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1. Acknowledgement 1
2. Introduction 2
3. Aim of the experiment 3
a- General objective
b- Specific objective
4. Materials Required 4
5. Theory 5-7
6. Details of procedure 8-12
7. Conclusion 13
8. Bibliography 14
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
* General objective:
This project is being carried out with a view to increase the
appreciation of alloy-analysis as an important branch of
chemistry. The hands-on laboratory experience gained is highly
beneficial in understanding the general procedure of qualitative
analysis of an unknown sample.
*Specific objective:
In this project, we shall be analyzing the constituents of
Brass and Bronze.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Brass :
Bronze contains Cu and Sn. Their nitrates are obtained by dissolving the
sample in conc. Nitric acid. The nitrates are precipitated as sulphides by
passing H2S through their solution in dil. HCl.
The CuS is insoluble in yellow ammonium sulphide, while SnS is soluble. The
ppt. is separated by filtration.
The ppt. is dissolved in conc. HNO3 and then Ammonium hydroxide solution is
passed through it.Blue colouration confirms the presense of Cu.
The filtrate is treated with conc. HCl followed by Zinc dust to obtain SnCl2 .
Then HgCl2 solution is added. Formation of slate-coloured ppt. indicates the
presence of Sn.
Theory:
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. with the following.
Composition :
Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%.
Thus Cu and Zn. form the main constituents of brass. Both these
metals dissolved in 50% of nitric acid due to formation of nitrates
which are soluble.
4Zn + 10HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2 +N2O + 5H20
3CU + 8 HNO3 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4 H20+ 2NO
PROCEDURE
1. Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with minimum quantity
of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely.
2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained.
3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water to the filtrate.
4. Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper sulphide is
obtained. Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for the test of Zn+2 ions
Dissolve black ppt. by heating them with 50% HNO3. To this solution add
ammonium hydroxide solution. Appearance of deep blue coloration in the solution
shows the presence of copper ions in the solution.
5. To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solid NH4Cl to this
and heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so that a solution is ammoniacal.
Now pass H2S gas through this ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or grey
precipitation indicate zinc. Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum
amount of dil. HCl. Boil to expel H2
S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution,
white or bluish white ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.
Result :
The given sample of brass contains copper and zinc. metals as the main
constituents.
EXPERIMENT-2
Objective : To analyse sample of Bronze qualitatively.
Requirements: China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and common
laboratory reagents.
Theory:
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin with the following.
Composition :
Cu = 88-96% and Sn. = 4-12%.Thus copper and zinc. form the main constituents of
bronze. Both these metalsdissolved in nitric acid.
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2NO+ 4H20
4Sn + No3- + 10H+ 4Sn+2 + NH4+ + 3H2O
(cold and dil acid)
Sn + 4NO3- + 4H+ H2SnO3 + 2NO2 + H2O
(conc. Acid) (Metastannic acid)
Cu2+ + s2 CuS(black ppt)
H2SnO3 + 2H2S SnS2(black ppt) + 3 H2O
PROCEDURE
1. Take about 1g. of small pieces of bronze in a china dish and add to it 5-10 ml.
of dil. HNO3.
2. Heat the contents slowly to dissolve copper and tin completely and then boil the
contents to a paste to remove excess of HNO3. All this is carried out in
cup board.
3. Dissolve this dry mass in distilled water containing HCl (1:1) to get a clear
solution.
4. Transfer the solution in a test tube and pass H2S in excess i.e. till the
precipitation is complete. Filter and reject the filtrate.
5. Take the black ppt. in a test tube and add to it 2-3 ml. of yellow ammonium
sulphide and heat. Filter the contents. Black residue is tested for Cu+2 ions and
filtrate is tested for Sn+2ions
CONCLUSION
Brass contains Copper and Zinc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.cbse.nic.in
Comprehensive 12 chemistry
th
practical book.