Remedial exercises: Thermo & Equilibrium

1. Calcium oxide and sulfuric acid react with one another as follows:
CaO(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CaSO4(s) + H2O(l)

Calculate H° in kJ for this reaction using the following information:

Ca(s) + ½O2(g)  CaO(s) H° = -152 kJ/mol
Ca(s) + S(s) +2O2(g)  CaSO4(s) H° = -1434 kJ/mol
H2(g) + ½O2(g)  H2O(l) H° = -286 kJ/mol
H2(g) + S(s) + 2O2(g)  H2SO4(g) H° = -814 kJ/mol

A. -754
B. -2868
C. -1326
D. -970
E. 754

2. The formation reaction for ammonium chloride can be written as:

½N2(g) + 2H2(g) + ½Cl2(g)  NH4Cl(s)
Calculate the heat of formation in kJ/mol for ammonium chloride from the following
information:
½N2(g) + 3/2 H2(g)  NH3(g) H° = -46.2 kJ/mol
½H2(g) + ½Cl2(g)  HCl(g) H° = -92.3 kJ/mol
NH3(g) + HCl(g)  NH4Cl(s) H° = -176.0 kJ/mol
A. 314.5
B. - 314.5
C. -38.0
D. -222
E. -130

3. The formation reaction for Fe3O4 can be written as: 3Fe(s) + 2O2(g)  Fe3O4(s)
Calculate the heat of formation in kJ/mol for Fe3O4 given the following information:
2Fe(s) + O2(g)  2FeO(s) H° = -272 kJ/mol
2FeO(s) + ½O2(g)  Fe2O3(s) H° = -278 kJ/mol
FeO(s) + Fe2O3(s)  Fe3O4(s) H° = -23 kJ/mol

A. -709
B. -573
C. -299
D. -527
E. -307
4. The solubility of ionic substances in water
A. depends on lattice energy and heat of hydration
B. depends on lattice energy only
C. depends on heat of hydration only
D. depends on molar mass and lattice energy
E. depends on molar mass only

5. What is the Qc expression for the following chemical reaction?

MgO(s) + SO2(g) + ½O2(g) ⇌ MgSO4(s)

6. Which of the following is the correct relationship between Kc and Kp for the following reaction?
H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇌ 2HBr(g)
A. Kp = Kc
B. Kp = (RT)Kc
C. Kp = (RT)2Kc
D. Kp = Kc/RT
E. Kp = Kc/(RT)2

7. At 2000C, the equilibrium constant, Kc, has a value of 4.10  10-4. What is the value of Kp?
N2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g)
A. 2.17 10-8
B. 4.10  10-4
C. 7.65  10-2
D. 7.75
E. None of these choices is correct.
8. The compound PSCl3 decomposes to produce PCl3 and S8. Calculate the value for Kc if the
equilibrium concentrations are: [PSCl3] = 1.00 M; [S8] = 9.8 x 10-5 M; [PCl3] = 7.8 x 10-4 M.
Correct A. 1.3 x 10-29
B. 7.6 x 10-9
C. 1.3 x 10-7
D. 7.5 x 1028
E. 3.8 x 10-5

9. Calculate the value for Kp given the following information: N2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g);
At equilibrium, P(N2) = 0.65 atm; P(O2) = 0.065 atm; P(NO) = 0.000043 atm.
Correct A. 4.4 x 10-8
B. 2.3 x 107
C. 1.0 x 10-3
D. 9.8 x 102
E. 3.1 x 10-5

10. Calculate Kp at 500°C for the reaction 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g) ⇌ 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g). The value for
Kc at 500°C is equal to 0.456.
A. 0.456
Correct B. 7.19 x 10-3
C. 18.7
D. 2.19
E. 0.0535

11. Calculate the value for Kc for the third reaction, given the following:
Cl2(g) + F2(g) ⇌ 2ClF(g) Kc = 6.9;
2ClF(g) + 2F2(g) ⇌ 2ClF3(g) Kc = 20.1;
2ClF3(g) ⇌ Cl2(g) + 3F2(g) Kc = ?
Correct A. 0.0072
B. 1.4 x 102
C. 2.9
D. 0.34
E. 27
12. Write the correct equilibrium expression for the reaction
Al(NO3)3(s) + 6H2O(l) ⇌ Al(H2O)63+(aq) + 3NO3- (aq)

A. K = [Al(H2O)63+][NO3-]3/[Al(NO3)3][H2O]6
B. K = [Al(H2O)63+][NO3-]3/[H2O]6
C. K = [Al(H2O)63+][NO3-]3/[Al(NO3)3]
Correct D. K = [Al(H2O)63+][NO3-]3
E. K = [Al(H2O)63+][NO3-]3 / [Al(NO3)3][H2O]

13. For the reaction PbCl2(s) ⇌ Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq), the equilibrium concentration of Pb2+ is found
to be equal to 0.025 M. Calculate the value for Kc.
Correct A. 6.3 x 10-5
B. 0.025
C. 6.3 x 10-4
D. 1.6 x 10-5
E. 1.6 x 10-1

14. In water, the following equilibrium exists:

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) ⇌ H2O(l)
In pure water at 25C, the concentration of H+ ions is 1.00  10-7 mol/L. Calculate the value
of the equilibrium constant for the reaction as written above.
A. 1.00  1014
B. 1.00  1012
C. 1.00  10-14
D. 1.00  10-12
E. 5.55  1015

15. The equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g) at 986C is
0.63. A rigid cylinder at that temperature contains 1.2 atm of carbon monoxide, 0.20 atm of
water vapor, 0.30 atm of carbon dioxide, and 0.27 atm of hydrogen. Is the system at
equilibrium?
A. Yes.
B. No, the forward reaction must proceed to establish equilibrium.
C. No, the reverse reaction must proceed to establish equilibrium.
D. Need to know the volume of the container before deciding.
E. Need to know the starting concentrations of all substances before deciding.
16. The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ PCl5(g)
is 4.9x10-4 at 230C. If 0.70 mol of PCl3 is added to 0.70 mol of Cl2 in a 1.00-L reaction
vessel at 230C, what is the concentration of PCl3 when equilibrium has been established?
A. 0.049 M
B. 0.70 M
C. 0.30 M
D. 0.59 M
E. 0.83 M

17. The reaction system POCl3(g) ⇌ POCl(g) + Cl2(g) is at equilibrium. Which of the following
statements describes the behavior of the system if the partial pressure of chlorine is reduced
by 50%?
A. POCl3 will be consumed as equilibrium is established.
B. POCl will be consumed as equilibrium is established.
C. Chlorine will be consumed as equilibrium is established.
D. The partial pressure of POCl will decrease while the partial pressure of Cl2 increases as
equilibrium is established.
E. The volume will have to decrease before equilibrium can be reestablished.

18. Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)
A reaction vessel contains the three gases at equilibrium with a total pressure of 1.00 atm.
What will happen to the partial pressure of hydrogen if enough argon is added to raise the
total pressure to 1.03 atm?
A. The partial pressure of hydrogen will decrease.
B. The partial pressure of hydrogen will increase.
C. The partial pressure of hydrogen will be unchanged.
D. Kp needs to be known before a prediction can be made.
E. Both Kp and the temperature need to be known before a prediction can be made.

19. The reaction of nitric oxide to form dinitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide is exothermic.
3NO(g) ⇌ N2O(g) + NO2(g) + heat
What effect will be seen if the temperature of the system at equilibrium is raised by 25C?
A. The partial pressure of NO will increase.
B. The partial pressure of NO will decrease.
C. The partial pressure of NO2 will increase.
D. The partial pressures of NO and N2O will increase.
E. All three partial pressures will increase.
20. Methanol can be synthesized by combining carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g) Hrxn = -90.7 kJ
A reaction vessel contains these compounds at equilibrium. What effect will be seen when
equilibrium is reestablished after decreasing the temperature by 45C?
A. All the partial pressures will decrease.
B. The partial pressure of methanol will decrease.
C. The partial pressures of hydrogen and methanol will decrease.
D. The partial pressure of hydrogen will increase.
E. The partial pressure of carbon monoxide will decrease.

Structured Questions

1 A reaction achieves equilibrium when its forward and reverse rates are equal. This condition
is also said to be dynamic. Explain the term dynamic. [1]

Forward and reverse reactions still occur (balance each other) though there is no net
movement (change) observed
OR Not a static condition because forward and reverse reactions still occur
OR Forward and reverse reactions have not stopped

2 Consider a reaction that goes essentially to completion. Is the value of K small or large?
Explain. [2]
Large
because a reaction that essentially goes to completion has a lot of products and very
little reactants (K =[products]/[reactants] >>1)

3 The following reaction is at equilibrium: CaCO3 (s) ⇌ CaO (s) + CO2(g)

Explain if the equilibrium state will change with the following offsets:
(i) 1.00 g of calcium carbonate is added. [2]
Remain the same
Addition of solid does not affect equilibrium

(ii) The volume of reaction vessel is doubled. [2]

Equilibrium shifts to the right
because Δn =1 and can occupy more gaseous species