Problem sheet

MA 543 (Functional Analysis)

1. Suppose k.k1 and k.k2 are equivalent norms on a vector space X, and S ⊂ X. Show
that S is open w.r.t. k.k1 iff S is open w.r.t. k.k2 .

2. Let X be a normed linear space, and U and V be subsets of X. Show that (i) if one
of U and V is an open set, then U + V is an open set, and (ii) if U is compact and V
is closed, then U + V is closed.

3. Let X be a normed linear space, X0 be a subspace of X. For x ∈ X, define d(x, X0 ) =

inf{kx − yk : y ∈ X0 }. Show that
(i) d(x, X0 ) = 0 if and only if x ∈ cl(X0 ).
(ii) If X0 is closed in X and x ∈ / X0 , then d(x, X0 ) > 0.
(iii) For x ∈ X and λ ∈ K, d(λx, X0 ) = |λ|d(x, X0 ).

4. Let (X, k · k) be a (non-zero) normed linear space. Prove that X is a Banach space if
and only if the set S = {x ∈ X : kxk = 1} is complete.

5. Show that continuous image of a separable metric space is separable. Use this result
to prove that the quotient space X/M is separable where (X, k · k) separable normed
linear space and M is a closed subspace of X.

6. Show that (C 0 [a, b], k.k), the space of all real valued continuously differentiable func-
tions defined on [a, b] with respect to the norm kxk = kxk∞ + kx0 k∞ is a Banach
space

7. Prove that c00 and the space of all polynomials in one variable with real coefficients
are not Banach spaces with respect to any norm.

8. Let X = C[a, b] with k.k1 and Y = C[a, b] with k.k∞ . Then show that the (identity)
map I : X → Y defined by Ix = x, x ∈ X, is not continuous.

9. Prove the following:

(i) c00 is a proper dense subspace of `p for 1 < p < ∞, and not dense in `∞ .
(ii)c00 is not closed subspace of `p for 1 < p < ∞.
(iii) c00 , k.kp is not closed in c00 , k.kq for 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞.
(iv) c00 is a proper dense subspace of c0 with respect to k.k∞ and not dense in c with
respect to k.k∞ .
(iv) (`p , k.kq ) is not closed in `q for 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞.
(v) P [a, b] is a proper dense subspace of C[a, b] with respect to k.kp for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.

10. Prove that a Banach space is finite dimensional if and only if every subspace of it is
closed.

11. Suppose X0 is a closed subspace of a normed linear space X and η : X → X/X0 is

the canonical mapping, i.e.,η(x) = x + X0 , x ∈ X. Show that η is a bounded linear
operator with kηk < 1.
12. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces. If X is infinite dimensional and Y 6= {0}, then
there is a discontinuous linear map from X to Y .

13. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces. Then T : X → Y is a bounded linear map and
Z(T ) is closed in X iff the map η : X/Z(T ) → Y defined by η(x + Z(T )) = T (x) is
continuous where Z(T ) is the null space of T .

14. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and T : X → Y be a linear map such that the
range of T is finite dimensional. Then T is continuous iff Z(T ) is closed in X.

15. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and T : X → Y is a bounded linear map. Then
T is is continuous iff for every cauchy sequence (xn ) in X, the sequence (T xn ) is cauchy
in Y .

16. Let E be a measurable set in R and t ∈ E. Let X = {x ∈ L2 (E) : tx ∈ L2 (E)}. Define

T : X → L2 (E) by T (x) = tx. If E = [a, b] then F is continuous but if E = R then F
is not continuous.
α
17. If T ∈ B(X, Y ), T 6= 0 and α ≥ 0, then inf{kxk : x ∈ X, kT xk = α} = kT k
.

Let X = c00 with norm k.kp , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. for r > 0 define fr : X → K by fr (x) =

18. P
∞ xj 1
j=1 j r , x ∈ X Show that fr is continuous iff r > 1 − p . Find kfr k.

19. Let X = (c, k.k∞ ). Define T : X → K by T (x) = lim xn , x = (x1 , x2 · · · , ) ∈ X. Show

n→∞
that T is continuous and find kT k.

20. Let X = C[a, b] with sup norm.

Rb
(i) For y ∈ L1 [a, b], Define T : X → K by T x = a xy dx x ∈ X. Show that T is
continuous and find kT k.
Rb
(ii) let k(., .) ∈ C([a, b] × [a, b]). Define T : X → X by (T x)(t) = a k(s, t)x(s) ds.
Show that T is continuous and find kT k.

21. Let X be a normed linear space. If S, T ∈ B(X, X), then ST ∈ B(X, X) and kST k ≤
kSkkT k.

22. Consider the operator T : (`1 , k.k∞ ) → (c0 , k.k∞ ) defined by T (x1 , x2 , · · · ) = (x1 + x2 +
x3 + · · · , 21 (−x1 + x2 + x3 + · · · ), 31 (x1 − x2 + x3 + · · · ), · · · · · · ). Is T bounded?

23. If n > m ≥ 0, show that the space C n [a, b] with the norm induced by the norm C m [a, b]
is not closed.

24. Prove the following:

(i) The space (C[a, b], k.k1 ) is not closed.
(ii)For 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞, the space (Lq [a, b], k.kp ) is not closed in (Lp [a, b], k.kp ).

25. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and X = c00 with norm k.kp . For n ∈ N, define fn (x) = nx(n), x ∈ X.
Then fn (x) → 0 for every x ∈ X but kfn k = n.
 1
26. show that the subset E of `2 of points {xn } such that |xn | ≤ n
is bounded, closed,complete
and compact. Also find interior of E.

27. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and (Tn ) be a sequence of linear operators from
X to Y . Prove that if there exists a x0 ∈ X such that (Tn x0 ) does not converge then
there exists a dense subset D of X such that (Tn x) does not converge for any x ∈ D.

28. Let X be a Banach space, Y be a normed linear space and A ⊂ B(X, Y ). Suppose that
the set {Ax0 : A ∈ A} is unbounded for some point x0 ∈ X. Prove that the subset of
X consisting of those points x ∈ X for which the set {Ax : A ∈ A} is bounded in Y is
of first category in X.

29. Let X be a Banach space, Y be a normed linear space and A ⊂ B(X, Y ). If A is not
uniformly bounded then there exist a dense subset D of X such that for every x ∈ D
the set {Ax : a ∈ A} is not bounded in Y .

30. (Banach-Steinhaus theorem) Let X be a Banach space, Y be a normed linear space

and Tn ∈ B(X, Y ) such that (Tn x) is cauchy in Y for every x ∈ X. Show that (kTn k)
is bounded.

31. Let X = (P [a, b], k.k∞ ). Using uniform boundedness principle show that X is not a
Banach space.

32. Let X, Y be a Banach spaces and (An ) ⊂ B(X, Y ). If (An x) is a cauchy sequence in
Y for every x ∈ X then prove that there exists a A ∈ B(X, Y ) such that An x → Ax
for every x ∈ X.
P∞
33. Let (αn ) be a sequence of P
scalars such that j=0 αj βj convergence for every (βj )
converging to 0. Show that ∞ j=1 |α j | < ∞.

34. Let X, Y be normed linear spaces. If Y is a Banach space then B(X, Y ) is a Banach
space.

35. Without using Uniform Boundedness Principle show that a family A ⊂ B(X, Y ) is
uniformly bounded if it is pointwise bounded where X, Y are normed linear spaces and
X is a finite dimensional space.

36. Let the operator L : `2 → `2 be defined by L(x1 , x2 , · · · ) = (x2 , x3 , · · · , ) x =

(x1 , x2 , · · · ) ∈ `2 . Let Tn = Ln . Then, find (i) lim kTn xk (ii) lim kTn k.
n→∞ n→∞

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