal. These information signal area and is suitable for applications that provides data
are modulated and serve as the forward modulated input connectivity to range of portable devices within the
current to the LED/LD. The power or the intensity coverage area (point to multipoint based applications).
(emitted intensity of LED is projected as optical power Visible light is absorbed by dark objects and reflected by
emitted per unit solid angle) is directly modulated by light. This property is exploited in Diffuse LOS type of
varying the drive current. The emitted power is defined by configuration where reflections are relied upon to provide
the equation (1) data. Diffuse transmitters points vertically upwards
emitting wide beam and the reciver has a wide FOV. It is
(1) one of the most convenient ype of positioning system but
suffers from severe multipath propagation and Inter
Symbol Interference (ISI). The next type of configuration
Where Ep(eV) is the energy of each photon in electron
is the Quassi Diffuse link and is a type of tracked system
volts, is the internal quantum efficiency and I(mA) is which offers high power efficiency and increased
the forward current. The LED modulates the input data in coverage.
form of electrical current to optical pulses of power P
(mW). The light travels through the channel and is passed Research challenges in VLC can be broadly classified as
through an optical lens before being focussed onto a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) or Single Input-
photo-detector or imaging sensor. Single Output (SISO) system based. . When MIMO
systems are used, it becomes important to monitor and
The data is delivered to the LED fixtures using Power control medium access, device association/disassociation
Line Communication (PLC) [26]. In such systems a timings and device mobility issues. Hence Medium
bridge rectifier regulates the current supply to LED. Since Access Control (MAC) layer issues come into picture.
the data rate of PLC backhaul system is less than the VLC IEEE 802.15.8 [28] proposes three types of link layer
link capacity, new standards such as HomePlugAV2 or topologies viz. Peer-to-peer, Broadcast and Star. This part
Power over Ethernet (PoE) that provides data rates in of the paper focuses on the physical layer research
Gbps are implemented. The VLC receiver are of two challenges.
types-the photodiodes used for high data rate applications
and imaging sensor (available in mobile devices) for low
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2017 SECOND IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON E LECTRICAL , COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION T ECHNOLOGIES
IV.OPEN RESEARCH CHALLENGES unipolar signal), the data cannot be encoded into the phase
or amplitude of the signal. Hence phase or amplitude
Modulation techniques like Color Shift Keying (CSK) modulation techniques cannot be applied here.
designed specifically for VLC and Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) techniques are gaining lot On-Off Keying (OOK) - Unipolar Non-return to Zero is
of importance for high speed data communication. Design the simplest Intensity Modulated-Direct Detection
of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems using (IM/DD) modulation technique to achieve data rates
imaging and non-imaging sensors [30] using VLC MIMO beyond 100Mbps. Here, ‗0‘ is treated as absence of pulse
techniques like Spatial Multiplexing [31]-[32], Spatial and ‗1‘ is treated as presence of light pulse. Hence LED
Modulation [33]-[35] has gained lot of attention from needs to switch between high (on position) and low (off
researchers. Another area of interest for MIMO systems is position). This can create long runs of ‗0‘ and ‗1‘. Three
Optical beam-forming [36] that helps to direct multiple main problems are present in OOK- Flicker issues,
transmitter signals of MIMO systems in a specified Dimming control and Inter symbol interference. Flicker
direction of the receiver and transmitter signal separation. refers to the fluctuations in the light intensity or brightness
Performing optical beam-forming while adhering to the level of light. Flickering effects reduces the rate at which
illumination standards set by IEEE 802.15.7 is an light intensity changes. Since flickering is harmful for
important area of research for VLC. Research is also humans, its effect is overcome by Run Length Limited
moving in the direction of creating and designing resource (RLL) line coding schemes like Manchester, 4B6B,
allocation schemes that are power efficient and reduces 8B10B [37]. RLL provides DC balance for random data
Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter-Channel input thus providing equal number of 0s and 1s. For FEC,
Interference (ICI) for hybrid CDMA and OFDM. The Reed Solomon (RS), Convolution Codes (CC) are used
following section highlights in particular the challenges Flickering can be avoided if the changes in the brightness
while implementing various modulation techniques to falls within a Maximum Flickering Time period (MFTP)
control the dimming and flicker issues at the transmitter. of 200 Hz (MFTP < 5ms) [38]. Thus mitigating the
IEEE 802.15.7 has specified a three Physical layers ‗Flickering issues‘ is one of the important research
(PHY-I, PHY-II and PHY-III) and a total of 30 challenges in VLC. Study shows that pre and post
modulation and coding schemes. The most commonly equalizations techniques are used to mitigate the effects of
used coding schemes for each PHY mode are the Run ‗Flickering. The table below lists the recent progress in
Length Limited (RLL) line coding schemes and channel implementing OOK modulating schemes that address
coding schemes for Forward Error Correction (FEC). flicker issues. OOK suffers from delay spread that
PHY-I [17] establishes data rate in the range of 11.67 to produces Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in a multipath
266.6 kb/s employing Forward Error Correction (FEC) by environment reducing data rates in the range of 10 Mbps
using Reed Solomon (RS) and Convolution Codes (CC). [42]. The data rates achieved using OOK-NRZ by Honglei
PHY-II can achieve data rates from 1.25 Mbps up-to 96 Li et al. is 340 Mb/s using post equalization circuits using
Mbps and uses RS codes for FEC while PHY-III can passive and active equalizers [43] resulting in BER below
achieve data rates in the range of 12Mbps to 96 Mbps. 2 × 10−3 limit.
The achievable data rates by any of the above PHY layer TABLE III. ACHIEVED DATA RATES USING OOK
depends on the choice of modulation scheme, RLL code MODULATION
and optical clock rate. More information about the PHY Modulation Achieved
Comment Ref
operating modes can be found in [22]-[37]. LED emits Type Data Rate
incoherent light, and hence the user data is modulated into OOK-NRZ 340 Mb/s at
The experiment uses
with white 43 cm with
the instantaneous optical power of LED. This is known as LED bit-error-
phosphoresces white
[39]
Intensity Modulation (IM). Also since the information is LED with post
and PIN ratio of 2 ×
carried with light intensity [35] (it‘s a real valued, equalization circuit
photo- 10−3
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2017 SECOND IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON E LECTRICAL , COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION T ECHNOLOGIES
detector signal using the intensity of three colors in LED and relies
The data rate is achieved on color space chromaticity diagram as defined by CIE
using simple DPPM 1931 [47]. IEEE 802.15.7 divides the color spectrum into
OOK with
127.5 kbps techniques and by [40] seven functional bands in order to provide support for
OLED
exploiting the frequency multiple LED color choice for communication. The
response of OLED,
anatomy of the CIE chromaticity can be understood from
OOK-NRZ 500Mb/s at Post equalization
with RGB a BER of techniques have been [41] the diagram as illustrated in Fig. 1. The CSK modulation
LED 10-3 used is performed using three main steps- a. determine the
NOTE: Most of the commercial LEDs used for VLC RGB constellation diagram based on the centre
have limited modulation bandwidth of 3~5MHz. To wavelength of the emitted light b. mapping the data bits to
increase the data rate the modulation bandwidth of LEDs chromaticity and c. determine the transmitted intensities.
needs to be improved through the techniques of pre and CSK has the advantage of providing a constant total
post equalizations. This it-self is again an area of research power from all CSK modulated light sources, although
challenge. each light source in a multiple LED unit have different
instantaneous output power [35]. This diminishes the
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM): PWM is employed on a flicker issues associated with CSK modulation.
periodic train of square pulses and is a technique that has
been proposed for dimming control for indoor VLC
systems. In PWM the widths of the pulses (the time
parameter on x-axis) are changed based on the required
amount of dimming while the presence of pulses (the
amplitude on y-axis) carry the modulated signal in the
form of a square wave. Hence brightness of LED is
controlled by adjusting the duty cycle of the pulses. The
period of waveform signal p(t) is equal to TPWM, and for
0≤t≤ TPWM, p(t) is given by [44]- Authors have shown
that any dimming level from 0% to 100% can be obtained
with high PWM frequency. The advantage of PWM
includes- No color shift as it is capable of achieving the
dimming control level without changing the intensity
levels of light pulses. The limitation though is the low
data rate. Research is going on to combine PWM with
Discrete Multitone by using QAM on DMT subcarriers.
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2017 SECOND IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON E LECTRICAL , COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION T ECHNOLOGIES
the need for complex equalizers for RF based 11. Novel multiple access techniques for VLC uplink and
communications [10], [17], [27], [52]. Data rates in the downlink
range of 3Gbps have been demonstrated using single 12. VLC-PIC integration for broadband communication
LED-OFDM combination [53]. Conventional RF signals 13. Implementation of spatial modulation and spatial shift
are both complex and bipolar in nature. In VLC the signal keying
has to be real and unipolar. Number of schemes in VLC
are proposed in order to provide a real and unipolar signal V.THE HYBRID VLC SYSTEM RECENT
like U-OFDM [54], Flip-OFDM [55], spectrally ADVANCEMENTS
factorized pptical OFDM [56]. The most common among
all is the use of Hermitian symmetry to convert the Sihua Shao [58] et el in their paper titled, ―Design of a
complex bipolar signal to real bipolar signal at the visible-light-communication enhanced Wi-Fi system‖,
expense of doubling the required bandwidth [13]. The real proposed and implemented hybrid Wi-Fi VLC system.
bipolar signal are converted to unipolar signal using DC The implementation used VLC channel for the downlink
biasing (DCO-OFDM systems). These systems introduce and Wi-Fi for the uplink. The implemented system
the problem of high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). enabled internet access without any reconfiguration at the
Vast amount of research is devoted in the study of various server side. The authors were able to demonstrate a data
techniques to overcome the PAPR problem (caused due to rate of up-to 54.5 Mbps by varying distance between 2 to
non-linearity of LED) and exploit it for the illumination. 7m. Shaoen Wu, Honggang Wang, and Chan-Hyun Youn
The various proposed techniques to overcome PAPR [59] in their paper titled ―Visible Light Communications
problems are- use of Single Carrier with Frequency for 5G Wireless Networking Systems: From Fixed to
Domain Equalization (SCFDE), Asymmetrically Clipped Mobile Communications‖ proposes visible light
Optical (ACO-) SCFDE, Repetition and Clipping Optical communication as a potential access option for 5G
(RCO-) SCFDE and Decomposed Quadrature Optical wireless communication. The paper provides detailed
(DQO-) SCFDE. The above methods have shown better literature survey of the potential
BER and PAPR performance. Apart from PAPR limited advantages/disadvantages, challenges configurations for
dimming support is another area of problem and the use of VLC for 5G. Takayuki Nishio, Masahiro
continuous research is going on. Dimming control is Morikura, and Koji Yamamoto in their paper titled
provided by [57] using PWM. With ongoing research ―Heterogeneous Media Communications for Future
OFDM for VLC demonstrates extreme potential for Wireless Local Area Network [60] proposes
achieving high data rates in Gbps using single LEDs. heterogeneous media communications where multiple
wireless and wired technologies collaborate to provide
To sum up the following can be listed as few of the main abundant bandwidth to increase the data rates and spectral
challenges in design of VLC system and its efficiency of the system. The authors also discuss about
commercialization- the protocols in MAC layer and Network layer for
Heterogeneous media system. Jian Song et al in their
1. Improving the nonlinear relationships between paper [61] titled ―A cost effective approach for ubiquitous
current and output power in high data rate broadband access based on hybrid PLC-VLC system‖
applications. proposes a novel cost effective framework for
2. Transmitter array design and optimization uninterrupted ubiquitous bi directional indoor broadband
3. Backhaul integration of LED with PLC system access with integrated VLC-PLC technology. The above
4. Use of efficient modulation techniques like OFDM team of researchers successfully validated the integrated
and CSK to overcome dimming control and flickering VLC-PLC system within a distance of 3m with a data rate
problems and ISI for MIMO systems of over 5Mbps, with a bit error rate below 10 -5. Hao Ma,
5. Increase the data rate and coverage area for high data Lutz Lampe, Steve Hranilovic in their work [62] titled,
rate applications in the range of Gbps using imaging ―Subcarrier allocation in Hybrid Visible Light and Power
sensors for SISO and MIMO applications Line Communication system‖, uses OFDM subcarrier
6. Combining non-imaging and imaging sensors in allocation techniques to increase the data rate for multi-
receivers to better data rates user configuration. Research work is also going on for
7. Indoor channel modeling and study of channel effects design and implementation of Room Division Multiplexed
like multipath fading (RDM) based VLC system. Researchers Zhitong Huang
8. Multiple access techniques for uplink connectivity and Yuefeng Ji [63] in their paper titled ―Design and
9. Handover techniques for smooth switch of demonstration of room division multiplexed based hybrid
technologies between Wi-Fi-VLC-RF. VLC network‖ have successfully improved VLC network
10. Security issues for different classes of VLC devices throughput.
like infrastructure to mobile, mobile to infrastructure
and mobile to mobile.
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2017 SECOND IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON E LECTRICAL , COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION T ECHNOLOGIES
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