ABSTRACT

This documents contains: The

Salient Features of existing and
proposed dams of Pakistan.
Methodology of Estimation of
available water at a proposed dam
site for storage, including data
collection and analysis with an
example. Also the solution for
Design Problem-1.
Ali Naqi
HYDRAULIC 2013-CIV-92

ENGINEERING
LAB
DESIGN PROBLEM-1
SALIENT FEATURES OF EXISTING & PROPOSED
DAMS IN PAKISTAN
1) MANGLA DAM
Mangla Dam is the sixteenth largest dam in the world. It was constructed from 1961 to 1967
across the River, about 67miles (108 km) south-east of the Pakistani capital, Islamabad in
District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. The main structures of the dam include 4 embankment
dams, 2 spillways, 5 power-cum-irrigation tunnels and a 1,000MW power station. The main
dam is 10,300 feet (3,100 m) long and 454 feet (138 m)high (above core trench) with a reservoir
of 97 square miles(250 km2). Since its first impounding in 1967, sedimentation has occurred
to the extent of 1,130,000 acre feet (1.39 km3), and the present gross storage capacity has
declined to 4,750,000 acre feet (5.86 km3) from the actual design of 5,880,000 acre feet (7.25
km3). The live capacity has declined to 4,580,000 acre feet (5.65 km3) from 5,340,000 acre
feet (6.59 km3). This implies a reduction of 19.22% in the capacity of the dam. The power
station of Mangla dam consists of 10 units each having capacity of 100 MW. In order to remedy
the storage capacity decreases, the Pakistani government has decided to raise the dam by 40
feet (12 m), to 494feet (151 m) high. This will increase the reservoir capacity by18% and
provide an additional 120 MW (644 GWh) of power, but will displace 40,000 people currently
living near the reservoir. The project was designed primarily to increase the amount of water
that could be used for irrigation from the flow of the Jhelum and its tributaries. Its secondary
function was to generate electrical power from the irrigation releases at the artificial head of
the reservoir. The project was not designed as a flood control structure, although some benefit
in this respect also arises from its use for irrigation and water supply. The Government
of Pakistan had agreed to pay royalties to the Government of AJK (Azad Jammu and
Kashmir) for the use of the water and electricity generated by the dam. Over 280 villages and
the towns of Mirpur and Dadyal were submerged and over 110,000 people were displaced from
the area as a result of the dam being built. Some of those affected by the dam were given work
permits for Britain by the Government of Pakistan, and as a result, in many cities in the UK the
majority of the 'Pakistani' community actually originated from the Dadyal-Mirpur area of the
disputed region of Jammu & Kashmir.

2) TARBELA DAM
The project is located at a narrow spot in the Indus River valley, at Tarbela in swabi, shortly
located at the point from where the District Swabi starts. Here the river formerly split around a
large island close to the left bank. The main dam wall, built of earth and rock fill, stretches
2,743 metres (8,999 ft) from the island to river right, standing148 metres (486 ft) high. A pair
of concrete auxiliary dams spans the river from the island to river left. The spillways, located
on the auxiliary dams, in turn consist of two parts. The main spillway has a discharge capacity
of 18,406 cubic metres per second (650,000 cu ft/s) and the auxiliary spillway, 24,070 cubic
metres per second (850,000 cu ft/s). The outlet works are a group of four tunnels that have been
cut through the valley wall at river right, for uses of hydropower generation and flow control.
These tunnels were originally used to divert the Indus River while the dam was being
constructed. A hydroelectric power plant on the right side of the main dam houses 14
generators fed with water from outlet tunnels 1, 2, and3. There are four 175 MW generators on
tunnel 1, six 175 MW generators on tunnel 2, and four 432 MW generators on tunnel 3, for a
total generating capacity of 3,478 MW. Tarbela Reservoir is 80.5kilometres (50.0 mi) long,
with a surface area of 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi). The reservoir holds 11,600,000acre
feet (14.3 km3) of water, with a live storage of 9,700,000acre feet (12.0 km3). The catchment
area upriver of the Tarbela Dam is spread over 168,000 square kilometres (65,000 sq mi) of
land largely supplemented by snow and glacier melt from the southern slopes of the Himalayas.
There are two main Indus River tributaries upstream of the Tarbela Dam. These are the Shyok
River, joining near Skardu, and the Siran River near Tarbela. The Tarbela Dam is the second
largest in terms of dam volume in the world

3) DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT

The project is located on Indus River, about 315 km upstream of Tarbela Dam, 165 km
downstream of the Gilgit-Baltistan capital Gilgit and 40 km downstream of Chilas (refer
location map). The proposed dam would have a maximum height of 272 m, and impound a
reservoir of about 8.1million acre feet (MAF), with live storage of more than 6.4 MAF. Mean
annual discharge of Indus River at the site is 50 MAF. Thus the dam will impound 15% of the
annual river flow. The dam project would cover an area of 110 km2 and extend 100 km
upstream of the dam site up to Rajkot Bridge on Karakoram Highway (KKH).The dam is
located at the boundary of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) in such a
way that the right abutment and the right Power House is in GB while the left bank of the
demand the left Power House is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
NEED OF THE PROJECT:
Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan today is among one of the
World’s fastest growing population, now estimated at over 150 million. Due to lack of large
river regulation capability through sizeable storages, the country is already facing serious
shortages in food grains. Given the present trend, Pakistan could soon become one of the food
deficit countries in the near future. Therefore, there is a dire need to build storages for
augmenting agriculture production.
SALIENT FEATURES
LOCATION: 40 km downstream of chilas
MAINDAM maximum height: 272 m type roller: compacted concrete (rcc)
DIVERSION SYSTEM2 no. Diversion tunnels1 no. Diversion channel upstream and
downstream cofferdams
Main Spillway No. Of gates 14size of gate 11.5 *16.24 m Reservoir level 1160 m
GROSS CAPACITY 8.1 maf (10.0 bcm)
LIVE CAPACITY 6.4 maf (7.9 bcm) min.
Operation Level El. 1060 m
Outlets: low level 2 sluicing 5
POWERHOUSE(S): 2 total installed capacity 4500 mw
4) KURRAM TANGI DAM MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT
LOCATION:
The proposed project site is located across Kurram River in North Waziristan Agency about 22
KM up-stream of Kurram Garhi Head works and 32 KM North of Bannu City in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa. This project was conceived by WAPDA for a multipurpose dam in North
Waziristan on Kurram River about 22 km upstream of Kurram Garhi Head works and 32KM
North of Bannu City in NWFP with storage capacity of 1.20 MAF of water and power
generation of 83.4 MW. It will irrigate 362,380Acres of land and will provide cheap
hydropower to the area being a positive impact on the socioeconomic conditions in North
Waziristan Agency. USAID has shown willingness to fund this project.
SALIENT FEATURES:
Dam Height 322 ft
Gross Storage 1.20 MAF-1.48 BCM
Live Storage 0.90 MAF-1.11 BCM
Power Houses (5 Nos) 83.4 MW (350 GWh)
Command Area 3,62,380 ACRES (including new area of 84,380 Acres)
Supplementing existing System of Civil & Marwat Canals 277,500 Acres
PROJECT BENEFITS:
Irrigated Agriculture Development
Hydropower generation
Socio-economic uplift of the area.
Employment opportunities during the construction and maintenance of the Project.
Development of Fisheries.
PC-II COST: Rs.125.60 Million
APPROVING AUTHORITY:
Approved by ECNEC on 25.02. 2005
PC-I COST: Rs.59 Billion
(Equivalent to US$ 700 Million)
5) MUNDA DAM
Munda Dam is an under-construction medium-size multi-purpose concrete-faced rock-filled
dam located on the Swat River approximately 37 km north of Peshawar and 5 km upstream
of Munda Head works in the Mohmand Agency of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal
Areas(FATA)Upon completion, the dam will generate 740 MW of hydroelectricity, irrigate
15,100 acres of land and control floods downstream. It is expected to provide numerous
estimated annual benefits including Rs.4.98 billion in annual water storage benefits, Rs.19.6
billion in power generation benefits by generating 2.4 billion units of electricity annually and
Rs.79 million in annual flood mitigation benefits. Munda Dam is also expected to protect
Nowshera and Charsadda districts from seasonal floods by storing peak flood water in its
reservoir and releasing it in dry seasons.
In December 2010, in the aftermath of the July 2010 floods in Pakistan, the Pakistan had
constituted a flood inquiry commission to investigate the damage caused by the July floods that
engulfed the country and caused unprecedented damage to life and property. In its report, the
commission noted that if the Munda Dam had been constructed, there would have been minimal
damage downstream in Charsadda, Peshawar and Nowshera districts and Munda Headworks.
The reservoir that will be created behind the dam would also provide recreational facilities and
promote fisheries. The dam site is located at Latitude 34°21'11.49"N and Longitude
71°31'58.72"E.
SALIENT FEATURES:
DAM Type: Concrete-Faced Rock-Filled
Length: 2,500 ft (760 m)
Height: 698.82 ft (213.00 m)
RESERVOIR CAPACITY:
Gross: 1.290 MAF
Live: 0.676 MAF
Dead: 0.314 MAF
Flood: 0.081 MAF
POWER GENERATION:
Maximum Capacity: 740 MW
COMMAND AREA:
Total: 15,100 Acres
CONSTRUCTION:
Construction Period: 7 years
6) AKRA KAUR DAM
Akra kaur dam, sometimes also referred to as ankara kaur dam, is located near Gwadar in
Balochistan, Pakistan. The dam was constructed in 1995 [at a cost of 18.46€ million] to supply
water to Gwadar and adjoining villages. It is the sole source of water supply to residents of The
Gwadar district area. The dam stretches over an area of 17,000 acres (6,900ha; 27sq mi). In
2005, torrential rain in the area caused an overflow from the dam, inundating a number
of villages and claiming at least 20 lives. In July 2012, reports emerged that the dam had dried
up completely due to large-scale siltation. This has posed serious water supply challenges to
local residents, including acute shortage of drinking water.
7) MIRANI DAM
Mirani Dam(Urdu:) is a medium-size multi-purpose concrete-faced rock-filled dam located on
the River south of the Central in Kech District in Balochistan province of Pakistan. Its 302,000
acre feet (373,000,000 m3). Reservoir is fed by the Kech River and the Nihing River. Mirani
Dam was completed in July 2006 and it impounded the Dasht River in August 2006. It
successfully withstood an extreme flood event in June 2007.The dam is used for irrigation of
33,200 acres in Kech Valley and for the supply of clean drinking water to Turbat and Gwada.
STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE:
Kech Valley consists of cultivable soil upon which agriculture activity could be carried out if a
constant water supply is ensured. The primary purpose of Mirani Dam was to store water from
the three rivers during the summer season and during floods so that water could be available
for irrigation purposes throughout the year in order to bring 33,200 acres of hitherto
uncultivated land in Kech Valley under cultivation. The secondary purpose of Mirani Dam is
to ensure a constant supply of clean drinking water to the towns of Turbat and Gwadar
throughout the year.
8) SATPARA DAM
Satpara Dam is an under-construction medium-size multi-purpose concrete-faced earth-filled
dam located downstream of the existing Satpara Lake on the Satpara Streamapproximately4
km from the town of Skardu in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Upon completion, the dam will
enlarge the size of Satpara Lake, generate 17.36 MW of hydroelectricity and supply power to
approximately 30,000 households in the Skardu Valley, irrigate 15,536 acres (62.87 km2) of
land and supply 3.1 million gallons per day drinking water to Skardu city. Annual agricultural
output in the Skardu Valley is expected to increase more than four-fold, generating about 4.61€
million in additional annual economic benefits to local communities. Construction of Satpara
Dam commenced in April 2003 and is scheduled for completion in November 2011. Power
House No.1 was completed and came online on 6 October 2007 and Power House No. 2 was
completed and came online on 30 December, 2008. On 7 January 2011, the Government of
Pakistan and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) entered into
an Enhanced Partnership Agreement under which USAID agreed to provide 20€ million for
the construction of Power Houses Nos. 3 and 4 and completion of remaining works on the dam.
9) KHANPUR DAM
Khanpur Dam is a dam located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, about 25 miles (40 km) from Islamabad, Pakistan. It supplies
drinking water to Islamabad and Rawalpindi and irrigation water to many of the agricultural
and industrial areas surrounding the cities. The dam was completed in 1983 after a 15-year
construction period believed to have cost Rs. 1,352 million. It is 167 feet (51m) high and stores
110,000 acre feet (140,000,000 m3) of water. The adjoining Khanpur Lake is the venue for
Sarhad Tourism Corporation's annual airborne and waterborne sports gala. The event, termed
as the 'biggest' in Pakistan was scheduled to take place between 9 and 11 April 2010.
10) WARSAK DAM
Warsak Dam is a mass concrete gravity dam located on the Kabul River approximately 20 km
north west of the city of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Warsak Dam
was completed under the Colombo Plan in two phases and financed by the Canadian
Government. The first phase was completed in 1960 and consisted of the construction of
the dam. Irrigation tunnels and installation of four power generating units, each of 40 MW
capacity with 132 KV transmission system, were also completed in 1960. Two additional
generating units of 41.48 MW capacity each were added in 1980-81 in the second phase.
CAPACITY:
The total installed capacity of the Warsak dam hydropower project is 243 mw. In June 2012,
the Pakistan water and power development authority (WAPDA) decided to add a 375 mw
powerhouse to Warsak, thereby inceasing Warsak's total power generation capacity to 525 mw.
11) SIMLY DAM
Simly Dam is an 80m high earthen embankment dam on the Soan River, 30 km east
of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Itis the largest reservoir of drinking water to people living in
Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. The water stored in this dam is fed by the melting snow &
natural springs of Murree hills. Simly Dam is located around 30-kilometer (19 mi) east
of Islamabad. About 10 to 15 minutes drive from Convention Centre Islamabad towards
Murree, a road is branching off to the right which is marked Simly Dam Road. Usually, it takes
around 30 minutes to reach Simly Dam from this road. The road is not very smooth and has
bumps but the surroundings are beautiful (till April 2008).
12) KALA BAGH DAM
The Kalabagh is a proposed hydroelectric dam on the Indus River at Kalabagh in Mianwali
District of the Punjab province in Pakistan. The project has been highly debated and deemed a
necessity since its inception. The actual purpose of the Kalabagh Dam is to irrigate the nearly
two million acres that belong to retired army generals, said Sindh Minister for Culture Sassui
Palijo while defending the province’s stance on the controversial dam.
SALIENT FEATURES:
THE MAIN RESERVOIR OF THE DAM
Total Storage 7.9 MAF (9,750 million cu m)Usable Storage6.1 MAF (7,550 million cu m)Dead
Storage1.8 MAF( 2,200 million cu m)Retention Level El.915-ft above MSL (278.9 m) Min
Reservoir Level El.825ft above MSL (251.5 m) Area at Retention Level 105,000 acres ; (164
sqm.=425 sq. km)
MAIN DAM
Crest Elevation 940-ft. above MSL (286.5 m).
Crest Width El.50 ft. (15.2 m).
Max Height 260 ft. (79.2 m).
Length (overall) 11000 ft. (3350 m).
CATCHMENT AREA OF THE DAM
110,500 sq. miles
PROJECT COST
Based on Cost at June 1987 US $ 2.65 billion Present Estimated Cost 6.17€-10 billion
ORIFICE SPILLWAY
Sill level 785 ft. (239.3m) SPD10lNo and size of radial gates No. 38 ft. (11.6 m) w x 22 ft.
IRRIGATION BENEFITS
Increase in future annual irrigation supplies (Average) 4.5 MAF (5.500 million Cum.).