Keep It Simple Science Photocopy Master Sheets: Resources & Technology

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Photocopy Master Sheets
Years 9-10
Resources
&
Technology
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Topics Available
Year 7-8 General Science Year 9-10 General Science
Disk Filename Topic Name Disk Filename Topic Name
01.Energy Energy 12.Waves Wave Energy (inc. Light)
02.Forces Forces 13.Motion Forces & Motion
03.Matter Solids, Liquids & Gases 14.Electricity Electricity
04.Mixtures Separating Mixtures 15.Atoms Atoms & Elements
05.Elements Elements & Compounds 16.Reactions Compounds & Reactions
06.Cells Living Cells 17.DNA Cell Division & DNA
07.Life Living Things 18.Evolution Evolution of Life
08.LifeSystems Plant & Animal Systems 19.Health Health & Reproduction
09.Astronomy Astronomy 20.Universe The Universe
10.Earth The Earth 21.EarthScience Earth Science
11.Ecosystems Ecosystems 22.Resources Resources & Technology
Year 11-12 Science Courses

Biology Chemistry Earth & Envir. Physics
Preliminary Core
Local Ecosystem
Preliminary Core
Chemical Earth
Science Preliminary Core
World Communicates
Preliminary Core
Patterns in Nature Metals Planet Earth... Electrical Energy...
Life on Earth Water Local Environment Moving About
Evolution Aust. Biota Energy Water Issues Cosmic Engine
HSC Core HSC Core Dynamic Earth HSC Core
Maintain. a Balance Production of Materials HSC Core Space
Blueprint of Life Acidic Environment Tectonic Impacts Motors & Generators
Search for Better Health Chem.Monit.&Mngment Environs thru Time Ideas to Implementation
Options Options Caring for the Country Options
Communication Shipwrecks, Corrosion... Option Quanta to Quarks
Genetics:Code Broken? Industrial Chemistry Introduced Species Astrophysics
All Topics Available as PHOTOCOPY MASTERS and/or KCiC

Photocopy Masters (PDF files) KCiC = Key Concepts in Colour
Black & White, A4 portrait-orientation Full colour, formatted for on-screen study
for clear, economical photocopying. and data projection. PDF + Powerpoint®
Powerpoint is a trademark of Microsoft Corp.
2
®
“Mind-Map” Outline of Topic

This topic does not belong neatly to any single discipline of Science.
It is a collection of quite different parts, with a common theme.
Biotic & Abiotic

Factors Cycling of
Resources Importance
&
Properties
Human
Impacts Problems
Ecosystem
Resources
Strategies
Energy for the
Future?
Resources
Resources
&
Technology Nuclear
Technology
Fission
&
Biotechnology Benefits
Fusion
&
Problems
Technology
Makes New Radioactivity
Resources Benefits
&
Problems
Years 9-10 Topic 22 Resources & Technology Usage & copying is permitted according to the
3
copyright © 2009 keep it simple science
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au
Site Licence Conditions only
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Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your
workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.
Resources
Biotic & Abiotic

Fission
Ecosystem
Radioactivity
&
Factors
Resources
& Fusion
Technology Cycling of
Resources
Human
Impacts
Technology Benefits Strategies

Nuclear & for the
Makes New Problems Future?
Technology
Resources
Problems
Energy Benefits Importance

Biotechnology Resources & &
Problems Properties
Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Cut out the boxes. Sort them into an appropriate lay-out on a page of your
workbook, then glue them down. Add connecting arrows and colour in.
Resources
Biotic & Abiotic
Fission
Ecosystem
Radioactivity
&
Factors
Resources
& Fusion
Technology Cycling of
Resources
Human
Impacts
Technology Benefits Strategies

Nuclear & for the
Makes New Problems Future?
Technology
Resources
Problems
Energy Benefits Importance

Biotechnology Resources & &
Problems Properties
Years 9-10 Topic 22 Resources & Technology 4 Usage & copying is permitted according to the
www.keepitsimplescience.com.au Site Licence Conditions only
®
Resources in an Ecosystem
Ecology is the study of living things and their environment.
An ecosystem is all the living things in a place, plus the
physical environment in which they live.
An ecosystem can be as large or as small as you like. The whole Biosphere of the
Earth is one ecosystem, or you might study just one little rockpool as an ecosystem.
One valley can be an ecosystem, or an entire

continent... it just depends on how large, or
small an area you want to study.
Every ecosystem requires resources, such as

food, living space, shelter, oxygen and water.
These resources can be divided into 2 types.
Biotic (Living) Resources

The “community” is all the living things
within the ecosystem being studied. All
Abiotic (Non-Living) the plants, animals and microbes are
Resources part of the community.
Amount of Water They all depend on each other, and

interact with each other in many
Amount of Light (e.g. for plants) important ways.
Helpers
Food Many living things help
Amount of O2 and CO2 gases each other to survive.
Animals need to eat
other living things. e.g. plant flowers
Temperature Range Examples: provide nectar to feed
• kangaroos eat grass. insects, birds, bats, etc.
• spiders eat insects. In return, these animals
Soil Quality • monkeys eat fruits. pollinate the flowers.
This relationship is
All these things (and many more) can called “Mutualism”.
have a huge effect on which plants Parasites &
and animals can live in any particular Diseases Competitors
Many living things face
ecosystem. Some living things are competition from other
parasites and feed from species that need the
For example, no plants can live in a others without killing same food, or the same
them. Some microbes nesting sites, or the
totally dark cave, or the deep ocean, same living space.
cause infectious
because there is no light for diseases. Competition is a life-
photosynthesis. or-d
death struggle.
Very few plants and animals can Resources (such as food) are essential
survive in a desert, or on an ice-cap for survival of any living thing in any
because of the extreme temperatures ecosystem. Other factors might make
and/or lack of water. life easier, or more difficult.
®
Cycling of Ecosystem Resources

In every ecosystem there needs to be a constant input of energy.
In most ecosystems, the energy input is the heat and light of the Sun.
Other resources, such as water, oxygen or calcium, are constantly re-cycled.
You should already know about

The Water Cycle
Clou
with ds move Sun
the w
inds
.
As the warm,
moisture-lladen
air rises, it cools.
Precipitation
The water vapour
condenses to
form clouds.
Tr
an
sp
ira The Water Cycle
tio
n
fro is powered by
Su m the heat
rfa pl
an
ce ts of the Sun.
flo
w
in
Flo riv
w er Evaporation
of s
gr
ou
nd
wa
ter
Oceans
Cycling of Vital Chemicals

Many vital chemicals are constantly re-cycled in nature.
CO2 & O2 Cycle Nitrogen
is cycled between N2 gas in the
The processes of photosynthesis and atmosphere and nitrate ions (NO3-) in
cellular respiration are connected by soil which is vital for plant growth.
this well-known cycle. Animals excrete wastes such as
Ammonia (NH3) and urea which join the
CO2 cycle.
Certain types of soil bacteria are

involved in the conversions from one
Cellular
Respiration Photosynthesis nitrogen chemical to another.
Other important substances which are

O2
re-cycled over and over include:
PLANTS Phosphate, Sulfate,
ANIMALS & PLANTS Calcium and Iron
®
The Carbon Cycle

The CO2 - O2 cycle shown previously, is only a small part of a larger cycle which
involves living things, the oceans, fossil fuels and even Plate Tectonics.
CO2 Calcareous
Carbon Compounds dissolved in oceans skeletons and shells
in Living Things
Food
Chains
Ph
ot
os
Reaction with dissolved
yn
Re
minerals, sedimentation
th
sp
es
& compression
ng
ira
is
vin
tio
Dissolv
n
Res
pira
tion Limestone & Chalk
CO2
Excretion
&
Death
Sedimentary rocks
in atmoshere usually
locked up
Deca
y for millions
of years
Wastes
& Burning Fossil Fuels
Dead
Fos
sili
Volcanic Activity
sat
ion
Human activity also releases CO2 from

Fossil Fuels rocks when limestone is used to make
Petroleum cement for concrete.
Coal
Natural Gas
Carbon Dioxide, “Greenhouse” & Global Warming

Burning fossil fuels (coal, petroleum) CO2 gas “traps” some of the heat which would
produces huge amounts of CO2. We know normally escape into space. This “Greenhouse
that the level of CO2 in the air has increased Effect” is now believed to be causing the whole world
to warm up.
significantly over the past 100 years or so. This “Global Warming” is
Global Warming Some heat escapes causing climate change so
Volcanic activity can back into space that weather patterns may
also release huge CO2 be disrupted and many
amounts of CO2 gas. natural environments may
be destroyed over
CO2
The Earth absorbs heat Heat the next century.
Heat
from the Sun, and the
trapped from The ice around the poles
surface warms up. is beginning to melt. If
As the surface warms, CO2 Sun
the ice caps melted
some of the heat radiates completely, the sea
back into space, so the level could rise by
Earth cools again. more than 100m.
®
Worksheet 1
Resources in Ecosystems Student Name.............................................
Fill in the blank spaces. The “Water Cycle” is driven by the
k)................ Water l).............................
Every ecosystem has certain needs, or into the atmosphere and then
requirements which can be divided into m)........................... into clouds. Rain,
2 groups: hail or snow n)............................ from the
clouds. The cycle is completed by
a)............................ resources are not o)................................................................
alive. These include the amount of
b)......................... for photosynthesis, the The Carbon-Oxygen cycle involves the
amount c)..................... and the cycling of gases p)...................... and
important gases d)....................... and ................................ between the
................................ processes of q)......................................
and cellular respiration. This is only a
The e)........................... resources are small part of the larger “Carbon Cycle”.
alive. Animals need plants or other This includes CO2 dissolving in the
animals for f)...................... Many living r)................................ and ending up in
things help each other. For example, s)................................... rocks for millions
many plants make g)........................ in of years. CO2 is returned to the
their flowers to feed insects, birds or atmosphere by t).......................... activity.
bats. The animals help the plant by The cycle also involves u).........................
h).................................... it. fuels.
In every ecosystem there has to be a Human use of coal & petroleum has
constant input and flow of i).................... increased the level of v)............... in the
All the chemical resources, however, are atmosphere. This is w)..........................
j).............................. more heat, leading to x)...........................
Worksheet 2
Ecosystem Resources Student Name.............................................
3. List 2 main processes which remove
1. Divide these items into Abiotic and CO2 gas from the atmosphere.
Biotic resources.
Temperature, water, food plant, sunlight,
predator, disease germ, oxygen, prey, 4. List 3 natural processes which return
soil quality. CO gas to the atmosphere.
2
5. How does CO2 gas cause a

“Greenhouse Effect”?
2. Apart from water, oxygen and CO2, list

3 other chemicals which are constantly 6. How might this affect ecosystems?
re-cycled in ecosystems.
®
Human Impacts on Ecosystems

Many human activities have important impacts on natural ecosystems.
Some impacts affect living things directly, while others upset the
natural re-cycling of vital chemicals such as CO2 or phosphates.
The “Greenhouse Effect” and Global Warming were already mentioned...
here are some other serious human impacts.
Loss of Habitat Biological

Very simply, humans clear forests, fill wetlands
and divert streams to make room for our towns
Magnification
and cities and for our agriculture. For example, Pesticides and industrial
only about 3% of Australian rainforests remain, poisons, even in very small
from those present 200 hundred years ago. amounts can build up in living
communities by “biological magnification”...
Clearing of natural environments is disaster for
many species. They are specially adapted to Example: the level of a toxic chemical in a shrimp might be
their habitat and cannot survive elsewhere. quite low, but a fish which eats many shrimp in a year ends
up with a concentration of toxins 100 times higher... and so
Eutrophication occurs when rivers on up through the food chain.
and streams are over-fertilised by human
sewerage and agricultural run-off. Biological Magnification
Toxin concentration
Although sewerage is treated to make it safe 10 units
to the environment, the effluent still
contains minerals which act as a fertiliser.
Typically, the treated effluent from our sewer Toxin concentration
systems is discharged into waterways. 1,000 units
Similarly, when farmers use fertiliser on Toxin concentration

their crops and fields, some will eventually 1 unit
be washed into creeks and rivers during Scientists are currently alarmed by a world-wide decline in
rainy weather. populations of amphibians (frogs & toads). It is suspected
that various human-made chemicals are disrupting the
The result is that algae living in the
reproduction and development of many species which are
waterways are stimulated to grow in over-
abundance, often choking waterways and vital links in the food webs in many ecosystems.
blocking light from other water plants.
Later, great masses of algae die off and their Why Alien Species are Bad News
decay uses up all the oxygen in the water, so
that many fish and other organisms
suffocate.
Introduction of
Alien Species
Lantana
Many species from other places
The “aliens” find themselves in an environment in
have been brought to Australia, either which the normal predators and diseases are not
deliberatly or accidentally, and released. present to keep their population in check.
The list includes plants such as prickly
pear, lantana and bitou bush, and animals They are often more ruthlessly efficient in using
such as rabbits, foxes, pigs, camels, and resources, and so they “out-compete” the natives.
cane toads.
Many ecosystems around the world
are being disrupted by “alien” species
All of these species, and many others, have introduced by humans.
become major problems in the ecosystems.
®
Balancing Human Needs With Ecosystems

Is it possible to balance human needs and activities with the natural ecosystems?
Can we continue to enjoy modern lifestyles, while also preserving and
protecting ecosystems in a sustainable way?
On this page are some of the basic strategies which are already possible,
or are being implemented and need to be continued and extended.
Ecological Flows in Streams National Parks & Nature Reserves

Many of our rivers are dammed for hydro-
electricity and/or irrigation schemes. So Native species are protected by our
much water is extracted from streams, that National Parks system. Professional
there is not enough water still flowing to scientists and rangers monitor the
sustain the river and wetland ecosystems. populations, control alien pest species,
repair environmental damage and
Scientists can help by developing crop study the ecosystems to learn how to
varieties which need less irrigation. preserve them better.
Farmers can help with farming methods
that use water more efficiently. We must continue to support the
National Parks and vote for
government leaders who will allocate
funds to maintain existing parks and
create new protected areas.
Sewerage Treatment
Modern sewerage systems are capable of
treating wastes so thoroughly that the water
is safe for re-cycling. This helps reduce
water usage as well as ensuring that the
material discharged back into the
environment will not cause eutrophication.
Unfortunately, not all communities have
installed modern systems yet.
Wildlife Refuges & Corridors
Farmers and land owners are now finding Laws to Protect Environments
that is in their best interests to keep patches Compared to (say) 50 years ago,
of forest on farmland, or re-plant native there are now many laws to help
vegetation on non-productive land. This can prevent pollution which used to
often help preserve populations of native poison ecosystems by (for
birds and insects which help keep pest example) Biological Magnification
species in check. of toxic chemicals.
Corridors of natural scrub and bush allow Dangerous pesticides have been
native species to move or migrate without banned, petrol with lead additives
having to cross totally cleared crop or removed from sale and industries
grazing land. This helps species to find are not permitted to discharge
mates and new territories and maintain smoke, acidic or toxic gases, etc.
genetic diversity, instead of becoming
isolated and “in-bred”. As you know from These standards must be
other topics, genetic diversity is essential maintained, and extended to
for survival of a species. protect ecosystems for all time.
®
Worksheet 3
Human Impacts & Conservation Student Name.............................................
Fill in the blank spaces.
Apart from “Global Warming”, many Some of the strategies that help protect
other human activities have serious ecosystems are:
impacts on ecosystems.
Ensure h)........................... flow in
We clear land for agriculture and towns. streams by releasing water from dams
This results in loss of a)........................... and limiting the amounts taken for
Many species are specially b)................... i)...................................
to their environment and cannot live
elsewhere.
Maintain and enlarge our system of
Pesticides and other pollutants can j).............................. Parks. These help
accumulate by “c)................................. protect k)..................... species and
..........................” through food chains. control l)........................ species.
“d)..................................” occurs when Encourage the planting of wildlife

sewerage and farm run-off over- refuges and m)......................... to allow
fertilises streams and causes native species to n).........................
overgrowth of e)........................
Modern o).................................... systems
Introduced species disrupt ecosystems can reduce cases of eutrophication.
because they f).......................... with
native species and they over-populate
Continue to enforce p).............. which
because their normal g)...........................
and ........................... are not present. protect the environment.
Worksheet 4
Student Name.............................................
Human Impacts
3. Years ago near Minamata, Japan, a factory
1. was discharging very low levels (so low it was
What’s so bad about humans clearing thought to be safe) of mercury into a bay. The
land? If native animals lose their habitat, people around the bay often ate the fish they
why can’t they just go and live caught. Later, many people suffered from
mercury poisoning. The levels in their bodies
somewhere else? were thousands of time higher than the levels
discharged. (Mercury poisoning is now called
“Minamata Disease”.)
a) What process was happening in the

ecosystem?
2. One of the worst ecological problems
in New Zealand is a large, damaging b) Explain how the concentration of
population of Australian possums. Why mercury may have increased.
are they a problem in NZ, when they’re
no problem in Oz?
®
Energy Resources for Society (Revision)

Our society depends on energy for our homes, factories, transport & commerce.
Used for heating, Electricity is useful Used for powering Fuels are convenient
lighting, cooking, because it can be all our vehicles... to store and carry
tools & appliances, used in so many cars, trucks, trains, and contain a large
computers, TV, etc. different ways. ships & planes. amount of energy.
ELECTRICITY FUELS
Can be produced Australia makes Can be produced

from RENEWABLE Most fuels are
from RENEWABLE most of its
sources, such as NON-R
RENEWABLE
sources, such as electricity from
plants. “Fossil Fuels”
solar, or wind. burning coal.
Our Main Energy Sources are Fossil Fuels

Coal Petroleum (Petra = rock, oleum = oil)
Millions of years ago, many parts of the world
were covered in great forests growing in Petroleum is the fossilised remains of
swampy ground. When leaves and trunks tiny sea creatures which died and
fell, they did not rot away, but “composted” settled into the mud of ancient shallow
into peat-like deposits. seas. Buried in sediments, their remains
have been chemically changed, but still
contain some chemical PE stored in the
Layer after layer were buried by more and
cells of the ancient
more deposits. Later, the material was buried creatures. Oil Well Pump
under sediments of sand and mud and
compressed and changed into coal. Petroleum can be refined
to make fuels like petrol,
Coal is fossilised plant matter, and still diesel and L.P.G.
contains the Chemical Potential Energy that
the plants stored when alive. This energy is Oil Refinery
released as heat when coal is burned.
Although there are some serious problems with

Coal Mining the use of fossil fuels, our society is “addicted”
to their use because they are embedded within
our economy.
We use coal mainly for generating electricity,
and for smelting iron ore to make steel. This economic dependance and some possible
future solutions, are discussed soon.
®
How We Make Electricity from Fossil Fuels

In Australia, we mostly burn coal. Petroleum gas, or other petroleum fuels could be used.
Waste gases
from burning The Energy Conversions Involved are
Chemical Heat KE Electricity

PE (in coal) (turbine)
In the furnace,
water is heated
to make high
pressure steam The steam passes through
the blades of a turbine,
and make it spin.
Generator
When spun by the turbine,
the generator makes
electricity
releases heat energy
Used steam
Coal, goes to huge
or other fossil fuel, cooling towers
burning in a furnace and is
condensed
back to water
and re-u
used
Problems With Burning Fossil Fuels

1. Non-Renewable 3. Global Warming
All fossil fuels are non-renewable resources
and must eventually run out. Coal will last a Burning fossil fuels produces huge
few hundred years, but petroleum may run amounts of the gas carbon dioxide (CO2).
out within your lifetime.
Check your family’s latest electricity bill:
it will tell you how many tonnes of CO2 have
2. Pollution means contamination by been released to make your electricity.
unwanted, dangerous substances.
CO2 in the air is known to “trap” heat which
Burning coal can produce sulfur dioxide gas would normally escape into space.
which is acidic. It can lead to “Acid Rain” Increased CO2 levels can cause a
which destroys forests and kills plant & “Greenhouse Effect” which is now believed
animal communities in lakes & streams. to be causing the whole world to warm up.
Burning petroleum fuels in vehicle engines This “Global Warming” will cause climate
produces waste gases which cause change so that weather patterns will be
“smog”. This damages people’s lungs and disrupted and many natural environments
results in many health problems. may be destroyed in the next century.
®
Economic Dependance
Cheap & Convenient Dollars, Jobs, Votes
We use coal because it is, literally, as Because of the energy and convenience
cheap as dirt. Basically, you dig it up of fossil fuels, huge industries have
and then burn it. The greatest cost is developed around them. Not only the
transporting the coal from mine to coal industry and petrol companies, but
power station. the car manufacturers, electricity supply
companies and makers and retailers of
That’s why in electrical goods, lawn mowers and air
Australia, most conditioners all rely on a constant
coal-burning supply of cheap electricity and fuel, or
power stations else their goods won’t sell.
are located
near the coal Banking and financial systems rely on
mines. the flow of goods and materials around
the world. We now live in a “Global
Liquid petroleum fuels (e.g. petrol) are Economy”.
convenient to store, transport and
handle... perfect as fuel for vehicles. In Millions of families rely on this inter-
addition, petroleum fuels contain a lot of connected system for their jobs and the
energy packed in a small volume. income to purchase goods and
possessions. From it, most people enjoy
As well as fuel, petroleum chemicals a comfortable and entertaining lifestyle.
supply us with cheap plastics and
chemicals for making everything from Governments rely on the flow of revenue from
toys to carpets, clothing, paints, profitable businesses and tax-paying citizens to
cosmetics, pesticides and medicines. provide hospitals, schools, roads and all the
other “infra-structure” we need.
Right or wrong, the use of fossil fuels has given us many benefits.
The “global economy” depends on cheap, convenient energy.
Our comfortable lifestyle would suffer if it all changed suddenly.
Why Things Must Change

Fossil Fuels are Non-Renewable Climate Change
Our coal deposits will last for a few It is difficult to predict exactly what will
hundred years, but petroleum will run happen whether we act or not.
out soon, probably within your lifetime.
However, if we do nothing and continue
Therefore, it is essential we find as before, it seems certain that weather
substitute renewable fuels. patterns will be disrupted and many
ecosystems will be destroyed. Human
Global Warming is Real food production could be devastated as
In 2008, an international group of top rainfall patterns change.
scientists commissioned by the United
Nations studied all the evidence and Ultimately, if the ice-caps melt, the sea-
concluded that “Global Warming” IS level could rise over 100m. This would
happening and IS the result of human- submerge many major cities and affect
caused CO2 increases. This is mostly millions of people.
due to our over-use of fossil fuels.
No more denial! We must at least try to prevent disaster.
®
Strategies for Change

Many people think that “someone” needs to solve the world’s problems.
“Someone” includes governments, scientists and that vague “they”,
as in “they should stop all that pollution and destruction and global warming!”
In fact, the power for change lies in the hands of every person...
Think Globally, Act Locally
Use Less Electricity Use Less Fuel
Instead of demanding that power We all know about using public
stations stop burning coal, or stop transport, or ride a bike or walk to avoid
releasing CO2, just remember that they so many car trips... it all helps.
only do that because someone
demands the electricity they generate. What about simply buying cars with
That “someone” is you. smaller engines? Smaller = cheaper
AND less fuel = less emissions!
Every one of us can make decisions to
use less electrical energy. It’s not that What about buying local goods? Not
difficult to reduce electricity usage by only does that support local businesses
(say) 10%. If every household did that, and jobs, but local goods use less fuel
CO2 emissions would be for transport to shops and
reduced by millions of Wind Turbine
tonnes per year. & Solar Panels markets.
(“Local” might mean your area,
generate electricity
or simply Australian-made
We have the technology for Insulation instead of imported)
everyone to have solar hot cuts heating
& cooling
water systems. We have needs.
Recycle
the technology for every It takes a lot less energy
household to be like the to recycle metals, glass or
one pictured. It just costs paper than to make new.
money, and governments Everytime you remember
will help subsidise part of to put trash in the recycle
the cost. bin, you help reduce CO2
What cost if we don’t? emissions.
Role of Governments The Need for Research

In a democracy, the people get the
quality of government they deserve.
When times are tough economically,
one of the first things often cut from
Governments can act by providing budgets is scientific research funds.
infra-structures to help people make
choices which help the planet. It would be a “false economy” to try to
e.g. ensure that re-cycling services exist,
and give subsidies when people save money by reducing research.
install solar power houses.
Scientific research is vital in the
Governments can support and search for alternative energy sources,
encourage scientific research into or the development of ways to reduce
energy alternatives and emission- emissions of greenhouse gases.
control technology.
More than ever, scientific research
Governments can support international needs to be supported by governments
treaties to combat Global Warming, and businesses by providing funding
but only if we vote for leaders and facilities for research.
who will do these things!
®
Case Study: Ethanol to Replace Petrol?

A possible alternative fuel to replace petrol is ethanol.
We can already buy petrol with 10% ethanol in it. With different engines we
could run cars on 100% ethanol. Is this a good idea?
Fuel or Food? Greenhouse Friendly?
Ethanol is made by fermentation of sugar Ethanol is hailed as being “carbon-
(from sugar cane) or starch from wheat or neutral” because the CO2 released by
corn. The fermented “brew” is distilled to burning it is the same as the amount
obtain ethanol. The technology to do this absorbed by the growing plants.
is well established.
In itself, this is true, but the use
Total replacement of petrol by ethanol of fertilisers, crop transport and
is just not practical because we use the distillation of the ethanol
food crops as the starting material. It rely upon a lot of fossil fuel
can be calculated that to totally usage. Overall, ethanol is not
replace petrol with ethanol we would much better than petrol.
have to use 75% of the world’s
farmlands to grow crops for ethanol However, ethanol IS renewable.
production. When petrol runs out, we will
need ethanol for our vehicles.
Many countries can barely feed the
people now, so 100% ethanol usage To make it truly “greenhouse
would result in mass starvation. friendly” and carbon-neutral we
will need to (for example) use
What we need is the technology to start solar-powered distillation.
with plant wastes (stalks, etc) so food
production is not affected.
We cannot do that yet... research needed!
Ethanol is not yet
a solution.
Case Study: Carbon Capture & Storage?

Many people talk about “Clean Coal Technology”,
referring to “Carbon Capture & Storage” (CCS) as if it is proven and ready to go.
Coal-
CO2 “captured”, liquified
However:
burning
power and pumped underground 1. It may be another 20 years before new
station at high pressure.
power stations are built with “carbon-
If pumped into capture” systems.
suitable, porous
rock layers 2km
down, the CO2
should remain
2. No-one knows the cost and feasibility
trapped for of retro-fitting existing power stations
thousands of years.
Impervious Layer with carbon-capture equipment.
CO2
Porous Rock CO2
3. How long the liquified CO2 will remain
trapped underground is not known.
Theoretically, CCS could allow us to
continue using coal to make electricity,
CCS may be a good option, but it will not
without any emission of greenhouse
gas. A “pilot plant” began operating in help us in the short term.
Victoria in 2008 to research the pumping
methods and the stability of Australia has huge reserves of coal, so
underground storage. Australia leads this idea is very attractive, but it is not
the world in this research. yet a solution. More research needed!
®
Worksheet 5
Using Fossil Fuels Student Name.............................................
1. Why are coal and petroleum called 6.
“fossil fuels”? a) Outline some strategies (which are
possible now) for reducing the usage of
household electricity.
2. Give an outline of how electricity can

be made by burning coal.
b) Outline some strategies (which are
possible now) for reducing the usage of
vehicle fuels.
3. a) What is meant by “pollution”?

7. Ethanol is already being used to
replace part of our petrol usage.
a) Why is it impossible to totally replace

b) List 2 kinds of pollution which can petrol with ethanol with current
result from burning fossil fuels. technology?
4. List some of the factors that have b) What new technology is needed to
caused our society to become make ethanol truly “carbon-neutral”?
dependant on fossil fuels.
8. a) What is CCS technology? Explain

how it could lead to “clean coal” power.
5. Explain the difference between

“renewable” and “non-renewable” fuels,
naming one of each in your answer.
b) Is it likely that CCS technology will be
in use soon? Explain your answer.
®
Nuclear Technology
Nuclear Power
Solution or Worse Problem? Steam Station, USA
from
cooling
In Europe and North America, up to 50% towers
of electricity is generated by nuclear
power plants. Nuclear
Reactor
building
Since they do not emit any greenhouse
gases, many people argue that
increased use of nuclear power could
be a solution to the “Greenhouse
Problem”.
Others think that the danger of nuclear Although Australia has large reserves of
accidents (like Chernobyl, 1986) and the uranium (the starting point for all nuclear
threat of terrorists getting hold of nuclear energy) it is unlikely that we will vote for
materials, is just not worth the risk. nuclear power in the forseeable future.
Nuclear Reactions
Although Australia seems unlikely to adopt nuclear power,
we do make use of nuclear technology. To understand these things,
you need to learn the science behind the technology.
Energy in the Nucleus
The nucleus of every atom is held together by the “strong nuclear force”. This
force is the strongest known. It is far stronger than electrical or magnetic forces,
and billions of times stronger than gravity.
Certain kinds of reactions can release some of this Nuclear Energy.
Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission

is when 2 small nuclei are slammed Under certain conditions, a very large
together hard enough so that they nucleus (e.g. uranium or plutonium)
can break apart into smaller nuclei.
join and become one. Once again, a small amount of
matter “disappears”...
A small amount of mass is converted E = mc2 is at work again!
to energy according to Einstein’s
famous equation
E = mc2.
p
p
p
p Fusion n p n Photo of the atom bomb
explosion on the
p Helium Japanese city of
Nagasaki, 1945.
Energy nucleus
Hydrogen nuclei.
(protons) released This is the process occurring in a
nuclear reactor used to generate
electricity in many countries.
This is the process which It is also the energy source in
powers the stars. an “atomic bomb”.
®
Radioactivity
Some atoms have an unstable nucleus and spontaneously “spit out” radiation.
This “radiation-activity” can be very dangerous. It can also be very useful.
Isotopes Forces in the Nucleus
To understand radio-activity you have to
learn about “isotopes”. Why are some atoms stable and others
not? It depends on the mix of neutrons
You may have learnt that all the atoms and protons in the nucleus.
of any chemical element are exactly the
same as each other. Well, that’s not Apart from hydrogen, all atoms have 2
quite true. or more protons in the nucleus. Protons
have +ve electric charge and repel each
All the atoms of an element have exactly other strongly. So, why doesn’t the
the same number of protons and nucleus fly apart?
electrons. That defines the “Atomic
Number” and the number of electrons The atomic nucleus stays together
determines the chemical behaviour. because of an incredibly powerful force
called simply the “strong nuclear
However, the number of neutrons may force”. This attracts both protons and
vary. For example, hydrogen has the neutrons to each other and can
smallest, simplest atoms of all, but overpower the electrical repulsion, so
there are 3 variations, or “isotopes”. long as there is a certain “balance”
between protons and neutrons.
- - -
+ n n Radioactivity occurs when this balance

+ n
+ is wrong.
Hydrogen- 1 Hydrogen- 2 Hydrogen- 3

Alpha, Beta & Gamma
Protons = 1 Protons = 1 Protons = 1 An atom with the “wrong” ratio of
Electrons = 1 Electrons = 1 Electrons = 1 protons and neutrons undergoes
Neutrons = 0 Neutrons = 1 Neutrons = 2 “radioactive decay”.
Stable. Radioactive.
Very Stable. Made
Common. Very Rare. artificially.
It re-adjusts itself into a more stable
form, but to do so it needs to get rid of
All these atoms behave the same chemically. energy and maybe some of its mass.
They each have only 1 electron and this causes This occurs by emitting high energy EM
them to behave as “hydrogen”. radiation (Gamma rays) and/or by
“spitting out” a small, high-speed
Their Atomic Mass Numbers are different
because of the mass of the neutrons.
particle: either an Alpha particle or a
(Atomic mass = protons + neutrons) Beta particle.
The different names given to these atoms are
based on their Mass Numbers. The alpha (α),
The really big difference between them is that beta (β) or
H-1 and H-2 are stable, but H-3 is unstable and gamma (γ) rays
radioactive. It spontaneously gives off radiation.
given off by a
Every chemical element has isotopes, “radio-isotope”
sometimes as many as a dozen. Many occur
naturally, while others are made artificially in a can be very
nuclear reactor by bombarding stable atoms dangerous, but can also
with neutrons from the fission reaction.
be very useful.
®
Uses of Radioactivity
Scientific Uses Medical Uses
One of the main scientific uses is to Modern medicine makes great use of
measure the age of rocks, fossils and radio-isotopes, mainly for cancer
artifacts from human history. treatments and for diagnosis of a wide
range of medical conditions.
This relies on the
fact that there are Cancer Treatment
natural radio- Cancer cells are more vulnerable to
isotopes in rocks, being killed by radiation than are
and in living things. healthy tissues. Certain types of cancer
can be treated by introducing a radio-
Each isotope isotope into the patient’s bloodstream.
“decays” into a new The isotope collects in a cancerous
form at a predictable, organ and the radiation destroys the
mathematical rate. cancer cells.
By carefully measuring how much of an Diagnosis

isotope remains in a rock or fossil, A common way to
compared to how much has decayed into get images of
some tissues for
a new form, the age can be measured. diagnosis is to
inject low-levels of
This is how scientists know, quite radio-isotopes into
accurately, the age of the Earth, various a patient.
fossils, or when an ancient city was
The radiation from the isotope is computer-
built, or destroyed. analysed to build up a “picture” of what is
happening in certain body tissues. One method,
Perhaps the best-known isotope for called a PET-scan can detect muscle-damage or
“dating” is carbon-14 which can chemical changes that are invisible in an X-ray.
measure ages back about 40,000 years. This allows early diagnosis of many conditions.
It is used to date ancient civilizations,
tools, and even to check old artworks. The isotopes used in medicine are all
artificially made in a nuclear reactor.
Industrial Uses of Radioactivity

Aircraft Construction Killing Microbes
It’s just a little bit important that the Gamma rays are very destructive to
wings don’t fall off an aircraft. The living cells. One application of this is to
problem is that it is very difficult to be kill germs and sterilise things which
certain that a welded metal joint is need to be completely germ-free.
perfectly strong.
This idea is used in the manufacture of
medical bandages and dressings.
X-rays cannot penetrate metals, but high
energy gamma rays can pass through. A As you can guess, suitable radio-
gamma ray camera can then gather the isotopes are used as the source of
radiation and form an image of the joint. gamma rays.
The gamma rays are provided by radio- Research is being done to test if some
isotopes such as cobalt-60 which emits foods can be better preserved by killing
highly penetrating gamma rays. bacteria and fungi with radiation.
®
Problems with Nuclear Technology

Risks of Nuclear Power Risks of Medical & Industrial
Radioisotopes
Many people point out the risk of
accidents at nuclear power plants, such Radioisotopes used for diagnosis in
as happened at Chernobyl, 1986. This medicine have short-lives (they decay
accident happened in a communist
away rapidly) and are used at very low
regime with poor training and safety
standards. Today, such accidents are far radiation levels. There is some risk to
less likely, but are still a worry. the patient, but this is considered less
than the risk of failing to treat or
Of greater concern is what to do with diagnose a serious disease.
“nuclear waste”. The uranium fuel rods
in a power reactor have to be replaced There is also a risk to the staff who
regularly. The waste material is highly handle the materials and carry out the
radioactive and will remain dangerous medical or industrial procedures day-
for thousands of years. Currently, after-day.
millions of tonnes of such material is
being stored in old mine shafts, or The risks are
similar. No-one knows how to guarantee due to the
to keep this material safely isolated for
ways that
even 100 years, much less thousands!
radiation
In this modern world of conflict, there is affects living
concern that terrorist organisations cells. This is
may get access to nuclear materials. dealt with in
Just a few kilograms of plutonium could the next
kill thousands in a major city if exploded frame.
into dust by a “dirty bomb”. An entire
city could be rendered unsafe to live in Modern safety standards ensure that
for hundreds of years. the risk to staff is virtually zero.
Biological Hazard of Nuclear Radiation

Radiation Damages DNA Cancer & Mutations
If the DNA damage is non-lethal, it can
The main problem with nuclear still be very dangerous. As the cells
radiation is that it can damage try to repair the damage, many
n
io
mistakes occur.
at
the DNA in a living cell.

i
ad
R
Mistakes in the
Living cells have some ability to DNA are mutations.
repair some of the damage, but
large doses of radiation are highly Some mutations
destructive. Cells, tissues and vital cause cells to
organs can die and “radiation become cancers.
sickness” is then fatal. This is what Mutations in sperm & egg
happened to thousands of people in cells may result in birth defects.
Japan in 1945. They survived the
atomic explosions, but died horribly High rates of cancer and birth defects
over the following days, or months. have affected over 50,000 people near the
Chernobyl power station since 1986.
®
Worksheet 6
Nuclear Reactions Student Name.............................................
Fill in the blank spaces. The radiation can be of 3 types, known

as j)................., .............. and ..................
Nuclear fusion is the process which
powers the a).................. It occurs when Radioactivity has many uses. In
small atomic nuclei are slammed Science, one important use is to find out
together so that they b)............................ the k)................... of fossils, rocks, etc.
Atomic “c).........................” occurs when In medicine, radioactivity is important

very large atomic nuclei (such as for treating certain types of l)...................
d)..................................) split apart. This and for m).......................... diseases,
process is used in a nuclear power such as in a PET-scan.
station and in an e)...................................
In industry, radioactivity is used in a
In nuclear reactions, a small amount of variety of ways, such as checking the
f)................... “disappears” because it strength of n).............................................
has been converted into g)....................... or to kill o)............................
“Isotopes” are atoms of the same The main hazard of nuclear radiation is
element which have different numbers that it can damage the p)................ in
of h)........................... in their nucleus. living cells. Even low doses are
Many isotopes are stable, but others are dangerous because they may cause
i)............................... and give off q)................................ in the DNA. This
radiation as they “decay” into a new can result in r).............................
form. developing, or in s)...................................
in babies.
Worksheet 7
Nuclear Technology Student Name.............................................
3. The table shows the number of
1. particles in each of 3 types of atom.
a) Why do some people argue that we electrons protons neutrons
need more nuclear power stations? atom P 17 17 19
atom Q 19 19 21
atom R 17 17 21
b) Outline 2 reasons why others would a) Which 2 atoms are isotopes? Explain.
oppose the building of more nuclear
power stations.
b) It turns out that substance Q is
radioactive. What does this mean?
c) Substance Q occurs naturally in

2. Briefly explain the difference between some rocks, and decays over millions of
nuclear fission and fusion. years. How might this knowledge be
useful?
®
Biotechnology
Biotechnology refers to the use of living Traditional Biotechnology
Biotechnology is nothing new. Humans have
things to make resources been using living microbes to make useful
(useful substances) for human use. substances for thousands of years.
Penicillin & Antibiotics The use of yeasts (unicellular fungi) to make

Modern biotechnology began in the bread and brew beer and wine has been
1930’s when the mould Penicillium was done since ancient times.
grown to extract the natural antibiotic
Similarly, bacteria have been used to turn
drug penicillin. milk “curds” into cheese for
thousands of years.
Penicillin could cure a wide range of
infectious diseases and treat infected Of course, no-one really understood
wounds by killing bacteria. how these processes worked until
modern Science figured it out.
Genetic Engineering (GE)
Today, biotechnology often relies on Human Insulin
making changes to the DNA (the genes) Type I Diabetes is a killer disease in which a
of organisms so that they will make person’s pancreas stops making the hormone
insulin. Without insulin their cells cannot absorb
useful substances, or produce food glucose and they lapse into a coma and die.
more efficiently or economically. Early treatments relied on extracting insulin from
animals at an abbatoir, but there were many
One area of GE involves transferring a side-effects and supplies were uncertain.
gene from one species to another to “Recombinant DNA” Technology
produce what is called a “Transgenic” now supplies pure human insulin.
plant or animal. Circular bacterial DNA
Human DNA, extracted from a
extracted from a bacterial cell
Chemical Weeding human cell
One of the best known cases of GE
involves a well known weed-killing
chemical called “Round-Up”®. (Monsanto TM)
chemically
“chopped-uup”
into fragments chemically
Various crop plants (corn, canola, etc) cut open
have been genetically engineered to
contain a bacterial gene which makes
the plant immune to the weed killer. This Mixed
allows a field of growing crops to be together
sprayed to kill weeds without any
damage to the crop itself.
“Recombinant” Some human DNA
fragments recombine with
This saves the farmer time and money simply refers the bacterial DNA.
and boosts the crop yield. to DNA

re-combining
DNA re-iinserted into
Inbuilt Insecticide bacterial cells.
Another GE plant is cotton containing a If the recombinant DNA
bacterial gene for a chemical which kills contains the gene for
insulin, the growing
insects. This means that the crop bacteria will make
human insulin.
doesn’t need to be sprayed with
insecticides... any caterpillar which tries These cells can be
isolated and grown in
to eat the crop dies. huge numbers.
They produce human

There are many other examples where insulin which can be
collected for the
GE is helping produce our resources. treatment of diabetes.
®
Benefits of Biotechnology
There are many possible benefits of biotechnology.
Here is a brief over-view of some that are possible now,
or being researched now and may become possible in the near future.
Cures for Genetic Diseases Organs for Transplants
Experiments are already underway to In future it may be possible to grow
cure some genetic diseases (such as transgenic animals (e.g. pigs) which
Muscular Dystrophy) which are caused have human versions of “cell-antigens”.
by a single faulty gene. Copies of the
normal healthy gene could be inserted The organs of these animals could be
into cells in affected organs using a used in human organ transplants
harmless virus as a “gene carrier”.
without “tissue-rejection” problems.
Improved Foods
GE plants and animals are already being Solving Pollution or Fuel Problems
used to increase yields, grow food It may be possible to use GE bacteria to
which is more nutritious, disease “eat” oil spills or other pollution.
resistant, longer-lasting, etc.
GE microbes might be able to digest
Producing Hormones plant wastes efficiently so we could
The example of insulin was given make large quantities of ethanol (to
previously. Other examples include replace petrol) without having to use
“transgenic” cows or sheep which food supplies, as we do now.
produce human hormones or
therapeutic chemicals in their milk.
Problems with Biotechnology

As well as real and potential benefits, there are also many problems and worries.
Ecological Dangers Ethics of Ownership
Many people worry about the possible Currently, GE plants and animals are
danger to ecosystems if “transgenic” owned by big businesses which make
GE plants escaped into the wild and large profits from them. This may lead to
transferred their genes to wild species. unfair control and exploitation.
The result could be “super-weeds” Morality of Human GE

which are resistant to disease, insects Some people consider it immoral to
and herbicides. They might “take-over” interfer with human genetics in any way.
and disrupt ecosystems.
Others worry that the moral issues may
Human Health come in the future when (perhaps)
Some people are concerned about the human genes can be changed and
possible effects of GE foods on human modified at will.
health.
Might people use GE for cosmetic
They suggest that there could be long- reasons, or have their child’s genes
term effects, such as increased cancer changed so they grow up better-looking
risks. or more athletic?
The ecological and health concerns can be investigated
and assessed scientifically. The ethical and moral issues
must ultimately be decided by peoples’ opinions.
®
Technology Makes New Resources

Throughout this topic you have been made aware of problems, problems
and more problems. It would be easy to conclude that our technology is
simply not worth the trouble. Maybe we should give it all up and go live in a tree!
Despite the many problems of technology, you should not lose sight of the
enormous benefits it has given us. In particular, technology produces many made
resources which contribute to our health, comfort, entertainment and convenience.
Plastics Medicines
Plastics (including synthetic fabrics like Although some modern medicines are
nylon) have revolutionised everything extracted from plants or fungi, many are
from clothing to toys to drainage pipes, synthetic products of a high-tech
electrical appliances, furniture & cars. chemical industry.
It is now hard to Some pharmaceuticals are

imagine a world natural chemicals, but are
without plastic made by biotechnology such
containers, plastic as previously described for
handles, plastic insulin production.
insulation, plastic
coatings and Drugs used to be discovered
paints. by trial-and-error. More and
more they are now
Every plastic is a “designed” from a
product of modern knowledge of how
technology. Most molecules fit together
are made from and affect each other.
petroleum, but in
future they will be made from plant- Our chance to live a long, healthy life is
derived chemicals. largely due to technology.
Silicon Chips & Modern Electronics

At the heart of all modern electronic All our computer systems and networks
devices and gadgets is the “silicon depend on silicon chip technology.
chip”. It is a complex of microscopic
electrical circuits engraved on a slice of All our communications networks
a silicon crystal, grown by advanced including mobile phones, internet and
chemical technology, and etched by a TV are computer-based and therefore
computer-controlled laser beam. depend on silicon chips.
Hand-hheld
GPS unit. Our banking and financial systems run
It talks to satellites on computer networks.
and knows the
exact location
within metres. None of your favourite entertainments
Technologies including DVD movies, electronic
involved in
developing such a games and personal music devices
device include
Chemical, Space, would be possible without electronic
Electronics & silicon-chip technology.
Communications.
®
Worksheet 8
Biotechnology Student Name.............................................
The human gene for the hormone
Fill in the blank spaces. i).............................. has been transferred
into j)....................... cells. The cells
Biotechnology refers to the use of produce pure human hormone which is
a)...................................... to make useful collected to treat k)................................
substances. Traditional biotechnology
includes the making of b)..................... or Other potential benefits of
.......................... using yeast or bacteria. biotechnology include curing some
l)............................ diseases by inserting
In the 1930’s the first antibiotic a normal gene into cells affected by a
“c)..................................” was extracted defective one.
from a mould.
It may be possible to use GE animal
Modern biotechnology often involves organs for m).................................
d)............................................ (GE). This operations, or use GE microbes to
may involve e)........................... genes digest n)............... .......................... so
from one organism to another to form a they could be fermented to make
“f)..............................” plant or animal. o)......................... fuel to replace petrol.
Some people worry about the threat to

Examples include crop plants with a p)........................ from GE “superweeds”.
g)....................... gene which makes a Others are concerned about the
toxin which kills insects. The crop does q)........................ of ownership or the
not spraying with h)............................. r).......................... of changing human
genes.
Worksheet 9
Technology & New Resources Student Name.............................................
1. 3. Modern medicine uses many
a) Where do plastics come from? technologies to help us live long,
healthy lives.
Give an example where your health
b) Before plastics, what materials were could be helped by:
used for: a) nuclear technology.
i) packaging foods?
ii) drainage pipes? b) biotechnology.
iii) clothing?
iv) toys? c) electronics & computers.
2. What technology is at the heart of all

modern electronic equipment?
d) chemical technology.
®
Topic Test Student Name .............................................

Resources & Technology Score = /26
3. (3 marks)
Answer all questions List 3 factors which have contributed to
in the spaces provided. our society becoming dependant on fossil
fuels.
1. (8 marks)
Match each description to an item from the
list. To answer, write the letter (A,B,C, etc)
of the list item beside the description.
Description matches with List Item

a) Type of ecosystem resource 4. (3 marks)
which is not alive. ............. Explain how re-cycling glass, paper, etc
b) Main greenhouse gas. can help reduce “greenhouse gas”
............. emissions.
c) Process of over-fertilizing
algae in streams. .............
d) Fossil fuels are NOT
like this. .............
e) Alternative liquid fuel made from 5. (5 marks)
sugar or corn. ............. a) What are “isotopes”?
f) Nuclear reaction that
“splits the atom”. .............
g) Isotopes have a different b) What is “radio-activity”?
number of these. .............
h) A living thing which has genes
from a different organism. .............
c) Give an outline of one way that radio-
List Items Not all will be used.
Some may be used more than once. isotopes are used in modern medicine.
A. abiotic E. renewable
B. protons F. fission
C. CO2 G. ethanol
D. transgenic H. eutrophication
I. fusion J. neutrons d) Why is nuclear radiation dangerous to
living things? Specifically, what does it do?
2. (5 marks)
Draw a simple diagram to show the main
features of the water cycle. Label the diagram
to name the major processes occurring. 6. (2 marks)
Give an example of how Genetic
Engineering (GE) helps us in either food
production OR in a medical field.
®
Answer Section Worksheet 4

1.
Worksheet 1 Most species have adaptations to suit
a) Abiotic b) light their particular habitat. They cannot
c) water d) oxygen & CO2 survive in a different environment.
e) biotic f) food 2.
g) nectar h) pollinating In Aust. the possum population is kept in
i) energy j) re-cycled check by predators and diseases. In NZ,
k) Sun l) evaporates the possums have no natural enemies
m) condenses n) precipitate and they out-compete native species.
o) run-off back to the sea (rivers, etc) 3.
p) oxygen & CO2 q) photosynthesis a) Biological magnification.
r) oceans s) sedimentary b) Toxins like mercury accumulate as they
t) volcanic u) fossil move up a food chain. There might be
v) CO2 w) trapping tiny amounts in a plant, but more in the
x) global warming fish which eat the plant, then more again
in the bigger fish. People were at the top
Worksheet 2 of the food chain and accumulated high
1. Abiotic Biotic levels of mercury.
temperature food plant
water predator Worksheet 5
sunlight disease germ 1.
oxygen prey Because they are formed from the
soil quality fossilised remains of ancient living
2. things.
Nitrogen, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, 2.
iron. Heat from the burning fuel heats water to
3. high-pressure steam. The steam spins a
Photosynthesis. turbine and it drives a generator which
Dissolving in the oceans. makes electricity.
3.
4. Volcanic activity, decay, cellular a) Contamination by unwanted
respiration. substances.
b) Can release sulfur dioxide gas which
5. It absorbs or traps some of the heat causes “acid-rain”. Petrol engines release
which would normally escape into space. gases which cause “smog”.
4.
6. Trapping extra heat may cause global 1. Fossil fuels are cheap & convenient.
warming. Temperature change causes 2. Industries have developed around them
weather patterns to change, so forming a “global economy”.
ecosystems may get more (or less) rain, 3. Millions rely on these industries for
winds, cyclones, etc. their job, money , lifestyle.
4. Governments rely on taxes from
Worksheet 3 business and workers to fund health,
a) habitat b) adapted schools, etc.
c) biological magnification
d) Eutrophication e) algae 5.
f) compete g) predators & diseases A renewable resource can be produced
h) ecological i) irrigation for ever, by growing plants, animals, etc.
j) National k) native / endangered Examples = wood, wool, cotton.
l) alien m) corridors Non-renewable resources cannot be
n) migrate o) sewerage replaced in any reasonable time.
p) laws Examples = petroleum, metals
®
Worksheet 5 (cont) Worksheet 7

1.
6. a) Because nuclear power does not
a) Solar hot water systems. release greenhouse gases.
Use solar cells & batteries for electric b) The dangers of nuclear accidents, and
supply. the problem of storage and disposal of
nuclear wastes.
b) Buy smaller vehicles with smaller 2.
engines. Buy local goods which do not Fission is the splitting of large nuclei.
require so much transport. Fusion is the joining together of small
ones.
7. 3.
a) Current technology needs sugar or a) P & R are isotopes because they have
starch crops to make ethanol. This means the same no. of protons & electrons
using farming land to grow fuel. Total (same element) but different no. of
replacement would need 75% of the neutrons.
world’s farmland. b) The atoms are unstable and emit
radiations.
b) Need to use solar power for the c) It could be used to measure the age of
distillation and avoid petroleum- the rocks.
dependant fertilizers (etc) for plant
growing. Worksheet 8
a) living things b) bread or cheese
8. c) penicillin d) genetic engineering
a) Carbon capture and storage. e) transferring f) transgenic
The idea is to capture the CO2 from a g) bacterial h) insecticide
coal-burning power station and pump it i) insulin j) bacteria
deep underground where it will be k) diabetes l) genetic
trapped in suitable rock formations for m) transplant n) plant wastes
thousands of years. o) ethanol p) ecosystems
q) ethics r) morality
b) No. Power stations equipped for this
may be 20 years away, and the feasibility Worksheet 9
of pumping and storage is only just 1.
beginning to be researched. a) made from petroleum chemicals.
b) i) paper, glass
ii) clay ceramics
iii) wool, cotton, fur
Worksheet 6 iv) wood, metal, wool
a) stars b) join together
c) fission d) uranium 2. silicon chips
e) atomic bomb f) mass
g) energy h) neutrons 3. a) Radioisotopes might be used to
i) radioactive j) alpha, beta & gamma diagnose or treat a disease.
k) age l) cancer b) GE might be used to obtain a human
m) diagnosing n) welded joints hormone to treat a condition e.g. diabetes
o) microbes p) DNA c) Diagnosis by ultrasound or CAT-scan
q) mutations r) cancer relies on computers to analyse data.
s) birth defects d) Some medications are designed and
made by advanced chemistry.
®
Topic Test 4.
1. It requires less energy to re-cycle than to
a) A b) C c) H d) E e) G f) F g) J h) D make new paper, glass, etc. Less energy
2. used means less emissions of
greenhouse gases from coal-burning
Condensation
precipitation power stations or other fuel use.
forms clouds
heat of
Sun 5.
a) Isotopes are atoms of the same
run-o
off (rivers) chemical element which have different
back to sea. numbers of neutrons.
Evaporation, b) Radioactivity is nuclear radiation
mainly from
oceans
coming from unstable isotope which
“decay” to a more stable form.
c) Radio-isotopes can be injected into
3. patients and the radiation analysed to
Fossil fuels are cheap and convenient. help diagnose medical conditions, as in a
Many industries have developed around PET-scan.
cheap energy, forming a huge global d) Radiation damages DNA in living cells.
economy.
People rely on the jobs, money, lifestyle. 6.
Governments depend on tax revenues to Example: medical.
fund health, schools, etc. The gene for human insulin has been
transferred to bacterial cells. The bacteria
produce human insulin which can be
collected for treating diabetes.
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“Mind-Map” Outline of Topic

Biotic & Abiotic

Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Biotic & Abiotic

Technology Benefits Strategies

Energy Benefits Importance

Make your own “Mind-Map” TITLE PAGE.

Technology Benefits Strategies

Energy Benefits Importance

One valley can be an ecosystem, or an entire

Every ecosystem requires resources, such as

These resources can be divided into 2 types.

Biotic (Living) Resources

Amount of Water They all depend on each other, and

Cycling of Ecosystem Resources

You should already know about

Cycling of Vital Chemicals

Certain types of soil bacteria are

Other important substances which are

The Carbon Cycle

Human activity also releases CO2 from

Carbon Dioxide, “Greenhouse” & Global Warming

5. How does CO2 gas cause a

2. Apart from water, oxygen and CO2, list

Human Impacts on Ecosystems

Loss of Habitat Biological

Similarly, when farmers use fertiliser on Toxin concentration

Balancing Human Needs With Ecosystems

Ecological Flows in Streams National Parks & Nature Reserves

“d)..................................” occurs when Encourage the planting of wildlife

a) What process was happening in the

Energy Resources for Society (Revision)

Can be produced Australia makes Can be produced

Our Main Energy Sources are Fossil Fuels

Although there are some serious problems with

How We Make Electricity from Fossil Fuels

Chemical Heat KE Electricity

releases heat energy

Problems With Burning Fossil Fuels

Why Things Must Change

Strategies for Change

Role of Governments The Need for Research

Case Study: Ethanol to Replace Petrol?

Case Study: Carbon Capture & Storage?

2. Give an outline of how electricity can

3. a) What is meant by “pollution”?

a) Why is it impossible to totally replace

8. a) What is CCS technology? Explain

5. Explain the difference between

Certain kinds of reactions can release some of this Nuclear Energy.

Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fission

+ n n Radioactivity occurs when this balance

Hydrogen- 1 Hydrogen- 2 Hydrogen- 3

By carefully measuring how much of an Diagnosis

Industrial Uses of Radioactivity

Problems with Nuclear Technology