HIGH VOLTAGE d.c.

TRANSMISSION 127

and substituting this in equation (5.20), we have

3VL 6 3 6 VL [cos α + cos (α + γ )]
Id cos φ = Id
3 π π 3 2
LM
cos α + cos (α + γ ) OP
or cos φ =
N 2 Q (5.23)

6 LM
cos α + cos (α + γ ) OP
and IL cos φ =
π
Id
N 2 Q (5.24)

A harmonic analysis of the current wave shows that

6 2γ + sin 2α − sin 2(α + γ )
IL sin φ = Id (5.25)
π 4[cos α − cos (α + γ )]
Here γ is in radians. The phasor fundamental current is given as
IL = IL cos φ – jIL sin φ (5.26)
The reactive power on the a.c. side is given as
Q = 3VIL sin φ = P tan φ
2γ + sin 2α − sin 2(α + γ )
where tan φ = (5.27)
[cos 2α − cos 2(α + γ )]
However, it is to be noted that there is no
reactive power on the d.c. side of the converter. Id
Fig. 5.22 shows a typical arrangement including a
shunt harmonic filter and reactive power
compensator on the transformer primary. Harmonic filter
and reactive
A shunt filter is designed such that it power
presents a low impedance to all the a.c. harmonic compensation
currents and capacitive impedance to fundamental
frequency. As a result, the voltage across the filter
is constrained to be substantially a fundamental Fig. 5.22 Typical a.c./d.c. system.
frequency sine wave. Consequently, for analytical
purposes, the theory developed above for calculation of reactive power can be used. The voltage
V across the filter is to be taken as the commutation e.m.f. and transformer leakage inductance
alone as commutation inductance provided e.m.f. V is taken as reference phasor.
If more than one similar bridge connected thyristor groups per converter is used with
separate group transformers having parallel connected primaries, then active and reactive
powers simply add when referred to the common primary bus-bar. This holds good independent
of the phase shift produced by the group transformer connections provided firing angles and
d.c. currents are similar.
Reactive power can be supplied either using a synchronous or a static capacitor or a
combination of the two. Filtering is always required. A larger filter than minimum is less
costly than a minimum filter plus shunt capacitors and gives better filtering. In the event of a
temporary fault in the a.c. or d.c. sides, a local synchronous capacitor tends to maintain a.c.
voltage due to its inertia so that an inverter can continue to contribute power to the a.c. system