Beruflich Dokumente
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Session Thirteen:
Condenser Construction and Awareness of Negative
Power Factor on Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF)
Measurements
Wayne Proud
Technical Officer, Westernpower
Do you have contingencies to manage a transformer fire? What if you lost your
million dollar asset due to an accessory? The following paper discusses the
principals and construction of a bushing and traps associated with
measurement inconsistencies.
Introduction
As an owner of Transmission High Voltage transformers you will want to
manage your plant on condition. One of the accessories of a Transmission
Power Transformers is the bushings. A failure of this accessory will lead to a
loss of supply from this asset and may even result in a transformer fire which
would not only destroy the Transformer, but it may lead to the destruction of
neighbouring plant. As an Asset Manager you will have a need to reliably
measure the capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation factor (DDF) of the
bushings to monitor their condition. As quality control results needs to be
accurate and reliable, inconsistencies can lead to poor evaluation and
premature replacement. This paper discusses the principals of condenser
construction related to testing bushings and presents a case study of the
phenomenon of negative results associated with DDF measurements which
could influence trending.
The bushings being a key accessory of the transformer are assigned the task
of passing the load current at system voltage through the earth plane of the
external casing, so connections can be made to the internal coils within the
C C
A
E CB
CC
N CD
T CE
E CF
CG
R CH
C C
O I
CJ
N
C
D K
U
C
T
O
R
In the diagram, each vertical line represents a circular foil around the
conductor, which is separated with cellulose insulation; this creates a capacitive
string with the potential along the length of the string divided in a uniform
manner. This prevents a localized field stress in the bushing near the earthed
casing of the transformer.
Main Insulation C1
CA = CB = CC = CD = CE = CF= CG = CH = CI = CJ CK
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = V6 = V7 = V8 = V9= V10
Tap
Electrode
High Voltage
Lead Bushing Top
Terminal
Bushing
Porcelain IL
It
Surface
Leakage X
IL RL CL
It'
It' Bushing Flange
Test
Grounded- LV Tap
Current & Loss Lead
Guard
Meter
It It'
Z1 Z2
E I
L
Some onsite conditioning of the plant may improve results, reducing the
significance in the circuit of the unwanted current paths. Techniques which may
improve the validity of the results are:
Cleaning of the surface
Products that reduce surface leakage
Waiting for conditions to improve (testing at a different time)
Removing parallel items from the circuit (including ladders/scaffold)
Guarding techniques (with limited success)
The sample unit used for the test was removed from a Substation in the
Eastern suburb of the Perth Metropolitan area and had suspected PD due to
High H2 content in the oil.
Test conditions were: temperature 24°C and humidity 52%
The unit was fitted with a DDF tap.
The lower end of the bushing was immersed in transformer oil as in service.
The bushing was placed in a tank with streamlined oil to ensure DDF results
were not influenced by high water in oil content. Voltage was applied by a step
up transformer connected to a overhead bus system fitted with a standard
capacitor for the DDF reference and voltage monitoring.
NO FOIL APPLIED
DDF
0.012
. 0.0115
0.011
Tan delta
0.0105 DDF
0.01
If a bushing14.5kV
failure occurs29kV
the transformer43.5kV 58kV
will be inoperative and unable
Te s t V oltage
to supply load
DDF
0.012
0.01
0.008
Tan delta
0.006 DDF
0.004
0.002
0
14.5kV 29kV 43.5kV 58kV
Te s t V oltage
DDF
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
Tan delta
0.008 DDF
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
14.5kV 29kV 43.5kV 58kV
voltage
DDF
0.01
0.0095
0.009
Tan delta
0.0085 DDF
DDF
0.01
0.0095
0.009
Tan delta
0.0085 DDF
0.008
0.0075
0.007
14.5kV 29kV 43.5kV 58kV
Test Voltage
COMPARISON OF RESULTS
comparision
0.015
0.014
0.013
no foil
0.012
Tan delta
0.008
0.007
14.5kV 29kV 43.5kV 58kV
Test voltage
Above is a graph showing all the results compared from the study. The data
clearly shows that different results can be obtained from applying external
influences. Foils that were applied without any reference to ground (floating) did
not reduce (negative influences) the value obtained from the instrument. Foils
when shorted to ground, providing a current path in the instrumentation circuit
shifting the results numerically downwards.
After comparing the results it was clear that applying only the foil around the
bushing had only a little effect on the DDF reading and the capacitance
reading. Once the foils were linked to earth via a 1k ohm resistor or short, the
reading showed a reduced value for the losses.
Although a negative figure could not be induced, a reduction in the DDF figure
was simulated.
Conclusion
It could be concluded that negative influence was the cause of the varied
results in this study. This highlights that readings may not go negative but are
not valid values representing the losses of the insulation at 50Hz. Negative
results in the field are typically associated with coastal regions and/or high
contamination through the wetter winter months when high levels of humidity
are present. Technicians onsite need to consider values obtained, evaluating
the validity of the data before remedial action is taken to obtain representative
information of the plant. Results may look to good for a typical piece of plant
and may need to be questioned. Training, skill and access to previous data
onsite will aid in the Technician making an informed decision. As trending is the
key to DDF evaluation of plant, ongoing repeatable results are crucial to allow
the Asset Manager to trend and evaluate the longer term condition of Plant in
the field.
Due to the importance of such data to the Asset Managers, Technicians should
be made aware of these influences and be encouraged to question results in
the field and take remedial action to limit variations associated with periodical
data obtained. Outages are a costly exercise and accurate data is critical to
assess the ongoing health of High Voltage electrical equipment across it’s
design life.
References
Diagrams courtesy of Doble Engineering