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M.MOREL Wind Energy History 1/32
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Historical Development of Wind Energy
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First windmills
•first machines used in the Orient – as early as 1700 BC
predominantly for lifting of irrigation water
•written evidence for the use of wind energy exists also for
Afghanistan around 700 AD
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Contents
•technical innovations
•side wheel, spring sails
•Smeaton 1759
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Ruins of two windmills (Afghanistan, 1977)
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Persian wind Persian wind mill (schematic)
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Chinese windmills 2
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Chinese windmills 1
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Horizontal Horizontal axis machines
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Post wind mill Post wind mill for water pumping
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1 brake wheel
2 shaft for sack hoist
3 hand-driven
7 hopper
8 millstones
9 traverse beam
10 brake lever
11 brake rope
12 hoist operating rope
13 floor for flour sacking
15 tail pole
16 central post
17 sack hoist
18 quarter bars
19 cross trees
20 foundation
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Wipmolen (Holland after 1400 AD)
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Tower mill (Tower mill (Mediterranean mill)
•of similar design, in the 1500s, were the Dutch smock mills
•octagonal towers
•rotating caps to align the rotor to the wind
•generally two grindstones (one for lighter winds, two for stronger
winds)
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Mediterranean and Dutch smockmill
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Wind mill from Azores (Portugal)
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Old and new – Porto Santo, Madeira
in the background: 8 units of AEROMAN 12.5/30, 15 m tower, 30 kW – identical with the 10 unit wind park at Sijiao, Chengsi County
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Paltrock mill
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American farm windmill
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Old and new – Germany
in the
background:
ENERCON E40
gearless
wind turbine,
40 m rotor
diameter,
500 kW
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Typical Western Mill in Africa today
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Operation of a windmill
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Technological innovations
• to orient the rotating cap towards the wind, the miller used
the help of his donkey
• by auxiliary gears, this wheel would orient the cap to the wind, and
lift up the sacks of grain to the top storeys
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Early scientific work on windmills
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John Smeaton test apparatus 1759
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Summary
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Industrial revolution
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Horizontal axis windmills
• Horizontal axis windmills (Occident)
• First for grinding grain
• Water lifting for draining Polders in Holland
Paltrock mill ~ 1650 AD Dutch mill ~ 1700 AD Western wind pump ~1850 AD
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