Foundations and Slopes

..._ • • •• • ... 4 ' ••

An introduction to applications of
criticai state soil mechanics
'·

J. H. ATKlNSON
Reader in Soil Mèckanics and Head of the Division of Geotechnical Engineering,
The City University, London

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81/28365
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' McGRAW- HILL Book Company(UK) Limited

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 CONTENTS

Consulting editor's foreword ix

xi
Preface

A note on uruts xiii

Glossar}' of symbols xiv

1. Stress, Strain , Elasticity , and Plasticity

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Stress, strain, an d effective stress 2
1.3 Analysis of defonnation and strain 4
1.4 · Analysis of states of stress 11
1.5 Relationships between stress aÌ'I.d strain 14
1.6 Elastìc and plastic defonnations 16
1. 7 Yielding, hardening, and plastic flow · "·· 17
1.8 Ideai elastic behaviour r 22
1.9 Elasto-plastic behaviour 23
1.10 Equilibrium and compatibility 25
1.11 Relationships between stress and strain for piane strain 27
References 29
. ·,
2. An lntroduction to the Mechanics of Soils

. 2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Drained and undrained loading 31
2.3 The state boundary surface 32
2.4 Yielding and hardening 42
2.5 Failure of soil 48
2.6 Elastic stress-strain relationships 53
2.7 Elasto-plastic stress- strain relationships 56
2.8 Failure and plastic flow at the criticai state 59
2.9 Residua! strength 66
2.10 Anisotropie compression 68
2.11 Summary 70
References 72
Worked examples 72
v
 vi CONTENTS

3. Natura! Soils in Foundations and Slopes

3. 1 In troduction 8
3.2 Fonnation of natura! soils 8
3.3 States of stress in the ground 8
3.4 Overconsolidation of natura] soils 9•
3.5 Profiles ofwater content and strength for natura! soils 9
3.6 Loading of soil in foundati ons and slopes 9.
3.7 Investigations, sampling, and testing 9'
3.8 Analysis of soil structures 10
3.9 Selection of strength parameters fo r design IO·
3.10 Factor ofsafety 10:
References lOc
Worked examples lO<

4. Theorems of Plastic Collapse and their Application to Soil Structures

4.1 lntroduction 105

4.2 Principle of virtual work 105
4.3 Theorems of plastic collapse 111
4.4 Use of bound theorems for the collapse of a beam 114
4.5 Failure criteria for soils 116
4.6 Mechatùsms for piane plastic collapse 118
4.7 lncrements ofwork done during plastic co~apse 122
4.8 Displacement diagrams 125
4.9 Slip fans 126
4.10 Discontinuous stress states 130
4.11 Stress fans 135
4.12 a an d (3 discontinuities 141
4.13 Summary 143
References 145

S. Undrained Stability of Soil Structures

5.1 In troduction 146

5.2 Bound calculations for undrained loading 148
5.3 Undrained stability of cuts and slopes 149
5.4 Undrained stability of a smooth retaining wall 158
5.5 Undrained stability of a foundatio n 164
5.6 Undrained stability of a rough retaining wall 177
5.7 Effect of extemal water pressures 180
5.8 Discussi o n 185
References 185
Worked examples 185
 CONTENTS vii

6. Drained Stability of Soil Structures

83 6.1 Introduction 194

83 6.2 Bound calculations for drained loading 195
85 6.3 Stability of slopes in dry soil 197
90 6.4 Drained stability of a smooth w ali 202
91 6.5 Dralned stability of a foundation 208
95 6.6 Bound calculatiuns for saturated soil 225
99 6.7 Drained stability of a rough retaining wall 232
lO I 6.8 Discussio n 236
104 References 237
lOS Worked examples 237
106 '
106~ Associated Fields and Slip Line Methods
7.
r 7.1 In troduction 247
7.2 Relationships between stress and strain in a perfectly plastic materia!
109'' 247
109 ~
at failure
7.3 Stress field calculations for undrained loading 253
III 256
7.4 Stress field calculations for 4,rained loading
Ii4 258
Displacement field calculations
116 . 7.5
7.6 Associa ted fields caleula tions 261
118 : 7.7 Slip line sketching for undrained loading 262
122 Slip line solutions for undrainfd loading 264
7.8
125 Slip line sketching for drained loading 269
7.9
126 Slip 1ine so1utions for drained 1oading 272
7.10
130
7.11 Discussio n 278
135 References 279
141 .
Worked exaritples 279
143 .
145
8. The Limit Equilibrium Method

8.1 Introduction 286

146 8.2 The theory of the limi t equilibrium method 286
148 8.3 Limi t equilibrium solutions for retaining walls 287
149 8.4 Graphical methods for limit equilibrium calculations 291
158 8.5 The sii p circle method for u ndrained loading 29i
164 8.6 The slip circle method for drained loading - the method of slices 301
177 8.7 Generallimit equilibrium solutions 30~
180 8.8 Factor of safety 30~
185 8.9 Discussio n 3H
185 References 311
185 Worked examples 31 '
vi ii CONTENTS

9. Routine Methods for Stability Qllculations

9.1 In troduction 3I S
9.2 Bearing c::pacity fac tors for undrained loading 32(
9.3 Stability numbcrs for undrained loading 322
9.4 Earth pressure coefficicnts for undrained loading 324
9.5 Bearing capacity factors for drained loading 325
9.6 Stability numbers for drained loading 328
9.7 Earth pressure coefficients for drained loading 329
9.8 Discussion 331
References 331
Worked examples 331

10. Settlement of Foundations

10.1 Introduction 335
10.2 Drained and undrained loading of foundations 335
10.3 States of stress in elastic soil 339
10.4 Standard solutions for foundations on elastic soil 343
10.5 Influence factors for stress and displacement 349
10.6 One-dimensional loading of elastic soil 354
10.7 Consolidation settlements 355
10.8 Rate of consolidation of foundations 359
10.9 Stress path methods 363
References 365
Worked examples 366

11. Concluding Remarks 372

lndex 375