Chapter 3

Decimals and Percents

Decimals are mixed numbers in which the proper fractional part has a denominator which is 10, or 100,
or 1000, or, more generally, a power of 10. Here are some powers of 10:

100 = 1
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1000
104 = 10000
10n = 1 followed by n 0’s.

The number above and to the right of 10 is the exponent, or power, and indicates the number of times
that 10 appears as a factor. Thus

103 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000,

and so forth.
Here are some examples of mixed numbers in which the denominator of the fractional part is a power
of ten, together with their representations as decimals:

3
1 = 1.3
10
37
21 = 21.37
100
21
13 = 13.021
1000
The decimal point (which looks like the period at the end of a sentence) separates the whole number
part from the proper fractional part. The digits to the right of the decimal point represent the fractional
part according to the following rule:

• the digits to the right of the decimal point constitute the numerator;

• the number of digits to the right of the decimal point is the power of 10 which constitutes the
denominator.

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