Example 1:

Determine the area of main steel, As required for the beam assuming the following
material strengths: fck = 25 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2. Assuming Class XC1
exposure. Ø bar is 25 mm and Ø link is 8 mm.
gk = 12kN/m

qk = 8 kN/m
b = 275

h = 500
7000 mm

Solution:

i) Design Moment, M
Design Ultimate Load, w
w = 1.35gk + 1.5qk
= 1.35(12) + 1.5(8)
= 28.2 kN/m

Design Moment, M
M = wl2/8
= (28.2 x 72) / 8
= 172.7 kNm
ii) Calculate Effective Depth, d
For Class XC1 exposure, cmin,dur = 15 mm (Table 4.4N)
Ø bar is 25 mm (Table 4.2), hence cmin,b is 25 mm
cmin = max [cmin,b ; cmin,dur + Δcdur,δ – Δcdur,st – Δcdur,add ; 10]
cmin = max [25 ; 15 ; 10], take max value of cmin = 25 mm
Therefore; cnom to main steel = cmin + Δdev
= 25 mm + 10 mm
= 35 mm
Ø link = 8 mm,
Hence, effective depth, d = h – cnom – Ø link – Ø bar/2
= 500 – 35 – 8 – 25/2
= 444.5 mm
≈ 445 mm

iii) Design Longitudinal Reinforcement

K = M / fckbd2
= 172.7 x 106
25 (275) (445)2
= 0.127 < 0.167
so, used singly reinforcement (compression steel is not required)
 z = d 0.5 +  (0.25 – K / 1.134)
= d 0.5 +  (0.25 – 0.127 / 1.134)
= 0.871d < 0.95d,
so take z = 0.871d

As = M / 0.87fykz
= 172.7 x 106
0.87(500) (0.871 x 445)
Asreq = 1024 mm2
From Table A.1, provide 4H25, Asprov = 1470 mm2

iv) Checking max and min steel areas

As,min = 0.13bd/100
= 0.13(275 x 445) / 100
= 159.1 mm2, As > As min  ok

As,max = 4.0bh/100
= 4(275 x 500) / 100
= 5500 mm2, As max > As  ok
v) Crack Checking
Check min spacing of reinforcement
Clear distance between bars, s b = 275
s = (width,b – 2cnom – 2no of Ø link - no of Ø bar)
No. of spacing

d = 445

h = 500
= 275 – (2x35) – (2x8) - (4x25)
3
= 89
3
= 29.7mm > max[Øbar ; dg (say 20 mm)+5 mm ; 20] As = 4H25

Check max bar spacing

fs = fyk x Gk + 0.3Qk x 1
1.15 (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) δ

= [500/1.15 ] x [(12 + 0.3(8)) / (1.35(12) + 1.5(8))] x 1

= 222 N/mm2
[From Table 7.3N, take wk = 0.3 mm, max clear spacing is 150 mm > 36.3 mm

→ Crack check passed

vi) Shear reinforcement design

Vmax = Ved = wl/2 = 28.2*7/2 = 98.7 kN

VRd,c = [0.12 k (100 1 fck)1/3 ]bw d

k = 1 +(200/d) = 1 + (200/445) = 1.67 < 2 (ok)

1 = Asl/(bw d) = 1470/(275 x 445) = 0.01< 0.02 (ok)

VRd,c = [0.12(1.67)(100x0.01x25)1/3](275)(445)
= 71.71kN

Since VRd,c < V,Ed therefore shear reinforcement is required.

Based on  = 22o
V,Rd,max (22) = [0.36*bw*d(1-fck/250)*fck]/[cot  + tan ]
= [0.36(275)(445)(1-25/250)(25)]/[cot 22o + tan 22o]
= [991.24 / 2.5 + 0.4]
= 342 kN

Since V,Rd, max(22) > VEf, therefore

Determine shear link

Asw/s > VEd /[0.78 d fyk cot ]
> 98.7 x103 /[0.78*445*500*cot(22)]
> 0.23

Select spacing, s = 300 mm (Table A.4)

Maximum link spacing
Smax = min(600, 0.75d)
= min (600, 0.75d)
= min (600, 0.75 (445))
= min (600, 334)

Since s = 300 < smax , therefore the link spacing is ok

Check min shear link areas

[Asw/s]min > [0.08√fck /fyk]*(bw sin α)
> [0.08√(25)/500]*(275)(1)
> 0.22

H8@300 c/c is acceptable

Deflection

ρ = As prov/bd
= 1470/(275 x 445)
= 0.012 ρ < ρo
ρo = √fck x 10-3
= √25 x 10-3
= 0.005

From Table 7.4N, for an simply supported beam K = 1.0

(l/d)basic = K 11 + 1.5√fck ρo + 1 √fck √ ρ’
ρ – ρ’ 12 ρo

= 1.0 11 + 1.5(√25) 0.005

0.012 - 0
= 1.0(11 + 3.41)
= 18.92 mm
310/σs = 500/[fyk (As,req/As,pro)]
310/σs = 500/[500(1024/1470)]

(l/d)allowable = (l/d)basic x 310/σs x 7/span

= 18.92 x 1.43 x 7/7
= 27.05mm
(l/d)actual = 7000/445
= 15.7mm

(l/d)allowable > (l/d)actual → the deflection is satisfied.

Example 2:
Design the bending reinforcement for the beam, assuming the nominal cover, cnom to
the main steel is 40 mm, Ø link is 10 mm, Ø bar is 25 mm, d’ is 50 mm, fck is 25 N/mm2
and fyk is 500 N/mm2.
gk = 4 kN/m

qk = 5 kN/m b = 230

h = 370
9000 mm
Solution:

i) Design Moment, M
Design Ultimate Load, w
w = 1.35gk + 1.5qk
= 1.35(4) + 1.5(5)
= 12.9 kN/m

Design Moment, M
M = wl2/8
= (12.9 x 92) / 8
= 130.6 kNm
ii) Calculate Effective Depth, d
Effective depth, d = h – cnom – Ø link – Ø bar/2
= 370 – 40 – 10 – 25/2
= 307.5 mm
≈ 308 mm

iii) Design Longitudinal Reinforcement

K = M / fckbd2
= 130.6 x 106
25 (230) (308)2
= 0.238 > 0.167
so, used doubly reinforcement (compression steel is required)

z = d 0.5 +  (0.25 – K / 1.134)

= d 0.5 +  (0.25 – 0.167 / 1.134)
= 0.82d < 0.95d
so take z = 0.82d

d’/d = 50/308 = 0.162 < 0.171

Compression Steel, As’
As’ = (K – Kbal)fckbd2)
0.87fyk (d –d’)
= (0.238 – 0.167)(25 x 230 x 3082)
0.87 (500)(308 – 50)
= 345 mm2
From Table A.1, provide 2H20, As’ = 628 mm 2

Tension steel, As
As = Kbalfckbd2 + As’
0.87fyk z
= 0.167 x 25 x 230 x 3082 + 345
0.87 x 500 x 0.82 x 308
= 1174 mm2
From Table A.1, provide 2H40, As = 1260 mm 2
310/σs = 500/[fyk (As,req/As,pro)]
310/σs = 500/[500(945/982)]
σs = 298.4 N/mm2

(l/d)allowable = (l/d)basic x 310/σs x 7/span

= 28.86 x 310/298.4 x 7/9
= 20.99mm
(l/d)actual = 10000/600
= 16.7mm

(l/d)allowable > (l/d)actual → the deflection is satisfied.

iv) Checking max and min steel areas
As,min = 0.13bd/100
= 0.13(230 x 308) / 100
= 92.1 mm2, As > As min  ok b = 230

d’ = 50
As,max = 4.0bh/100
As’ = 2H20

h = 370
= 4(230 x 370) / 100

d = 308
= 3404 mm2, As max > As  ok
As = 2H40

v) Check min and max bar spacing

Clear distance between bars (s).
s = (width,b – 2cnom – 2no of Ø link - no of Ø bar)
No. of spacing
= [230 – (2x40) – (2x10) - (2x40)]/1
= 50 mm > max[Øbar ; dg (say 20 mm)+5 mm ; 20]
Check max bar spacing

fs = fyk x Gk + 0.3Qk x 1
1.15 (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk) δ

= [500/1.15 ] x [(4 + 0.3(5)) / (1.35(4) + 1.5(5))] x 1

= 185.4 N/mm2

[From Table 7.3N, take wk = 0.3 mm, max clear spacing is 268 mm > 50 mm

→ Crack check passed

vi) Shear reinforcement design

Vmax = V,Ed = wl/2 = 12.9*9/2 = 58.05 kN

VRd,c = [0.12 k (100 1 fck)1/3 ]bw d

k = 1 +(200/d) = 1 + (200/308) = 1.81 < 2 (ok)

1 = Asl/(bw d) = 1260/(230 x 308) = 0.018 < 0.02 (ok)

VRd,c = [0.12(1.81)(100x0.018x25)1/3](230)(308)
= 54.73 kN

VRd,c < V,max therefore

Based on  = 22o
V,Rd,max (22) = [0.36*bw*d(1-fck/250)*fck]/[cot  + tan ]
= [0.36(230)(308)(1-25/250)(25)]/[cot 22o + tan 22o]
= [991.24 / 2.5 + 0.4]
= 197.9 kN

Since V,Rd, max(22) > Vmax, therefore

Determine shear link

Asw/s > Vmax /[0.78 d fyk cot ]
> 58.05 x103 /[0.78*308*500*cot(22)]
> 0.193

Asw = (*d2)/4]*2 = (*102)/4*2 = 157.1 mm2

157.1/s > 0.193
s < 157.1/0.193
< 814 mm

Select spacing, s = 300 mm (Table A.4)

Maximum link spacing
Smax = min(600, 0.75d(1+cot))
= min (600, 0.75d(1+cot(90)))
= min (600, 0.75 (308))
= min (600, 231)

Since s = 300 > smax , so take s = 225

Check min shear link areas

[Asw/s]min > [0.08√fck /fyk]*(bw sin α)
> [0.08√(25)/500]*(230)(1)
> 0.184

H10@225 c/c is acceptable