UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

BY : HAMID SHIRVANI

Development
Development
Development

PREPARED BY : NOR ATIQAH BINTI MOHAMAD SAHLAN 2012240652 MUHAMMAD NAJWAN BIN ABDUL KHALID 2013122757
MUHAMMAD DENIAL AL HAQIM BIN MOHD AKHIR 2012263026 ZAIRULHISHAM BIN ABDUL RAHMAN 2013376593
MASMEE BINTI RAZALI 2012443288 MUHAMMAD FIRDHAUS BIN AZIZAN 2013720003
MUHAMMAD IZZULHAIRI BIN MOHD RASHID 2012298124 MUHAMMAD JAFNI BIN AZMI 2013777045
NORAZUREEN BINTI MIHAT 2013780315
Development
 What is Urban Design?
Urban design is a complex interdisciplinary field that encompasses:
• Architecture
• Landscape architecture
• Urban planning
• Civil & transportation engineering
• Psychology
• Real estate development
• Law

Context of Urban Design

• to develop the policy framework.
• concerning what and how to build.
• look closely at recent trends within the planning profession.
Three different Orientation?

i. Development i. The conservation i. Received the

orientation forms orientation least attention.
a large part of focuses on ii. Based on low-
urban-design environmental cost
practice. quality. neighborhood
ii. Continuation of ii. Often add odd improvements
large-scale with the real through citizen
private sector estate market’s participation
development attempts Community-
project. to control it. action groups,
and advocacy
planning.
Development
 Urban design is a part of planning process that deals with the
physical quality of the environment.

1
• Purpose of space between urban structures at the micro level , that is, key
physical features of the city’s organization, “focal points”, “viewpoint s”,
“landmark”, “movement of patterns”. the example is road network.

2
• Focus on city skyline and its overall image and identity.

3
• Quality of maintenance, spaciousness, order, monotony, clarity of
route, orientation to destination, safety and ease of movement.

4
4 • Compatibility of uses, presence of natural elements, distance to open
space, visual interest of the street façade, quality of view andquality of
maintenance.
 1
• Establish the relationship between circulation or
parking and density of activities.
• Different areas within an urban setting with the
different capacities for intensity, access, parking,
transportation system availability and demand for
individual uses.
Photo 2.1 : Land use Map

• Lack of diversity of use in an area. • Failure to consider environmental and natural

physical factors
Mixing uses in urban area Preservation of the natural environment
.

Modifications of existing land uses pattern Land uses and associated pedestrian activities
 2

Building form & massing are traditional zoning

ordinances deal with aspect of physical from by
setting specifics of height, setbacks, and
coverage.

Photo 2.1 : Building form & Massing

City of Seattle Chicago City

• Aspect of physical form by setting specifics of • Building height guidelines are used in the
height, setbacks, and coverage. urban design plan to indicate where low
building should remain to enhance the
hill forms of the city.
 Photo 3.1 : Circulation and Parking

Circulation element of urban design one of

the most powerful tools for structuring an
urban environment. Shape, direct and
control activity pattern in a city, as when a
transportation system of public roads,
pedestrian ways, and transit systems links and
focuses movement.

i Roads should be “positive visual

open space elements”

ii
Give the orientation to the driver
and to make the environment
legible

iii
Public and private sectors should
combine in partnership to
achieve these goals.
 3
The parking element has two direct effects
on quality of the environment:
1. Survival of downtown commercial
activity.
2. Severe visual impact on the physical form
and fabric of the city.
Street parking

1. Construction should be accompanied by

regulations mandating establishment of
parking
2. The ground level of parking garage can be
set aside for retailing in order to continue
activity at street level
3. “Multiple use program” which maximizes use of
existing parking. Multi-level parking at shopping mall

4. “ Package-plan parking”. Business with a large

number of employees may form a parking
districts.

5. Urban-edge parking. City or private developer

can with the aid of the city develop parking
areas or structures on the periphery of
congested urban area

Multi-level parking
4

• Open space can be defined as all

landscape, handscape, parks, and
recreational space in urban are.

• The example of hardscape is roads,

sidewalks, and the like.

• The open space element:

i. Parks,
ii. Urban Green Space
iii. The tree
iv. Benches
v. Planters
vi. Water
vii. Lighting
viii. Paving
ix. Kiosks
x. trash receptacles
xi. drinking fountains
xii. Sculptures
xiii. clocks
xiv.others element.
 Pedesterian section at Bukit
Bintang, Kuala Lumpur

• Pedestrian ways an essential element design

and they are not just part of a beautification
program.
• They are a comfort system as well as a
support element for retailing and vitality of
urban spaces.

• Reduce uses of automobile

• Create retailing activity
• Promoting human scale system
• Increase air quality

• In the interaction between basic urban design • Effectively with future physical
element change in the city
• Strongly relate to the existing building
environment and activity
 Activity support at Kuala Lumpur

• Do not include only the provision of

pedestrian ways,consideration major
function use to generate activities

• Activities helps stregthen urban public spaces

• Several activities node
• Integration in/outdoor activities
• Interdependency of space
• Include all user
Street of Bonaventure hotel, los angeles

Do not consider activity support in and near a building

Problem :
 Cold and unless pedestrian plaza without retailing
 Contructing a long corporate building without
shop

Critical issue :
The substantial congestion of the thorougfare-delivery
traffic and parking maneurers that disrupted the street
activities.
Narrow sidewalk,bus stop crowding and dangerous
pedestrian crossing
Visual clutter and deterioration of physical fabric of the
Sidewalk of Beach Twentieth Street,Queens
7
7

Divided into two:

• DIRECT- direct purpose of signs, image and
character
•INDIRECT

• Sign shortcoming
• Sign design in overall aesthetic quality

• Functional sign
• Sign visibility
• Sign communication
• Esulate size of signs
• Eg: P ( PARKING )
• Private signage
- controlling chaous and creating interest

• Standard proposal for signs style,placement,co;our ang lighting

• Aesthetic and visual consideration
• Dimension
• Temporary signs
• Scale,duration,maintanance
 Georgetown Pulau Penang

8
Consideration for all existing structures and
i places,temporary or permenant

Protection of existing neighborhoods and urban places

ii as well as historical building and places

iii Preservation brings a variety of benefits to a community

Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur

Cultural Economic
Social Planning

Standard Historical Designation Formal Set

Provision Review Standard
 8
The Secretary of the Interiors Standards for Rehabilation (n.d)

Lincoln, Nebraska Rochesters Murtaugh

• Building materials • Architecture • Building within

• Roof profiles district
• 6 characteristics

• Considers the association of building,sites,objects

and spaces in traditionally accepted arrangement
• Aesthetic components of architectural detail as
scale,ornament,proportion,height,and texture

• Captures the sense of a district through boundaries

or focal points within them

• The features of materials (colour,type) associated

with a locality

• Aesthetic efforts

• As well as association which consider historic

events,personages and aesthetic qualities
• Assumed that all method are RATIONAL

• Assumed that all of methods share areas of common concern and

consequently overlap.

1 Internalized

2 Synoptic

3 Incremental

4 Fragmental

5 Pluralistic

6 Radical
 1
• Intuitive – designer develop the idea
depend on their surrounding; local
culture, geography, ecology and
society
• Conceptual design on the city based
on cultural and philosophic
• Decision making is collective, pluralistic
and typically dispersed

i Visualize in his/her mind through memory,

training and experience.

ii Sketch, re-sketch until the design reaches

its “maturity”. systematic fashion.

iii Depend on the vision and background

of the designer also understanding
towards the culture values, human usage
and level of creativity.

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE
 2
• Also describe as “Rational” or “Comprehensive”.
• Synoptic method more rational and systematic
• Two important complementary concept are
involved; value and uncertain.
• Synoptic are systematic design steps.

1 Data collection , survey of existing conditions

natural, built and socioeconomic.

2 Data analysis , identification of all opportunities

and limitation.
3 Formulation of goals and objectives (aim and
objective).
4 Generation of alternative concepts.

5 Elaboration of each concept into workable

solutions (initial ideas).

6 Evaluation of alternative solutions (synthesis).

Translation of solutions into policies, plans,

7
guidelines and programs (synthesis).
3
• Important to achieve the main goals and objectives.
• Decision making by individuals, group and organization. Its more to straightforward to get the
goal and objective.
• The designer only establishes a goals and then going build incremental steps to achieve it.
Just take the alternative solution to design and solve the problem.
• The designer establishes a goal and going to develops the steps to achieve it.
• A certain of cities related with urban design and development have worked out long-
range policies.

DECISION MAKING BY INDIVIDUALS ,GROUP & ORGANISATION

IDENTIFY PROBLEM & OPPORTUNITIES

THE DESIGNER ESTABLISHES GOAL & CONCEPT

3
GENERATE OF ALTERNATIVE CONCEPT

OF EACH CONCEPT INTO WORKABLE SOLUTION

APPRAISE OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

TRANSLATION OF SOLUTION INTO POLICIES ,

PLANS,GUIDELINES AND PROGRAMS
 4

• This method is also similar to the synoptic method but the process is
incomplete. this process might going four out of the total seven
steps was suggested from this process.

DESIGN :

Gathering Analysis Goal and

data data objective

And develop the urban design plan.

3

• Mixture of the synoptic and intuitive method

• Do not necessarily follow each steps of the process
• This approach become more hodgepodge of techniques to impress
clients
 5
• Functional social/structure : of an urban area as well as the inhabitant’s value systems.
• simple generalizations, standard norms and deterministic approaches are not valid.
• The method attempts to avoid operating within a controlled design tradition that
has in the past produced overdesigned environments.
• Recognizes the user’s values and perception of the city
• The designers are helping low-income groups to create a better living environment in
their neighborhoods.

Determining why residents recalled

certain element of the city.
Identify the significant characteristics
3 of such element.
Recognize the user value.
Perception of the city

To survey data and analysis before

proposing the strategies.
 6

• Able to predetermine growth • Difficult to characterize the process,

and adequately accommodate particularly in terms of its
it application to design
• Abstract methods implicit in some
of system but most of methods • Difficult to discuss the approach
are purely theoretical and effectively without references to
academic. the system.

What should we
implement on
the site sir???
Just provide
a basic
needs only.
 P P
• Designing an object such a s
chair or a table can lead
R R
directly to a “product”, in this
case , manufactured or built O O
chair or table.
D C
• Concernity of the designers are U E
varied – comfort, aesthetics
C S
and economics which can be
seen in production process.
T S
• The more big scale of product
will increase the policy oriented
O O
and the more small scale of
product will increase the R R
product oriented.
I I
E E
Developing an urban mall in the downtown area
N N
T T
E E
Developing design guidelines for downtown
developments D D
 Seattle is known as a
prime example that
applies urban design
policies. Seattle policies is
that land use and urban
design are considered as
a single set of issues

Plan Guidelines
Policies Programs
• Process-oriented within a framework where a
designer can design more specific and individual
user product.

• Design policies are indirect design method that

include regulatory means of implementation or
investment programs
• Primarily a framework which is means as a
response to the socioeconomic setting.
• Also called as strategies – is a solution on how to
make an urban design on paper work in reality
• Framework should be flexible enough to allow
specific design to take place
• a plan is most essential of all the products of urban design. it should be
developed within the framework of a set of policies.

• urban design is a three dimensional depiction of urban design

policies. the traditional approach to urban design physical planning
has been controlling change by establishing a set of harmonious
relationship in the urban area

Master /development / plan Comprehensive plan

which concern with the describes general
physical environment community policies
 Urban Design Plan of San Francisco

In peak use during 1950s and 1960s . some of the

hundreds of plans are produced and were
described as a mechanical and unimaginative
plan. Unfortunately the plan got rejected by
professionals because it “refers only to completed
form” without taking into “account the process by
which the form is achieved”.

“PLAN” IS NOT THE ONLY

“PRODUCT” OF DESIGN. THERE
ARE SEVERAL FRAMEWORKS THAT
THEY CAN USE TO CONTROL
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CITY AND CREATE A HIGH-
QUALITY SENSORY
ENVIRONMENT.
Example of Pi County Urban Infill Site Master
Plan
1
1.Design Guidelines for Downtown Long Beach (1980)
Issues :
Public’s enjoyment of physical environment such as pedestrian
route, parking and access, building appearance, landscape and
hardscape

2.Special Zoning District concept in New York City

- Lower Manhattan pedestrian design and planning guidelines
- 5th Avenue Special Zoning District Preservation of retailing

3.Districts with the mix of uses. Besides that, commercial districts like
Plazas for people in example, Streetscape Residential Plazas in
New York City. Also district with the history preservation Photo 7.3 :Streetscape Residential Plaza,
New York City
 Prescriptive guidelines attempt to establish the limit or
framework within which individual designers must work, as
in FAR requirements

Performance guidelines provides designer with various

measures and criteria and it is more specific and flexible
than prescriptive guidelines

There are 4 sections in producing a good and standard

guidelines . First of all is the objectives or purpose of
guidelines. Secondly, the classification of major or minor
issues at that particular area. Thirdly, the applicability of
the guidelines, questioning whether is it a good and
applicable guidelines?. Fourthly, the examples illustrating
of some applications. In conclusion, producing guidelines
can be too flexible and interpreted in many ways
 Chifley Square, Sydney public space

Refers to an implementation process or to the overall

design process and aspects of planning and design
that maintain and preserve the existing environment as
well as the environment that will be created.

Care, maintenance and preservation of the

community’s assets and character

Local government has traditionally had this responsibility

through the taxes they received. Besides that, urban
design programming that handles maintenance issues
through cooperative effort such as neighborhood Photo 7.3 : Planning and design ; preservation
associations, street associations and so on.

Maintain public spaces by the taxes they received

which is same with the local
government programs. Public spaces can be
maintained and preserved by citizen
as well as the community in that area.
Photo 7.4 Neighborhood programs
As a conclusion, design process is important to ensure the designer can consider
how and what to produce within the cities that have least negative environment
impact. There are several factors that need to be highlighted in urban design
planning that is the element of urban design, design method/process, and the
product of urban design.This factors play an important role in process to produce
sustainable city. The element of urban physical form that have been categorized is
very interrelated and can influenced the community in the city. The second factor is
design method/process. This process always been a problematic and sensitive
subject for designers. Other emphasize various systematic processes and take a
philosophical approach to design. Commonly, the designer used a synoptic process
because this process is more systematic and easy to understand. Finally the product
of urban design. Product of urban design can be classified into four group that is,
policies, plan, guidelines, and programs. Cities now realize that these framework they
can used to control physical development and create high-quality sensory
environment.